CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  historiques 


1996 


I 


i 
I 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliograohically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 

0Co'oured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 

□   Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommag^e 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelllculee 

I I   Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I I   Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

r~7|   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 


D 
D 
D 


D 


Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


D 


Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  ^arge 
interieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajout^es  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  ^tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  4t4  film^es. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sopf  peut-§tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite. 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m6tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indie,  ,6s  ci-dessous. 

I I   Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I   Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag6es 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 


0    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piquees 

I      I   Pages  detached  /  Pages  d6tach6es 

I  ^1   Showthrough  /  Transparence 

I      1   Quality  of  print  varies  / 


D 
D 


D 


Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  a  nouveau  de  fa^on  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film6es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checlted  below  / 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  rMuctlon  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10x 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

! 

y 

j 

12x            16x 

20x 

24x 

28x 

32x 

^:i^M^ 


R'j^^mmj^mi^ms^^isim^mim'A 


Th«  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  b««n  r«produc*d  thanks 
to  tha  sanarosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'axampiaira  film*  fut  raproduit  graca  A  la 
ginirosit*  da: 

Bibliotheque  nationals  du  Canada 


Tha  imae**  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apocif icationa. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  *ti  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  l'axampiaira  filmi.  at  an 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  cowar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  cowar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impras- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  iilustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (maaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  Imaaning  "END  "). 
whichavar  appliaa. 

Maps,  platas,  charts,  ate,  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  •f  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hend  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  exemplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couwarture  en 
papier  eat  Imprimae  sont  filmaa  en  commencant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darni^re  page  qui  comporte  une  empremte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  eas.  Tous  lea  autras  axemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmAs  an  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darniAra  paga  qui  comporte  une  telle 
omprainta. 

Un  dee  iymbolas  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniire  image  da  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  la  symbola  -*-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
aymbola  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 

Las  cartea.  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  etre 
filmAs  *  des  taux  da  reduction  diffirants. 
Lorsqua  la  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  atre 
raproduit  en  un  seul  clich*.  il  est  film*  i  partir 
da  I'angia  supAriaur  gauche,  de  gauche  *  droite. 
et  de  haut  an  baa.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagaa  n*cassaire.  Lea  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthoda. 


1  2  3 


1  2  3 

456 


MICROCOPY    RESOIU7ION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


^    ^PLIED  IKA^GE 


'65 J    East    Uo^n    Str(>et 
^ochest^f,    New    Tork         Ui^r.9 
^^6)    *.*-;'  -  03O0  -  Pho'^e 
i7'6)    iae  -  59P9       Ta, 


r^ 


'  s^b^eti^^amMex. 


a.     ""■"  j'-. -.  .r*4  ■  vj*'  :;  -    .  *vi< 


wf^^^^^km 


L 


il 


WILD    ri.OWKKS 

NORTH  AMLRICAN   MOUNTAINS 


^ 


^! 


It 


•r 


»   ■•"»'  Jii-v'i»p-S..--A«FHK.' 


F\i:ii    Im,i\\    I' mm    li,.rsii        n'.-iti    ■        ■    ■ 


WiiiTi:    iMuw    I'aim-    |||,|^ 


I'.KAlmi  NV'.~      l'\l.\T 


"  iCaslilL-ui  pallut.}) 


'"   f-ii'  (CasttlL-ja  a„-„slil,u,a   :,n:   linul!;,,; 


I  ) 


WILD   FLOWERS 

OF  THE 

NORTH  AMERICAN 
MOUNTAINS 


BY 


JULIA  W.  HENSHAW 

Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 
Honorary  SecreUry  of  the  Alpine  Club  of  Canada. 


NEW  YORK 
ROBERT  M.  McBRIDE  &  COMPANY 


<■ 


^■.    ■) 


Copyright,     1915,    by 
Ji  I.  lA  W.   Hknshaw 


C(>pyri!,'ht,  C'aTiada,  1915 
BY  Julia  W.  Hknsiiaw 


Published    November,   1915 


:^wfi:sy^ms^^ 


TO 
THEIR  ROYAL  HKJHNESSES 

THE  DUKi:  AND  DUCHKSS  OF  COXNAUGHT 

this  book  is,  by  special  permission, 
gratefully  dedicated  in  remembrance  of  days  spent  by 

THKIR   kOYAI.  HICHNESSES 

in  the 
ROCKY  MOINTAINS 


.^'^" 


w  '^^T'-'^^ 


PRHf-ACR 


"  When  the  book  of  life  falls  open  at  the  i.ai,'e  of  sprin-  " 
the  sn<.w-cro\vne(l  mountains  ml.  ,,\er  an  eiuhantin^r  d\ 
ot  foliage,  ferns  and  hnv^i,  and  the  alpine  mead. .us  are 
ablaze  with  brij,Hu-hued  flowers  that  grow  luxuriantlv  be- 
neath the  broad  blue  tent  of  the  sky. 

Held  close  in  the  curved  arms  .,f  the  cliffs,  the  patches  of 
verdure,  starred  with  these  wondrous-tinted  blo.M.nis    are 
a  revelation  to  the  traveller.      Fro,„  the  mountains  of  the 
^nkon  and  Alaska  to  the  hills  of  X„va  Scotia  and  Xew 
I-n^dand.   m  the   Hockies.  the  Selkirks  and  the  tnountain 
ran-es  of   Montana.   I)ak..ta.   W'ashin^^ton.   Orei^on    Cali- 
fornia and  other  States,  you  will  find  that  the  same  miracle 
has   been    wrou.i,dit.      ,;n   the   lower   levels   white-tlowercd 
scarlet-fruited  shrubs  nu-n^le  with  the  Winter-reens    1  ark- 
spurs.    \,olets    and    Columbines;    flaminj,'    In.lian     I'aint 
Brushes,   Gentians.  Oueen-cui)s  and  purple  \^etches  cover 
many  a  slope;  here  a  valley  is  carpeted  with  yellow  I  ilies 
Uaillardias,  Arnicas  and  Golden-ro<ls  -  a  .ijlorious  ]-iel<l- 
of-the-Cloth-of-Gold  — and   there   some   mossv   plateau    is 
gay  with  arctic-alpine  Androsaces.  Stonecrops.  Kverlastin-; 
and  the  trailing  vines  of  the  sweet-scented  Xorthern  Twin- 
flowers;  while  in  the  crannies  among  the  r<;cks  Moss  Cam- 
pions. Romanzoffias  and  Saxifrages  find  a   foothol.l-  and 
down  beside  the  ice-born  streams  grow  beds  of  Wild  }\r<. 
ley.  W  ater  Willow  Herb.  Musk  blower.  Lobelia  and  Ladies' 
1  resses. 


Preface 

A.  the  traveller  eliiiilK  „pu,,nl  the  scene  dian-es  atn.Mijr 
tlif  harren  n.cks  an.]  (P,u,n„-  precipices,   f.c  here  Xaturc 
staii(l>  reveale.l  m  iiMJestic  uino.j.  ,„i.l  tin   lines  ..|  the  land- 
scape are  sketched  nnt  rn,;^,L;e.l  and  se-.ere.      Then  ernes  ,l,e 
sndden  inrn  n.un.l  the  cnuT  nf  some  clilT.  the  oVrtuppinir 
-I  some  steep  st,,iu-  ie.Ii^e.  and  helml,] !  la.f,,re  ,,ne.  in  a  hi'di 
alpme  n,ead..u.   lie.  a  garden   s„ch  as  kinj;>  „,i^ht   en^'^• 
l.ut  how  de>cnl.e  the  ecstasy  uf  stan.lin-  knee-deep  in  the 
ini^^nmce  ..t  a  thmisan.l  tlM\ver>:^     After  crossing,  tju.  hare 
I'Icak  rocks  it  IS  like  a  triumphal  entry  into  I'aradi-e      I  lere 
arc  I'.nk  (iarlics.   Harehells  swaying  i„  wild  uavuardness 
\cTon.cas  an.l   l-or-et-.ne-nots  lookin.cr  „p  uiti,   wide-open 
eyes.     Heathers    red.    rose    and    white,    a.nethvst      \sters 
White  (.erannin.s  and  .M.,ccaM-n  Idouers.  all  n.ini^lin-  with 
the  sh.nin-  .i^reen  leaves  and  waxen  petals  oi"  the  Rhododen- 
drons  and    the    s„,,wy   chalices   of    the    ( d..he-llouers   and 
Anemones. 

It  matters  not  at  what  hour  (,ne  -oes  to  the  mountains 
uhether  ,n  the  amethyst  (kiwn.  when  the  -olden  jjates  of 
sunrise  tall  ajar  and  the  first  faint  rustle  of  the  leaves  stirs 
ti,  ■  dreamin.u  world  to  consciou^nes.s.  dispersing  mists  and 
dew;  in  the  hrilliant  noontide,  when  life  marches  on  with  ad 
IKT  hanners  unfurle.l.  and  every  plant  is  Inuldini,^  and  hluw- 
"1.1^-  as  the  sap  runs  freely,  and  the  sun's  ravs  <r\\,\  hjn  and 
vale:  <.r  m  the  amher  evenin-  when  purple  shadows  steal 
••v.th  phantom  feet  from  cliff  to  cliff,  au.l  down  in  the  dusk 
<>t  the  tore.st  dewdn.ps  spantide  leaf  and  bloom,  as  (;,)d 
li.i^hts  the  star-lamps  of  Hi,  h,oh  heaven  and  p,  out  the 
day. 

F ven  when  we  listen  t..  the  rhythm  of  the  rain  all  is  heau- 
titul.  for  the  tlowers  that  -reeled  the  dawn  with  opal  hearts 
\vi(k-l)lown:  that  at  noontide  were  found  with 


m^-f  -^afaRKa^-iMPf ■■>■ 


Pnfa 


( t' 


"  i;.ii.'li   al'lltuiit   inl.il   ciiil^lrclclu  il   .iiiil    miiniilril 
To  tlic  kI'Tv  ;inil  ^;I;iiliii-->  .■iiul  slijuc  ni   tlu-  unrM," 

and  that  at  fvciiinj,'  ntYtTi-d  up  swirtcst  l'ra.i,Taiu-i'  in  tlicir 
ilialioi-iiips.  arc  j^iwn  a  new  cliarni  hy  the  ox.l  .showers 
from  ahiive. 

"  I  1k'    paths,    tin-    u.mkN.    till'    (r-I'U,    till'    hills, 
An-    iii'I    a    uiirM    t^ day, 
l!i;t  jiisi   a  plai  r  ( iod  ma<k'   for  iis 
111  uhiili  ti>  play." 

So  we  may  wander  in  seareh  of  tlie  nionntain  wild  dow- 
ers,  follow int,^  the  trails  uhieh  lead  to  the  alpine  meadows 
and  wrapt  in  tlie  perfect  peace  vi  the  hills  retnemher  that 
we  are  walkiiiLf 


with 


"In    till'    frcirldiii    (.f    the    garden    wild" 


"  (",ocl  (if  tlu-  (ipcn  riir." 


.\>  this  hook  is  intended  for  the  use  of  the  jjencral  puhlic 
rather  than  for  thai  of  botanists,  the  llowers  herein  de- 
scribed are  class, iied  acciirdin<,^  to  colour,  and  without  sjie- 
cial  reference  to  their  scientific  relationship;  for  the  first 
attrilmte  of  a  plant  which  attracts  the  traveller's  eve  is  in- 
variably its  colour,  his  first  (|uestion  usually  bein;,"-:  "  What 
is  that  red  flower? " — or  "blue  tlower."'  or  "  vcllow 
llower,'"  as  the  case  may  be.  Of  Order.  Cenus  and  Species 
he  probably  knows  little,  and  therefore  the  descriptions 
Si\en  in  this  ,i,aiide  to  mountain  wild  llowers  are  so  sim])ly 
and  -'-.a-ly  worded,  that  any  ])lants  indexed  niav  be  readily 
located  in  one  or  other  of  the  Colour  Sections,  to.i^ether  with 
its  name  and  chief  characteristics.  The  i^eneral  Key  at  the 
befjinnin,!.^-  of  the  book  will  be  of  use  to  botanists. 

The    nomenclature    followed    throuf^^hout    this    work    is 


m*::^/-^\'F^-^y'SW''-^' 


Prefaci 


stncly  i„  .co,nla..cc  with  the  \icnna  K„Ics.  in  so  far  -.s 
thcc  have  heen  u  .rke.I  out  i„  Cma.la 

;:;:;•",;:;  r:'rr' ■"•■^'^- -■-■- ''•■- 

V..i„dl    >,,,,.,,,„  c-,,ia.>vc.c.l,  Alpin/tai'w^ 
<.ras.,.    P.r„«,„„„n.    .\mlr..,ace     S-,vifr-,,.,.     f      ,  , 

Sl.mcrron  -ir,.  nil  ;„      ■  i  ^.iMtr.ide.    f.cniian    and 

h™:f}\ "":""  —••"---"•  T.;  Air.  ,a,;.rr 

Aiatoun  1  also  offer  niv  heart v  tli-.»i.    (      \  ■ 

Siven  a.  all  .„„os  .1^/11^^:^':;;        '"'^  ^■•^""'  "">'- 

Julia  W.  IIkxshaw. 

A^„„  J'lnuarv,  iqic 

\  ancouver,  '      -^  -' 

British    C'ohiinhia, 

Canada. 


Prcfa 


It' 


SiHM  V. 

Ilrili->h   ('<iliinilii;i, 

I  ".in.Kla. 

janu.irv   },n\h.  kji^. 
Dear  .Nfrs.  Henshaw: 

W  Irmi  y.iii  lir>t  told  me  of  ■  our  iutfiuiMU  ti.  writt-  a  pop- 
ular iiinimtaiii  Mora.  I  assurc-d  ym  th.it  ^urli  a  work  wmild 
not  only  serve  a  spk-ndid  purpose  in  aUractiiii,'  attrntion  i.. 
the  nioiiniains.  lint  that  nntil  tlie  traveller  had  in  his  hands 
some  surh  hook  that  would  enahle  him  to  identify  the  many 
flowers  that  ji,tow  tliere  in  protusi,.ii.  he  inn>t  feel  lost 
amon.ir  the  unnamed  heanties  which  would  surround  him. 
It  was  the  one  hook  needed. 

liiat  the  Work  should  ha\e  heen  done  as  von  ha\e  done 
it.  is  more  than  1  could  have  hoped.  'I'he  hea.ttv  of  the 
photo},rraphs,  the  correct  ji:roui)in,-:  of  the  flowers,  the  coii- 
ci.se  and  yet  complete  descrijuions  m.ike  it  easy  for  even  the 
visitor  of  a  day  to  identify  all  the  ])laiu>  he  is  likelv  to  see. 
^'()ur  choice  of  I-jif^ni  h  names,  when  such  had  not  hefore 
heen  i,nven  to  our  alpine  flowers,  is  excellent.  Tliev  are 
themselves  often  sufficiently  descriptive  to  enahle  otie  to 
idntify  the  species. 

I  am  glad  to  note.  too.  that  the  ,i,a>ncric  names  von  have 
used  are  strictly  in  acconlance  with  the  X'ienna  Rules,  as 
are  aNo  the  specific  names  so  far  as  lhe.se  have  heen  W(.rke(l 
out  in  Canada. 

"S'ours  sincerelv. 

joiix  M.\(Oi-\, 

Domini m  Xaturalist. 


■f  ♦.«^X!lv'i»^l!'-=-'>&«.«P«WIB5Jc*3BBeE 


nar^jT^. 


(■()\"ii:.\'is 


I'a-.i 


I.MIKK    IKHM     rKnl|.»iiN    JnllV     M\(,.,    s     M,    A.,    |',    |„    S.,    I' 

S.    I 

I.IST  l)l-    rNmi.ol'Klli   I'l.  \IKS 

I.IM     .11     (   ul.ul  kKli    I'l    \l  K- 

tiKNtKM.   KkV    id   nil.   I' A  M  1 1. 1  h.s 


\l 

,  Nvii 
I 


s. 


Si. 
3 


I.      I'kkxs  ami  I'knn    \|.1.IK>   . 

II.         ^l<ll.^ 

III.        U'kKIi.-.    (JK\>>K>.    SH)I  :„>     \Mi 
I\'.       W   I    ilK     1(>    I  iKKI.N      \\|i    I'iKllW 

\'.      I 'ink  Ki  Kill  I'l.DW  ^;l<.■^ 
\  I.       I'l  IK    III    I'l  kl'I.K    I"i.(i\\i;ks 
\    II.        S'Kl.l.dW    I(l()|<\N(.l     l"l,('\\  EK.- 

(ll.OS.S.VkV 

Iniii-.x  to  S(  ik.mikk    .\\\ik<  . 
Index  to  I'.m.i.isii    X.xmes   . 


I\l  >IIK^    . 
N     {"l.OAKKS 


47 
6 1 

Hi 

jo; 

3;r 


.'fttV!*!,,...'  I'^iv  -tr  .-yr^-  ■  :-f' 


r*BS^MBi"Fr 


■     ■..«Vi*i     ■'.• •'    -■■    .».:>• 


3 
I 

I 
I 


LIST  OK  UNCOI.Ol  RED  PLATHS 


* 

s 


V\  \TF 


F 
II. 


rii. 

IV'. 
V. 

vr. 

VII. 
VIII. 

.\. 

XI. 

.MI. 

Mil. 

XIV. 
\V. 

XVI. 

X\II. 

X\III. 


Oak    Inn      .      .      .      . 
S|iiimli)^c   Sliitlil    IVrii 

I.-mIkc  Pnlc  Pine  .  . 
I'.iiKdiiu'.in'-  '^|)rtui- 
MaNair  I'ir  .... 
Mntintain  lltml.K'k 
Ki<l  (V.lar  .... 
Hari'>  Tail  .... 
(irctn  I.ily  .... 
Indi.iH  IKlMxpfi-  .  . 
niuiii-Ciip  .... 
lalsf  Snlfiiniin\  .Seal  . 
Slar-li<)v\frt<l     Snl..- 

inon's  Seal 
While    Twi^ti'.l-stalk    . 
White     .Mi.cia>iii 

I'lowir        .... 
Whit'.-    Keiii    Orchid     . 


Smilaciiia  sti-llaia 
Shxfli't'us  (im/'If.vifiilius 


(  yfith'tliuiii  f'dssci Ilium 
llal'ciiiiiia  (liUilald 
.\'.>rtliiiii    kiin    Oniii'.    Ilalniuiiia  chiiiSi-'d 
llcxrli-.l  L.i.lii'.s'  Ircssis    SpiraiitlhS  h', maiicuffiitud 


.XIX.     Il.iriy  C'liral   Knot 
X.X.     .Mpiiic-    Histort    . 

(ihitiiKiiis   .Asphodt'l 
Wind   l-lcwcr 
White  (ilohe   Muvver 
Reii  liaiulierry 
.Alpine  .Saxifrage     . 


XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII 

XXIV, 

XXV. 


Cdiiilloiliica  ii  ,'i,l,i 
I'olxiioiiHm  ztn/^aniin 
'liifiiiidii  iilu'liuisa 
.Inciiimic    inullifidii 
1  lollius  hixus  :ar.  nlhi/Ioiu 
.litica   rul'ia      .... 
^laxifraijii  nnoLs 


Xaiicy-ov.r-the-groiind    Tian-lhi    unifoUalu 
XXyi.     Oval-!"aved.\him  K,„,i    /l,urli:;a  ,>zalif,,lu, 


XXVII.      iellinia 

XXV'III.  Hirch-leaved  Spira-a 

XXIX.  Goat"',  I'.enrd       .      . 

XXX.  Copim.Mi     Serviceherry 

XXXI.  Capherry 

XXXU.  Wood  Xyniph 


Tcl/iiiui  (/raiiiiiti.na 
y/'iiu-,!  luiida    . 
.-iruiKiis  sykrsirr 
.liiii'laiuliicr  H.ouia 
Rubus  parriflitrus 
Dryas  oclopctala   . 


(/>((/ 


l'llc<li<(>lt-ris    l>iy,'pt,  rii 
.hfitllUm    Sf<llllil,.iliiii    ;,;,     ,/,/,,. 

tiitum         

I'mus  coiil"rta  ;,/»•.    Muiiti 
/'iii-ii  liiti/,  li'idinii 

■  ll'ics    lilsitHiirpd     , 

I  sui/a  Mi-riciisi,tihi    .     . 

ihuya  fliiii'ti    .... 
i.ih'l<lioruin   iiilliliix 
y.ymuhuus  flri/aiis 
I  I'liilriint   ',  ituli-    . 
I' I  ill  to  II  ill    unitiora 
Smihhiiia  uiiifUxii  aulis 


t'Ac.r 
4H 


7<» 
"•' 
X4 
'Ki 
').S 
')7 
'« 

too 

1)14 

>"7 
tfi8 
III 
".S 
I  If) 
ii(> 
'-■7 
i.V> 
KU 
141 

'4.1 

•45 

147 

1.1 1 

I.S.? 

I.ri 

l.=;7 

'59 


!'1 


J 


-X.WJii 

XXaIV. 

XXXV. 

xxxv/. 
x.wvn. 

XX.Wii,. 
XX.\/\. 


LIST  OF  UNCOLOURED  PLATES 

Iff      I        .. ._  "* 


XL 
XL/. 
Xl.U. 
XI.KI. 
XI.IV 
XLV, 
XLV/. 


x/.\-ii. 

XIA//J. 


Cow  I'ar-Mii,, 
"iinclil)irry 
'"'lian  f'ip^. 

•■^'""""ain    Kl,,,,!,,,!.',, 
'Iron 

-■^''■^1    .\lai,|,„s 

'"ik(.arlic 
'■■'y-spo,u.,i     ()r,|,is' 
-''"■•'S  (-aiupi,,,, 
He<l  Wintc-rcn', 
(-r.r„-,louav<l\\„„cr- 


•  '  ""'"  <aiuuh;isis 

■  '■>!».st,aun  afUfoUun, 

■  ll/racUun,  /,„u„,nn 

■  \"''>"s   ia,u„/c„si, 

rfl'odoUauh,,,,  alhith,,,,,,, 
Cass,otc   Mcrtcusunu, 

' pluularis  cniorta 
■Uliuiii  ccniuuin 
(-''■'/lis  rotundifolia 
■">'/'■"'■  acaulis   .      .      '      ' 
I'yii'la  as,ni/,,/i,,  -■„,■ '  ■ 


''AfiE 
.  !()_• 
.     105 

.     I  f  i(j 

•    '71 

•  ';,i 

■    '77 

'■^•-4 
I  ,SS 

UK) 

JoX 
-I  J 


Ke<l  HeariHrry 
-^f-'-V     K-i.M.mk.,.  ,.,„,,.,. 
J-     Ko„oh  iqcalKuie 
^■'"l^  '■.'v.Tlastini; 

•^'l"'H'  .Milk  Wuh 
•^'P'lic  Oxytnjp^. 
I'-'ur-i.artol  (;,.„„.„■ 


Kcl  HeariHrry  ''   '''-y'-'thus  ..nr^tnf.nnis 


JJ. 

L((. 
L\U. 
LIV. 

LV. 
LVI. 

LVJII. 


Call. 


lirook   Lolnlia 
^\'cstcrii    Skunk 

^'X.     Mountain   Lily 
LX.    niad<icr-pocJ 
L^Xf.     Silverherry 

LXIV.    Alpine  Arnica  "     '    T    '"^'^  dccumbeus 

•     •     •    -Innca  altina   . 


'■■iincron   !,/„l,c/l„s 
■I'ltcniari,,  rosea 

■'^""""/i<s  adsun,r„s 
■istniualus  a/fi,i„s 
Oxytrot^is  risa,i^, 

('r»t,<,ua   prorbniua 
i-omtanuh  rolu,uUfol,a   ' 
Lobelia  Kalwii 

jp^'nlon  LnnlschaUcnsc 
L'l'tn!,  inontanum 
I'I'ysana  didyniocar/a 
^I'cagnus  arffc/ra 


— / 

■  ~.u 

■  -A  I 

■  -5' 

•  -.S-' 

•  ^i<5 

.     21/, 
■    -    X 

•  -277 

•  -'95 

•  3o(< 

■  .308 

•  J,35 
345 
.349 
355 


.     1(>J 

■    i'>5 
iftfj 

177 

I  ,ss 

.'((() 

;o.X 
•  - 1  _' 
'  -'-7 


LIST  OF  C'OLOL'RED  PLATES 


Rid   Indian   ['aim   Jinisli 
\Mmc   Indian    J'amt    Mrn- 
Hra.ll.try.s   I'anited  Ciiii 


I'all  l->i(iy.ininn 

Chalice  Cnp  .      . 
I'nrplr  I  lr.l\>arnni 
U'liitc    lliilv-annn 
^\''ioIiy  I.aljr.i(l(jr   Tia 
Wild  liflinir..|)c 
Calypsi)      .      . 
U'lstt-rn  Giliiinliiic 
Water  Willuw-luTh 
N''>rt!iern    Iwii,   Uh,\\\ 
Wild    Flax     . 
•Miiinitain  i'liacelia 
^'cII()w   Adder's   Tdnyi 
Dnmnnniid's  Dryas 
I'rown  eyed  Sn^nn 
llairy   llawkweed    . 


iKiiXTI-l'IFl  K 


C  (ISlillt-jlI    llllllitllil 
CuslilL-i,!  I^illli,/,,. 


/';/; 


/■:n\,,/.,nuiii      iiiiilu-il.itiiin 

niiii'is 
.lih-iuoiir  turiilriitiilis 
Ilri/ysiiriiiii    lunailc 
llcdysaiiiiii  siilf-/iiir,:u;-iis 
/-fdiiiii    unnilaiuli,  uiii 
I  cli'ii, 111,1  sit.iuiisis 

Calyf^si,   I'lilhosa 

■  l'!iiilc(/ia    ionnnsti 

/■til''hiiiiii    l(i/ifiilii(iii 

l.'uiihca  h, oralis  lar.  aiiu-ri 

l.inuiii    l.riK-isii 

I'lhUiiui  snicca 

liiythl-oiuuiu    </r,lii,!ifI..nilil 

/'ryus   Ih-uiiniuiiidii 

(I'lilliirdiii  arisiaia 
Hu'iiuium  Siotilcri    . 


I  \i  iNi; 
i'\(,r 

1 11} 

ux 

I7S 

I'M 
J  1(1 

-'"1 
-■-'4 
_'4S 

-7- 

J.S<) 
\ln 
•lU 


(//( 


ill] 


§i 


.5 

1 


r 


n  ■  i 


"SSS 


r 


WILD   FLOWERS 

OF  THE 

NORTH  AMERICAN  MOUNTAINS 


|i 


r 


T^-' 


*  • 


GENKRAL  KEY  TO  THE  EAiVIILIES 

DIVISION  I.     PTERIDOPHYTA. 

(I'kk.ns  .\m)   i'KKN   Allies) 

I'crn-likc.    rusli-Iikt-.    moss-like    or    a(|uatic    i)1;mts,    without    true 
flowers.      Reproduction  hy   s])ores. 

ORDER  I.     FILICALES 

I.    POLYPODIACE^.     FERN  FAMILY 

I-eafy  plants  with  creeping,'  rhizome,;.  Sjjores  borne  in  sporan^'ia 
collected  in  dots,  lines  or  clusters  on  the  hacks  or  nKir!,'ins  of  the 
fronds  or  their  divisions. 

I.     I'liKcoi'TKKis.     (I'revl.)     Fee. 

1.  P.  pol>iH)dioide,>.     I"ee.     Loug  Bcccli  Peru. 

2.  P.  alpestris.      (Hoi)pe.)      Mett.      Tujtid  Ihwh  l-cni. 

3.  P.   l)ryoi)teris.      (L. )      I'ce.     Oaklurii. 
II.     Adianti-m.     (Tourn.)     L. 

I.  A.  pedatum.     L.     Maidcniuiir. 

III.  Pn-Kis.     L. 

I.  P.  aquilina  var.  lanuj^inosa.    P.onij.    C'linmnu  Hruckcn. 

IV.  ClIEILAN  i  IIES.       .^sw. 

I.  C.  I'eei.     Moore.     Slender  Lip  Fern. 
V.     Pell.ta.     Lin!  . 

I.    P.  atropurpurea.     (L.)      Link.     I'lirplc  Clitl  Ihakc. 
\l.     C^KvrrocKAM  M  A.     \i.  P,r. 

1.  C".  acrostichoides.      R.   Pr.     Xootka  Rock  lU-akr. 

2.  (".   .^telleri.      ( ( iniel. )      i'rar.tl.     Slender  Rock  Bnikc. 

VII.      Asi'LEMTM.       L. 

1.  A.  viri.le.      Iluds.     Green  Spleen:eort. 

2.  A.  cyclosorum.     Rupr.     La  rye   Lady   Fern. 

\'ni.       POLYSTUIUM.       Roth. 

I.  P.  Lonchitis.     (L.)      Roth,     llollx  Fern. 


•il 


% 


■i 


m 


General  Key  to  the  Families 


IX. 


X. 


Asi-llilUM.      Sw. 

1.  A.  Filix-mas.     (L.)     Sw.    Male  Slucld  F.rn. 

2.  A.  si)miilo.sum     var.      dilatatum.      (Hoffm.) 

Spinulosc  Shield  1-crn. 
3-  A.  Oreoptcris.     Sw.    Scaly  Shield  Fern. 
C  Y.sroiTKRis.     Hernh. 

1.  C.  frasilis.     (L.)     Hernh.     Brittle  Pent. 

2.  C.  montana.      (Lam.)      IJcrnh.      Mcnnitain 

lent. 


Hook. 


Bladd 


er 


II.  OPHIOGLOSSACE^.  ADDER'S  TONGUE  FAMILY 

Leafy,  fleshy  plants;  leaves  simi.le  or  branched,  fern-like  erect 
HI  vernation,  the  hud  placed  either  insi.le  the  base  of  the  old  sf,lk 
or  beside  it;  sporanj^ia  borne  in  s,.ikes  or  panicles  formed  from  the 
main  tissue  of  the  fruiting  branches. 

I.       BOTRYCIIIU.M.       Sw. 

1.  B.  Lunaria.     (L.)     Sw.    Moottivort. 

2.  B.  simi)lex.     E.     Small  Moomeort. 

3-  B.  virginianum      (L.)     Sw.     Rattlesnake  Fern. 
4.  B.  lanceolatum.        (Gmel  )        Angstroem.       Sleitdcr 
Mooit'a'ort. 


ORDER  11.    EQUISETALES 

III.    EQUISETACE.ffi.    HORSETAIL  FAMILY 

Rush-like  green  plants  with  jointed  usually  hollow  stems  from 
running  rootstocks;  the  branches  verticillate,  with  toothed  sheaths 
at  the  nodes,  and  when  fertile  bearing  the  sporangia  beneath  the 
scales  of  the  terminal  cone-shaped  spikes. 

I.     EyuisETUM.     (Tourn.)     L. 

1.  E.  arvense.     L.     Field  Horsetail. 

2.  E.  pratense.     Ehrh.     Thicket  Horsetail. 

3.  E.  sylvaticum.     L.     Jl'ood  Horsetail. 

4.  E.  scirpoides.     Michx.     Rttsh  Pipes. 

5.  E.  fluviatile.     L.     Swatup  Horsetail. 

6.  E.  variegatum.     Schleich.     Variegated  Horsetail. 

7.  E.  hyemale.     L.    Scouring  Rttsh. 


General  Ki'\  to   the  Ftimllii's 


ORDER  III.     LYCOPODIALES 

IV.    LYCOPODIACE^.    CLUB  MOSS  FAMILY 

Low-fjrowiiifj  moss-like  ])l;mts  with  hrancliiii^'.  trailing'  or  erect 
stems:  leaves  small,  lanceolate,  persistenl,  entire;  sporan^^ia  soli- 
tary in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  or  on  their  uinier  surface.  Isopor- 
oiis. 

I.     Lv'tofonirM.     L. 

1.  L.  annotiinim.     L.    St}fi  Club  Moss. 

2.  L.  clavatuni.     L.     Crccpimj  Club  Moss. 

3.  L.  Selaj,'o.     L.     Fir  Club  Moss. 

4.  L.  alpiniim.     L.     .llpiiic  Club  .Mass. 

5.  L.  sitchense.     Rupr.     .Irctic  Club  .Moss. 

6.  L.  complanatum.     L.     Tniiliuy  Cliristnias  Grrcn. 

V.    SELAGINELLACE-ffi:.     SELAGINELLA  FAMILY 

Small,  leafy  terrestial  plants  with  branching  stems;  leaves  -icalc- 
like,  many-ranked,  uniform;  sporangia  one-celled,  solitary,  axillary 
or  hornc  at  the  hasc  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  '.''af.  lleteros- 
porous. 

I.     Selaginei.la.     Beauv. 

1.  S.  selaginoides.     (L.)     Link.     Small  .Schufinclla. 

2.  S.  rupestris.     (L.)     Spring.    Rock  Sclayiiiclla. 

DIVISION  II.     SPERMATOPHYTA 

(Seed-plants,    Piianeroc.mia,    or    Flowerixg    Plants) 

Flowers  with  stamens,  or  pistils,  or  both.     Normal  reproduction  by 
seeds  c  .taining  an  embryo  or  minute  plant. 

SUBDIVISIOX  I.     GYMXOSPKRM/E 
ORDER  IV.    CONIFERALES 
VL    TAXACEffi.    YEW  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs;  sparingly  resinous;  leaves  evergreen  or  de- 
ciduous, linear,  spreading  in  two  ranks;  flowers  dicccious,  or  rarely 


ii 


li 


ji'i 


hi 


.  i 

Irf 

f. 

i 

I 

1  ' 
11 

\ 

; 

H 

l^:i 

Orner,,!  K,y  /o   tl,,-  Families 


::r ""'"^ -->-"."ai«„-c„a,. .„,,„,,, 


I.      Twis. 

I.    r 


I  I  oiirii. )      I,. 
VII.     PINACE^.     PINE  FAMILY 


TrcTs  or  slinil,^.  iiK.^tlv  tvcrLTccti-  1,..,,  n      . 

'■     I'iMs.      rroiirn.)      f.. 

'•    '•  ■■'ll'icanlis.  V.u^,\nx.     U-hitc-bark  Pine 

-■      •  """"H-ula.  I),,,,;;!.     .l/,„<„/,„„  /',,,, 

3-   '■•  p'MKkrosa.  Dnii-l.     /,'„//  /',„,• 

4.   I'.  c.,M,<„-,a  var.     Murrayana.     lin^dn,.     Lo,U,c  Pole 

II.     L.\ki\.     (T.Hirii)  Adaiis. 

'     '■>•'"'■'■      ''•"•I-  l-xall's  Lanh. 
Ill-     I'UK.\.     Link. 


'•   ';•  ""^"'^•"^is.     (Mill.,      MSI-.     U-kitc  spruce 

IV       .  7    '  •  ';"^^'"'"""'-      '"a-Tv.     /^.^.•/„„„nr..S>n.v. 
IV.     AiiiKs.     (  JDMrn.)      jljll.  ' 

I.   A.  lasiocarpa.      ,i|,H,k.)      Xutt.     /^.,/..,n»  /wr 
V-      IsrcA.     (I'.tull.)     Carr. 

^■;J:-J;— 'MWulla.      ,Ral.)      Nar^.      //■../,■., //,;;,/„.^. 

VI   ,,:;,  •''■'■'"'^'•■'■■'■•'-  "■•■"•-»  ^■■•'■•••.  -v.'-,/,„w/..,/,Hi.. 

\  1.     I  Ml  iKiTsn.A.     (  arr.  • 

.     '■    ••■taxih.lia.      I'.riti.M,.     />oii,/las  l-ir. 

\    II.         I   IIIVA.        I.. 

'•    I'-  I'i'^-ata.      Donii.     A',„' tV,/,/r. 
\  111.     jr\ii'KNi>.     ( ■{■(lurii.)      I.. 

>.  .1.  >co,,nlnnnn.     Sar^.     h'orky  .\fo,u,t<,in  Juniper 

-'.  .1.   l.unxn.ualis,     .M,H-nch.     C>.v^,„y  y,;„y,,, 

3-  J.  cniniunis  var.  inoniana.     .\i,.     ,//;,„„.  y,,,„y,^.,. 


(tin  era/  Kry   to   the  in  mil  us 


sl;iji)I\  isiox  II.    AX  .i()sri:KM.i-: 

Class  I.     Moxoioi vij;im,m...i,; 

ORDER  V.     PANDANALES 

VIII.     TYPHACE^.     CAT-TAIL  FAMILY 

.\(|ii;itiv:  (ir  marsli  lnrli>  witli  cni  piiii;  roDtstnrks ;  K.ivi>  lurvid. 
linear.  m.'>m1i-:  lluutr>  lUDiicfcious,  nuimrdu-  mi  a  ^palix  ili^iitnti' 
1)1  i>rr.pir  lliiral  iiuiluin' ;  fruit  luit  like,  uMially  >|.Iiitm-  on  uiir 
sidf. 

I.     Tvi'iiA.     (Tniirn.)      I.. 

I.  T.  latit'i.lia.     I..     lUoiid-loiiwi  Cat-tml. 

IX.     SPARGANIACE^.     BUR-REED  FAMILY 

Marsh  or  aiiuatic  luTh>  with  trcct  or  tloatiiiK  Miin- ;  liaM-s 
ahirnati.-.  linear,  lessile.  two-ranked;  llowers  nion<ecions  with  in- 
Kl<>l)ular.  se»ile  or  pedunculate  heads;  I'ruii  nnt-Iike.  ol>ovnid  or 
siiindle-sh;ii)ed. 

I.     Si'.\K(.\Nii-M.     (Touru.)     T.. 

I.  .S.  .siniple.x.     Iluds.     Simph-stcmmcii  lUii-t\cd. 

ORDER  VI.     NAJADALES 

X.     NAJADACE.ffi.     PONDWEED  FAMILY 

Marsh  or  ininur>ed  a(|uatic  lurhs  with  slend-r,  jointed.  Iiaty 
stems;  leaves  flat  or  fditorin.  sheathini;  at  the  ha>e;  tl<nvers  inrtict 
or  luiisexual  with  a  j.erianth  of  four  or  six  distinct  valvate  or 
tuliular  seuMUeuts;    fruit  an   indehiscent   JHri^ 

I.     J'oT.\.\io(,i;id\.      '  Tourn.  )      I.. 

1.  r.    Kichardsouii.     (  IJenn. )     Rydh.    Richardson  s  I'oid- 

2.  p.  fdiforniis.      I'ers.     I-ilijorm  l'i>ndui-cd. 


li     (' 


i   ii        ' 


II 


d*  ii 


^^■•■"•"'11  K.y  to  II,.-  r„mili,., 


XI.    JUNCAOINACE*.    ARROW  GRASS  FAMILY 

i.     'I"ki(;i.()(  iii.v.     I,. 

'•   '■■  I'al"str>..     L.     .,/,„,/,  ,,,,^^,.^,  ^^^^^^ 

ORDER  VII.     GRAMINALES 
XII.    GRAMINE^.    GRASS  FAMIL\ 

Herbs  with  culms  closed  at  the  no,l        i 
co..sis,i.,^  of  a  sheath  a,'l  -         ,       ^^  '''  ^"^  Parallele.l-veine.l, 
arran^^ed  in   sr.ikelets-     r    /  '"■'  ^''''''''   '''>    ^'"a". 

SL'BF.\.\fii  V  i'o.\roinp:,T: 

TKII!!.;  .\(;ROSTIDf.:.i.: 
I-     Pfrr.EiM.     L. 

'•   I'.  .nlpi,nnii.     I..     ,//;./„,.  n,,,^//  , 
n.     C.\i.a.ma(;k()sti.s.     Adans 

'•'••canadensis.     (Miehx.)     H.auv.     W^c-joinl  Grass. 

TRIHR  FKSTLTFF 
HI.      POA.     L. 

V.  u^oJ^^T  '■  ""'-'''  '-'""^  ^'--■ 

'•  ''•/i'^'^--'7l-"ii     van     paliidus.       (Hook.)        Shear 
fringed  Ihomc  Grass. 

TRIIU:  UORDir.K 
Vr.     IIoRi.ErM.     (Tourn.)     L. 

••  ".  jul.atnm.     1..     S<j,urrcl-lail  Gross. 


Cn-ncrnl  Kt\  In   the  I'tiniH 


us 


XIII.    CYPERACE^.    SEDGE  FAMILY 

(Jrassliki-   or   nish-liko   lurl.s    with    lllln)ll^    r.H.i>.    m,,-.t\\    v.,|i,l 
cnlins  aii.l  cloM-d  sluaths;  tlowiTs  .^piki.l  in  ilu'  ,i\il.  ,,i  tli,    inl.ii 
cati'd  liracts.  dotitiitc  of  any  luriaiitli :  iriut  an  .1  hiiu'. 

■ri<iiu:  St  luri;  1: 

I.       I'.KIOI'IMikfM.       1.. 

r.   I'.,  calliinx.     Cliniii.     //,;». 'v    Ln!. 

2.  !•;.  aii^justifoliiim.     K'l.tli.     (  .iIIkii  (,i,iss. 

TRII'.I.  (  AKK  I    V 
IT.      KflllHF.SI  \.      Willi]. 

I     K.   I(i|)arlita.      (All.)      I'-ritldii.     .hili,    K,ihi,si,i. 
J.   K.   r.illardi.     (.\ll.)     c  .  Knell,     .Inlic  JJyih,. 

III.       (    AKKX.       (  KllppillS.  )        I.. 

I.  ('.  fcstiva.     Dcwi-y  Sill.     7  iissiuk  .SV(/(/.\ 

-'.  ('.  pyrinaica.     W  ;ilil.     Dwaij  Sclijc. 

3.  (".  .Mcrtnisii.     I'.   I'.miy:.     M,  r/ni's  S,<l(/i\ 

4.  (".  iii;,^rican-i.     < '.  .\.  .Mcyrr.     hUuh  S,il</i'. 

5.  i.  nipotriv     .\11.     h','ik-  SiJy,-. 


t»< 


! 

i 


i\ 


I 


!!( 


i  h 


ORDER  VIII.     ARALES 

XIV.     ARACE^flE.     ARUM  FAMILY 

I'creiHiial  IutIls  uith  pmii;tnt  juice  aii<l  IuIktou-^  rontNtnck^ : 
leaves  larjje.  veiny,  simple  i»r  coinpnimd.  .1111111(11111;  tl(is\ers 
crowded  on  a  spadi.x  which  is  usually  siirnimi<led  hv  a  sjiathe; 
fruit  usually  a  herry. 

I.      I.VSK  UIKiN.      Scliott. 

I.  I.,  kamtschatceuse.    Schott.    WiSlcni  SLitnk  Ciil>!>,i<j,-. 

ORDER  IX.     LILIALES 

XV.     JUNCACE^.     RUSH  FAMILY 

Rush-like  or  i,'rass-like  herbs;  leaves  altorn.ite,  sheathin-,'.  chan- 
nelled or  terete;   (lowers  small,  liliaceous  in  structure,  l.ut   sed<^'e- 


in 


Vt 


4i, 


!  H 


i 


G,„,m!  Kn    lo  the  Fonnli.s 


''l^''    '"   ■•|^|.^•l•t    .1.1.1   t.  xliir,.     ri,'i.l.r     1...  ■ 

»M,yall,uMun.  ■""'^   ^  "".no  .mcW,!  u  mI.u,  .Iu-  Im..  .. 

'•     JiNd.s.     (T.uirii.)     [,. 


If.     I 


-'■  .'•  fii;!!!.!.!.      I        77,,.,.  -,  ,       ■'  ""'"• 


■'•  '--P.cata.     ,1.,)      ,„-.     ,s^,,,,/,,. /^.^^^^ 

XVI.     LILIACE^E.     LILY  FAMILY 

"iTl.s  „r  rarily  w,m„Iv  plains-  |,  •,,.■.  „  ,1      > 

Tkiiii:  xiikATRi:  1-: 

f         'I'OFIKM.IA.       Flii.Is. 

-■     I-    iMluMns        |,,„U      .SV„/n,v/,./..^/„„,,;,  ■'^"'"''- 

,V     I  •    "CCl.liiit.ilis.      \\  .itsnii    I'r.w-       n- 
"•     ^^---nn-M.     ,<.rav.;     K;„!,n     •     "-'•'"  •'■^M.'./.V. 
>.  >.  occ.lnual...     (.ray.     Ihoucc  Ihll. 

III.       /V.,M.KN,S.       Michx. 

'■   :^-  '■''-''"^-      ''"r^l>  l"I.     Crcru  Lily 
'V.     \iKMKru      ,  T  V     ■       ''"■"'"""•^-  (".v//  /.,7v. 

'•   ^'^   viri.Ic.     Ait.     /„,/•„,  //,.//,/,„,,. 

T'^""'i;  .M.I.IK.i: 
\'.     .Xi.i.ii-M.     rToiin,,)      [.. 

'■  -^^  ^•.^■••>n>nm.     Rntli.     /'/„/,  CarlU: 
-'.   .\.   Scli(i>i)()pr,isiim      ,..,_       ,,i  ■   • 


(niurnl   KfY   to   the  iatiiilui 


'1  Kii'.i.  I. II. 11.  i; 

l.ii  i.M.     (  rotirii  )      I,. 

I.  1..  iiiiiiii.imiin      A.   N(N,      Mmiiiliiiii  l.ilw 
_•    I.,  i-ojuiiil.i.inuiii.     Il.l^^^.ll.     II  \iltni  l.tly. 

I'ki  i  III  \ki  \.      I.. 

I.   I'.  iiiKJiiM.      ^  ;7/i'.\'  l-ntilUuy. 

I'.KVI  IIKli.Nlt    M.       I.. 

I.   I'..  ),'''ii"<li'l"i"imi.      I'ur>ii.      Villi'U-  .lilJir's    li'iuiti,-. 
J.   I'..  ur.iiiilitlorniM    \.ir     |v.irviiliirimi        W.ii^oii.       Siihil! 

)  <  //ii.\'  .  Iilil,  r's   I  I'lij/iw. 
3.   I".  iiiDiil.iinmi.     WatMiii.     Monntam  ././,/.»  j-  T,'iu/ui\ 
I  M  c"  iiM(u  !■',      rur-li. 

I.  I',  iiiacmcari.ii-.      hoiiijl.     (,').•.  ;j  A, /x,/,,/   l/,;r;/',),v.;. 
J.  (  .   I.\,il!ii.      ii.ikir.     /'.;/,    M.nif'Kui. 


\  I. 

\li 

\  111. 


I\. 


X. 

XI. 

XII. 
XIII. 
X I  \  . 


I  Kll:i     l'<  »I.^  lii  IN  All    1, 

C'l.INTnNl  A.       K'.it. 

I.  « '.   uiiilliira.     Kuiitli.     (Jii,  iiit  tif. 
."^Mll.  \(  i.\  \.      I  h-i. 

I.  .'^.  aiiipit Mi'aniis.     Xiitt.     /'o/.v.-  S(>h>iii,<ii's  .St\il. 
J.   .S.  stiiiata.      I)i-,l.     Shir-tl(>:ci)\il  .ShIouk'h's   Sitil. 

DlM'uKIM.       .<all^l). 

1.  i).  tracliycarimin,      15.  ami  II.     I'tiiry  lulls. 

2.  1).  ..t-;  ,^^-lllU1'^.      I'.,  and  11.     H'oi'ilx  I  i:s[^,iriiin. 
SlUKIToi'l  >.      .Miclix. 

1.   .'^.  .iiui.Iixifolins.      (I,.)      DC.     iriiitr    /'.\/,v/.-,/-.v/<///>'. 
-'.   .'^.  r()>iti-<.     .Miclix.     I'iiik  7\\i.v/.-,/  .v/,;//,'. 
Kniiim- \. 

1.   K.  >trcpt()|i()i(K-,,    (l.i(kl).)    KiariKv.    Slunt-shiiunul 
Tz.'istCilsUilk. 


XVII.    IRIDACE^.     IRIS  FAMILY 

llcrlis  with  nM)t>ti)ck>.  tiiljcrs  or  curms;  leaver  i(|uit.iiit.  --luatli- 
iiip,  liiR-ar,  Iwn-rankcd ;  tlowirs  ri,!,'ular  or  imj^Miiar.  pirtici.  tnim 
:i  .'^iiatlic  of  two  or  more  leaves  or  liracts;  friiit  tlir<.c-cclk<i.  iiiaiiy- 
sccdcd. 


il  : 


■u  r 


'^air«iflinR^^y^::yi^^ 


ro 


'•       SlSVKI.S(  KilM.       \ 

^-  S.  i<lah.n,se.     Hiek-K-ll.     yvlV^/  \'' "-/T 


I. 


3- 
4- 


ORDER  X.     ORCHIDALES 
XVIII.     ORCHIDACE^.    ORCHIS  FAMILY 

-'.i:r:;;;:r;;;;:;u'u.;:r::,:-;n'r  r  ''■"^■^"""  -'^-  -"-"-- 

al'-...u.:    „.,;,,;,    .:.,;;:;;;    ,";!"^''''-"^-^-''-  -'-tary  or  several, 
■-n-l-ic.   ^yna.,.InH,s   with'  ti,.   nor  I'm  ul,  '"■,  '"""'    "'''^''''-    ^>«"'- 

'IKMM-.  c^i'Rii'i;i)i|.:i,: 

C  VI-k/i^KliUM.       I,. 

'•  (  .  piiliesciiis.        (  \\in,|  \        L-    ■    I 

/     7   ■  1**111(1.)        Kiiisr  It.       /  iirnr     r.//- 

-  r^parviHornn..     Sa,.,,.     s,.,U    r.V/o.   A./,,   ^,^. 
3.  C-.  pass.ri,u„„.     R.ehanls.     IHutc  Moccasin  flo.rr. 

'rKiii|.;  ()i-i I R VI ).].:.].■ 

'f.     Ok.  HIS.     (Tnuni./     I 

3-   If.  ol.tusatn.      (Pursi,.)      r.vi,.,.,.         ,,    „ 

Orchis.  M^Hanls.      \orthcni    Rein 

S.   n    trracilis      \\J       r^  ^-''^'fy  f^rin  Orchis. 

Orchis.  ^  ^^      '''■■'■•     ^^'"'"^l-l^'o'^rd  Rein 


General  Key  to   the  J'tinii/ies 


I  I 


TRii'.i'.  .\i;()TTii;.i'; 

I\'.     SriKANTiiKs.     Ivichanls. 

I.   S.   R()m;m/(.tri,iii,i      (ham.     //.).'(/,•,//.(/,//.  .v"  //.-.o,-..-. 
\.     I'JMi'AcTis.      (llalkr. )      I'.orlim. 

1.  !•:.  (k-cipicns.       .iio:.  ;       Alius.      .S/,.„/     /v',;///,-.v)i,;(-.' 

I'liiiiliiiii. 

2.  I-;.   rciH'iis.        i.,      Crar.u.     Small    KullUsiuikc    J'lan- 

Idill. 
\'I.     I-i.>^rKk.\.     K.  I!r. 

I.   L.  cc.nlata.      (I..)      K.    |!r.     UiiUtlrainl  Twayhladc. 
J.  i-.  coiivallarioidf.s.    (.Sw.)    'lorr.    Ihoadlit^t^cd 'ri,'it\- 
bhidc. 

Tkll!!".   I".I"lI)K\I)Ri:,i': 
\'II.     (.'oKAi.i.oKiiizA.     (Ilalkr.  ^      I-:.  I'.r. 

1.  C.  tritula.     Cliatclam,     lutily  Coral  Root. 

2.  f.  niaculata.     Raf.     Spotted  Coral  Root. 

3.  ('.  .striata.     I.iiidl.     St  rifled  Coral  Root. 

4.  (-".   MiTtc'n  iaiia.      lioiif^r.     Sf^urrcd  Coral  Root. 
\III.     Cai.vi'So.     Sali^l). 

I.  C.  biilho.sa.     (L.)     Oakos.     Calvp.so. 

Cla.s.s  II.     I)U()tvij:i)()m;.i.: 

Subclass  I.     .hc/iiclilaiiiyilecc 

ORDER  XI.     SALICALES 

XIX.    SALICACE.^.    WILLOW  FAMILY 

Trees  or  .slinil.s,  the  wood  soft  and  li-Iit.  hark  hitter;  k-avcs 
alternate  iindivi(k'(l;  flowers  of  l)oth  kinds  in  catkins,  one  to  each 
bract,  without  perianth;  fruit  a  pod  l)earing  numerous  seeds  fur- 
nished with  lonj.^  silky  down. 

I.     S.\i,ix.  Ci'ouni.)     L. 

1.  S.  Candida,     I'hisse.     Hoary  IVilUm. 

2.  S.  Barciayi.     An(k>rs.     Barclay's  H'ilUnc. 

3.  S.  Barrattiana.     Barratt's  H'illon.: 


( 


M 


V 


k 


•  If 

jlj  M 


4^     ^ 


\  \ 


i 


% 


J2 


It!!^Z!iUt!y_!lJ/'^-  t''"uiius 


'i<-l'l>iat)a. 


iJ. 


4-  .^.   iithbiana.     Sarwut      ii 

r      <.         ■       .-  •  'iij,*.!!!.       Jir()7t.'ll    U     II,,'  • 

7-  >.  vcs,,ta.     i,,r.,,     //,„      ,/._^J>- 
«•  -^^  >.tcl,c„,s,s.     Sanson.     SiHu,  If  II 

'"  '  'i^-^-     (  lonrti.)     f,. 

•    ■'  '"^^>^-     llrstcn,  Balsam  Potior. 

t  ottoiit^'ood. 


4  r 


acuminata,     kvdl,. 


ORDER  XII.     PAGALES 
XX.    BETULACE^.    BiKCH  PAM.I.Y 

-'a"-  appearing  ..,,;  '^l  tZT:^^-  ^^?'-'— '  ^  '^'-.-s 
'-  '-ile  cluster.!,  spik.d.  oM       c  ir";^'''  ^'^'^''^  ■"  "'^i-, 

^-     f5KTri..\.     (Tonrn.)     I.. 

'•   'i-   fontinalis.     SarL--      ni,.i    !,■     , 

P"Pn-B,;l    '''■    '""^^"--      (Marsh.)      Spach. 
3.   n.  .Ian,IuIosa.     ^fic,,.     Z^,,,y  ;,,,^., 

'■  -\-  sinuata.     {  Rco--.!  ^      ,.,.  „ 

-V  sitc,u.nsis.  xu;::\.;:;t/::r''''--^''''- 

ORDER  XIII.     URTICALES 
XXI.    URTICACE^.    NETTLE  FAMILY 

lfcrl,,s  raroly  shrul.s.   uith   u-,„.r,     •   ■ 
amily:  ieave.s  alternate  or    „ "     , ?    f""''   '^^''-'.^-'.^  to  a   lar.e 
"-vers  a  sn.all.  Wi.cions,  n,,^!^   ^^1"" '■    ^'""'^"^-  -"!"': 
tercel:  fnu-t  an  achene.  "'  I'"lvga.nou.s,  variously  clu.s- 

J-     L'rtka.     (Tourn.)     L 


,t'^' 


'ri.kS' 


J  r-l? 


>•     ^^ 


w,.»#. 


(iriu-ral  Key   to   flu-  I'rniii/irs 


M 


ORDER  XIV.     SANTALALES 
XXII.     SANTALACE^.     SANDALWOOD  FAMILY 

I'l:'"'"'   '''\   "  '""  "■^■^";   '^■^'^•^■^  ^•"'i'-^'-   ^vith..nt   Mi,n,i,..:    ,],.wct. 


soluary    or   cl,.u.n..,.    ax.nary    .,r   ..rnnnal,    caKx    vaivau.    ,n    „.. 
ul     N    u,         ,,,^^  'r„,.or„.,., 

tfK  .sccl  quinary.  .Irstilutv  ol  any  proper  secd-coa 
I.     Tom  \.\|)u.\.     Xiitt. 

'•  t;.  palhMa.     A.  IX'.     irhitr  Conunnlra. 

-'•   *  .   lui.la.      Kidianl..     .V.-.v;///.  („«„„„/,,, 

3-   C.    Richar.lsiana.      IVrnal.I.     (;;v.„  c',.,;,,,,,,,,,,. 

XXIIL     LORANTHACE^.     MISTLETOE  FAMILY 

rhiHb    ^lm,M.y  plan,,  parasinc  o„  trees;  Laves  coriaceo„s.  „p. 
posue    regular,    ^reen.sh,    ydlow.sh    or    nine  hr.nvn  ;     tlouers    !n 


axillary  or  terminal   clusters  or  solitary; 
tiiioiis  pulp. 

I.     An 


Iruit   a   herrv   uuh   oju- 


eKtTnui;ii-M.      i;ic-l). 

I.  A.  aniericaiium.     Xutt.     iriuhS  Ihoom. 

ORP-      XV.     POLYGONALES 
XXIV.    POLi  CE.E.    BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY 

Hcrhs   shruhs  or  tr.es  ui.h  stipules  i„  the  for.u  of  sluaths  ahove 

lartcct.  uuh  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx;  fruit  au  achene.        ' 
I.     Kkux.DsvM.     Michx. 

1.  K.  luuhellatum.  ear.  majus.     Reuth.     T,II  linoc,onum 

2.  E.  oval.lohum.     Xutt.     Silvery  lino,,ouum        ' 
TT      „-^-   '■-  ''»";''::;-^-''<--^'">"-     '''-nth.     Ik^mf  Enugonmn. 

I.  ().  di^^vna.     (L.)      [liii.     Mouutam   Sorrel. 
111.     Rr.MEx.     I,. 

1.  K.  salicifolius.     ll-ilhne-lcared  Dock. 

2.  R.    \cetosa.      L.     ^onunon   S.nrcl.      (  Introducer!  ) 

3.  R.  Aceto.sella.     L.     Vicld  Sorrd.     ( Introduce,!. )' 


M 


1  i :  \-\ 


^ 


i^ 


f. 


•    ! 
i   I 


i,        !      »! 

I 

K 

;i 


I 


<!! 


J I 


ill 


s^ 


9^:m^^^mM 


F-1M    jr 


'4 


Gi'twral  Ki'\  to  the  Faiiiilifs 


1\'.       J'<)I.V(i(iMM.       ('I'oiiril.)       I.. 

1.  1'.   vi\  ipaniiii.     I,,     .llpiiic  lUstnrt. 

2.  r.  bistiirtoidcs.     I'lirsh.     I Icait-'  iiicd   lUstort. 

3.  r.  Mil'  kii!)crj,'ii.      (Mcisn.j       ■    ;its.      .V:.'./;*//-  J'crsi- 

ORDER  XVI.     CHENOPODIALES 

XXV     CHENOPODIACEA.     GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  slir'.ibs  i)i  lioimly  asiicct :  luaws  nmrc  or  li'.^s  succu- 
lent, alternate,  without  stipules;  tlowers  niiiuite,  with  the  free  calvx 
iniliricated  in  t..e  hud,  usually  in  axillary  and  terminal  [Mnicles  or 
racemes;  fruit  an  achene  or  utricle. 

I.     CiiENOPoDiLM.      Crourn.)      I.. 

1.  C  album.     L.     Lunib's  Ouartcrs.     (  Introduced.) 

2.  C.  capitatum.     (L.)     .\^ch.     Stnti^'bcny  lilitc. 

ORDER  XVII.     CARYOPHYLLALES 

XXVI.     CARYOPHYLLACE^.     PINK  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  blaml  and  ineit  juice,  the  stems  usually  swollen  at 
tile  nodes;  leaves  ojiposite,  entire,  often  united  at  liie  base;  tlow- 
ers symmetrical,  with  or  without  petals;  fruit  a  cap>ule  opening  by 
valves  at  liie  summit. 

I.     Are.nari.\.     L. 

1.  A.  lateritlora.     L.     Blnvt-Uarcd  Saiidxcori. 

2.  A.  ca])illaris  van  iiardi folia.      (Ledeb.)      Kegel.     A'l;;-- 

i\yw-lcavcd  Siiniiwort. 

3.  .\.  verna      var.      jji-opinqua.      (Richards.)      Fernald. 

I'cnuil  Sandwort. 

4.  .\.  sajanensis.     Willd.     Onc-Iloiccrcd  Sandicort. 
H.     Stk!.i.ari.\.     L. 

1.  S.  loiigi])es.     Cloldie,     Lonci-stalkcd  Slilcln>.'ort. 

2.  S.  borealis.      liigel.     Xortitcrn  Stitcliwort. 
HI.     Cf.r.vstum.     L. 

1.  t".  arvense.     L.     Field  Mouse-car  C/i /cA-rivn/. 

2.  C.  alpiiuim.     L.     Alpine  Mouse-ear  Chiekieeed. 


m 


OcnnjilKcy  to   the  Families 


15 


1\'.     I.VdiMs.     (Iniirn.)      I,. 

'■   '•■  aiutala.      I..     Xoddiiuj  /'ink. 

-•   I-   iJriini'iiuiidii.        (Hook  1        w-,, .         m 

j,jiil.  MiooK.)        Wats.        Ihummomrs 

y-       Sfl.K.VK.       I.. 

-'■  ^-   l-all.i.     Wats.     /,v„//-,vc  „/./,/. 
3.   S.  aca.ilis.      |..     .1/,,,,,  Ca,np,on. 

XXVll.     PORTULACACE^.     PURSLANE  FAMILY 

I.     Lewi.sia.     l'iir>li 

'.I-   mliviva.      I'ursh.     lUltcr-root. 
li.     ()iu:oi;ro.m\.      [IoucH.      |.>vt},. 

1-  *■  >    cotvK'doii.      ilorti'll       Strlh.i  n,       I 
ni.     C.^vo.s-,..-    ...ronov..     ,       •^"'^'/  ^'-'■"'""-^ 

..r.Ia„o.olata.      I'ur.h.     /-..v-/..,..,.,/ .V^m,  /,,„.,, 

3.  C.  parv.folia.     Do„.I.     .V..;//-/..:.,/ .V/.n„,;  /;,„„,,. 
ORDER  XVIII.     RANUNCULALES 
XXVIIL     NYMPH^ACE^.    WATER  LILY  FAMILY 

•\q„afc  perennial  herhs  u„l,   horizontal  rootstocks  ■   U.,ves  ,.el 
ate   or  ,l..,,lv    eonlate.    involute    front    hoth    n,ar J„s 'in      ,      ,'    ," 
""•"•-V-  or   in,merse,l:    tlouers   perfect     ax.lla  >  "'     ' 

l-h,ncles:  fruu  haccate.  .ith  a  Hr,,;  nnil  ''   ''''''''''  ""''   '""« 

J-     Xv.MiMi.ic.x.      (l-oiirn.)      L 

'■  X^Hv.epaIa.      (H„,eln..)      (ireene.      JV//.:e    Po„d 

XXIX.     RANUNCULACE^.     CROWFOOT  FAMILY 


Yv 


ffki 


■•(.. 


ii! 


M 


i()  Genernl  Key  to   the  Faniiiii's 


times  with  stipiilc-likc  aijpciulaircs,  alti-rnatc  or  rarely  opjHisiti'; 
tlnwcrs  polypitalotis  or  apclaloiis  witli  tlic  calyx  ofti'ii  cnlourcil  like 
a  corolla,  hypi)<,'yiioii.-, ;  fruit  arluiK-s  or  foljicks  or  haccatc. 

TRiiM-:  Axi-.MoM-.r: 

I.     Kantnc  fi.fs.     (Toiirn.)     !,. 

1.  R.  acris.     I..     Mctulii:^'  lUilli-imf'.     (Introduced.) 

2.  R.  Macoutiii.     I'.ritton.     Muct'iin's  lUiltcicup. 

3.  R.    I'lsclisclioitzii.     Sclilect.     Siinw  lUittcrmf^. 

4.  R.   ('Miilialaria.      ^llr^ll.     Ci\:pi\iii  CfiH^'liuit. 

5.  R.  aquatilis.       (I..)       var.    capillaceus.       1 )(,  .      IWilcr 

L  rori'/ ()('/. 

6.  R.   rejita-is.      (1.)      Mey.     Cri-,piii(/  Spi-<n-:c,>i-t. 

7.  R.   rejieiis.     I,.      yflliKy-  Crin.-ioot.      (Introduced.) 
S.    R.   i)yj,Mii;eus.      Wall).      I'upny  lUitlcrcup. 

II.         I'll  AMI  TRIM.        (    Tnuru.)        L. 

1.  r.  occidentale.     ( iray.     U'cslrni  Mcailo:^'  Rnc. 

2.  r.  nieijacariiuni.     Torr.      \'c\\\\  Ma.\doxc  line. 
III.     Anemonk.     (  Tourn.)      I.. 

1.  .\.  occidentals.     Wats.     Clidlicc  Cup. 

2.  A.  nuiitilida.     I'oir.     //'/;/(/  /"/oa'cr. 

3.  A.  nrumniondii.     Wats.     .11  pine  Anemone. 

4.  .\.  parvitlora.     Micli.\.     I-eze-thneered  .Inenione. 

5.  .\.  l)atens  var.  WoItj,'aii!.,Mana.     (I'.ess.)      Koch.     Pas- 

(]ue  Floxeer. 

TRir.i-:  cLr.MATii)F..r: 

I\'.     Clematis.     L. 

1.  f.  ligusticifolia.     Xutt.     W'liite  Clematis. 

2.  C.  Columbiana.     (Nutt.)      1".   and   G.     Purple  Clema- 

tis. 

TRIBE  HKLF.IU)RF..K 
\'.     Caltha.     (Rupp.)     L. 

1.  C.  leptosci)a!a.     DC.     Alpine  Marsh-marigold. 

2.  C.  palustris.     L.     Marsli-mariyold. 
W.     Troi.i.ii's.     L. 

J.  T.  laxus  var.  albiflorus.    Salisb.    ll'hite  Globe  Plox^'cr. 


••■'Vflii»,f^  ",■ 


\ll.     Aorii.H.iA.     (Iniini.  I      I.. 

-■•   A.   l.nviM.vla.      ||,.ok.     Hlnc  Columhnir 
V  A.  Mavc-sccMs.     Wats.     Velio:,  Cohunbuu: 
\lll-     DKi.niiMiM.     (Toiirn.)      I.. 

'•    '>    lin.unii.      Rs.ll,     .l/„m,/„/„  /.„,/,,y,„, 
-'•    I).    Mrn-c'sii.      DC.      /,7„..  I,„rks[^ur. 
,?.    I),    hn'iildf       Viift       HI,,  •  ~.  .:       I  I       I 
IX.     A(t.,.:a.      I..  '^'"^-"nu-d  l.arhs/^ur. 

'•  •)■   •■"'"■•''•      '-^i')      \\ill'l.     A',-,/  />'.,;„7v/n. 
-'•  A.  nihra     lornia     iicf;lccta.       ((iill,,,; 
//  ////<■  Ihincbcrrx. 


Ill-  )    t\()|)iiis()ii. 


XXX.  BERBERIDACE^.  BARBERRY  FAMILY 

Shrul.s  or  hcrh. ;  I.avcs  cn„„,.n„„I  „r  .livHol.  ah.rna,.    .lilu..! 

5;::;f^:;:;l-r;;:;;:;:::'-!:;;;:::— ^ 

"H   I-c.al.  ar..I  oppnsUc  ,.,  ,!,.,„;  fpu,  a  hn-.y  or  a  ,„h1. 

f-        liERIlKKIS.       ('i'oiiril.)        L. 

'•   ';•  r.pn,..     I.i„.ii.     A>„,/,,  .i/„,„,.„-„  ^^., 
-'•   I..  a<|,nroliMn..     I'l.rsh.     Qn-you  (,><,/,,. 

ORDER  XIX.     PAPAVERALES 
XXXI.     PAPAVERACE^.     POPPY  FAMILY 


umerons  seeds  '      '    '"'-"■'"-"'■"-;    ^""t    a   dry    pod   w.,h 


a 

or 

mime 


I-     f'.\i'.\vi:K.     (Totirii.)     I.. 

'•   '"•  •■''pinum.     I..     Antic  Poppx. 


XXXn.    FUMARIACE^.    FUMITORY  FAMILY 

Hclicate  smooth  lu-rhs  with  uaterv  i„l i 

="Cted.    usually    nltern-.r>.    n  '    "'  '    '"*'"'''  '^"'"pouml,  dis- 


se 
tin 


Mil! 


1k( 


!  H 


iifl 


I.* 


I 


4 


I 

! 

I 

111 


f8 


Gftieral  Key  lo   the  luimi/i.-s 


them  spurml  or  saocatr  at  tlu-  Ikim,  tlir  iniuT  pair  narn.u.r.  iluir 
calloHs-crcstr.l  tii.s  utMU.I  ..vcr  l\u-  Mij-nia;  fruit  a  |h,.1  ontaiiiiu); 
one  or  more  sieds, 

I.     Dkemha.     lieiith. 

I.   I),   foriiinsa.     DC.     ll'iLI  lUccdnu,  h,;i, ;. 
2.1)    iiiiillnra.     Kell.     ()iu--lhi:,rr,,l  lil,,;li,i,/-luiiit. 
II.      (OKYIIMIS.      (Dill.)       Midic. 

I.  (  .  aiiroa.     Willd.     d'oUni  (\'ry,l,i!i.^. 

XXXIII.     CRUCIFER^.     MUSTARD  FAMILY 

licrhs  Willi  pim.iiriu  waitry  jiiirc:  leave-  alternate:  llnw^rs  erii 
df.irm.   tetr.Klviiamnii..   re-iilar,   in   terminal   racemes  ,,r  crvnih, ; 
Irm't   a    Mlique   or   Mliele.    v,.nielimes   nut-like,    the   j.n.N   au<l    Me,!^ 
>;ive  tile  eiiief  eli.ir.ieter  nf  the  i^ener.i. 

TRIill-:  .\i.N  ssi:.K 
I.     Dkaha.      (Dili.)      I.. 

I.   D.  inc.tna.     [,.     //■;((■/,•  //7(/7/<>:e  Cniss. 

J.    D.   ionchocarpa.     Kydh.     Loiuj-poddcd  Whitlow  Cnixs. 

3.    D.  pr.ealta.     Sfriiif/  iriiillow  (iiuss. 

4-    D.  aurea.     \alil.     Cddiii  Whitlow  (Jrass. 

5.   D.  alpiiia.     I..     .Ilpinc  llhitlow  Crass. 

(>.   D.  nivalis.     I.iljl,.     .Irctic  llhitlow  (iniss. 

7.   1).  Rlacialis.     .\.lams.     /'„/.•  Vdlow  llliitlow  Grass. 

TRiiii:  iMns.\Rii:.i-: 

II.     I'iiv--.\Ri.\.     (irav. 

I.   I',  (lidynioc.irpa.     (Honk.)     Cray.     Hladdcr-pod. 

TRini:  i.i:pii)ir.7-: 

Til.     Tiii,A.m'i.     (Tourn.)      I.. 

I.  ■J\  arvcusc.     L.     I\;u,y  Cress.     (Introduced.) 
I\'.     Lei'idiu.m.     (Tourn.)      I.. 

I.  L.  apetaium.     Willd.     t'cppcr  drass. 

'I'RUW.  C.\.Mi:i.I\F..E 
\'.     Capski.i.a.     Medic. 

I.  (,;.  Rursa-pastoris.     (L.)     Medic.     Shepherd's  Purse. 
( Introduced.) 


Gctwral  Key  to   //,,■  /V/m/V/Vt 


i<) 


\i.     Si.-'i.w.     Dtsv. 

■||<ii!i:  r.K  \ssin:.i-; 

\  II.       liKASSKA,       Clonni.)       I.. 

'•    '!■   >."a,.,>,n.n>.      |!.,.>s.     //,./,  „/   ,v/.   /,.„/,„,„         ,„. 
trudiict'l.  ) 

TRIi.i:  SIS\ MUkli:  •,.; 

^111.       SiSVMMKii  M.  I  ,,i,r,      )        I 

tdlil. 

^.  S    al„.M„u„n.      I..       /„//    //,.,/,,,    .,/,„,„/       ,,,„^„. 
(Inciil.  ) 

3.  S    caiusans.     X„tt.     /■„/,•  7„„,v  .1/.,/,,,,/ 

4.  S.   .MciM.m.      i:,„vlm.     HcsUrn  Tans,   M us,„nl. 
I  A.      I.i<.\v\.     M.rnl..  .-,n,|   ||ni.,,e. 

'•    I'-   '".nulis.        (ALv.^        ,,^,,„^.^„         ^^,^,^/^_.^^^     ^.^^^^ 

I    ''('A'.S". 

X.      lluvsiMiM.      (  r,,uri,,)      I.. 

'•    '■:•   I'.Tvidnruni.      .\,„l.      y,v,„/,.  .U,M/„n/. 

TKini;  AkAiiiDi;.].: 

Xf.     R.M.Kri.A.     (Dill.)      11,11, 

'•   '^-  ■'^'f  "'■;i"">-a.|Matic,,„,.     ,[..,      I'.rittn,  an,!  Rnullc 
..  „  "  '"''>'  <->■''■'■■''■     (Introduce,!.) 

MI.     Cari.amixe.     (T(nirii.)      I.. 

I.  C.  pcnnsylvan     .      M„l,l.     //Vu/.-  A',//,.;-  (>.., 
2.  (.  l.dluh.olia.     L.     .///.,;,.- /,•,//,,  c>,, 

A  111.       ,\r\|;is.       I.. 


i-SS. 


:ss. 


I.  -\.     I..lb.dl.i.     Horn..m.     Sto,n'  Roclc  Crss 
^.  A.    nrsuta.      (I..)      Sep.     llaux  Roch  Crcs, 
3-  A.  I)rnmmon.lii.     (iray.     Dnunmond's  Rock  C res, 
4.  A.  jrlal.ra.     (I..)      Henih.     .Sm..//,  AW  O.^.v.    " 
5-  A.  LyailM.     \\  ats.     LyalVs  Rock  Cress 


1 1^ 


2f) 


(icttiiiil    Ki\    t'j    l/ir   ftinii/irs 


0RDP:R  XX.     SARRACENIALES 

XXXIV.     DROSERACE/E.     SUNDEW  FAMILY 

llofr  IhtIis.  iiiii>tl\   vi>ci(|  f^l.iiicliilar:  Kavrs  in  Ini.l  mll.d  up  finm 
ilir  apex  t(i  tlif  '.avc  a>  in  f.  riis,  alicrn.ilc  ..r  orowil.  ,|,  niiin-,  ilnw 
irx  h>|M)s,'viiui;s.  i.tnst.iiiuiMiis,  c.il.w  iinliricati.l,  p.  laN  cuiuoliilc; 
iniii  a  cip-ulr,  s^■t■ll^  miiiKriiii>,  aiLiiropini^. 

1.       l)Kn-Kl<\.       I,. 

I.    i>.   rdtiindit'olia.      I..     h\iiiii(ll,;ivrilSiiiiili-u: 
-'.   I).  loiiKiiolia.     I.,     J.i'iu/  li;i:,;l  Siiihli:,: 


i 


ORDER  XXI.     ROSALES 

XXXV.     CRASSULACE^.     ORPINE  FAMILY 

.u-i'iilriu  siiiiiiitli  IutI.^,  Ica\i'>  Miii|,lf,  allrniatc.  hiumIv  scvmIc; 
tlnwiTs   iiMi.illy    i-yiius.    Mii.ill.    |ifri\'(ily    s\  miiut  ricil  ;    t'riiil    a   <lry 
indfhi.scfiit  ii.mI  opiiiini;  iluwii  tin.'  \iiitral  sulun-.  niany-Miilid. 
I.     Skdim.     (  Toiirii.)     L. 

I.   .'^.   roMtiiu.        i  .)      ."^cdp.     J\'(\u"KOrt. 
J.    .*^.    >ti.ll(ipri.-i,    :  ,.      I'lirsli.      .S/,-;;,',  j  ■i/', 

XXXVI.     SAXIFRAGACE^.     SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 

llorhs  or  sliniljs  of  various  aspect,  with  IiI.mkI  or  astrini,'cnt 
jiii'-i';  Ic.-ivos  nlii-rnatr.  soiiictiiiu'-,  oppo-itr.  or  iiion-  tnipicutlv 
l)a-.;il;  tlowfrs  portVct.  rai-ritios,-.  oyiiio..i.  ..r  paniculate,  st.niuiis 
.'iiul  petals  iie.irly  always  inserted  on  the  calyx :  fruit  capsular, 
iisu.illy  he.'iked. 

TRir.i:  .sA.xiiR.'Gi-.r: 

I.       I.tl'TAKKHKN  \.       T.row  II. 

I.    [..  aiuplexi folia,      (.^ternl).)   ser.  DC.     I.cptanJicna. 

il.       IJOVKINIA.       Xutt. 

1.  li.  occideiitalis.     T.  and  ( i.     H'cstcni  lU' .kiuia. 
III.     Saxifkaca.     Crourn.)     I.. 

\.   S.  hronchialis.     I..     Common  Sa.vifr.ujc. 

2.  .S.  cennia.     L.     Xoddimj  Sa.vt/ni^c. 


T^^ 


^'^ 


Crrthffi/   Kry   If,   if,,-   h'n,uili,s 


IV 

\-, 

\  I. 

Ml. 

\  III, 


X. 


.?■    S.    I.v.liii.      I  n^l.r,      /  W///V  A,,.,,/;,,,;. 
5-   ■^.   I. a, ill,.      1.^     ./,'/'/</,■  >,;.r///,,',/,  . 

<;.  >.  a<Nan,K,,v     I..     //.,/,/./.„:,,/ .s,..,,/.,,,;.. 
'"■  >•  riMil.in,.     |„     .///..,./;,,„,/,  .s„,,„,,„^/ 
"•  ■'^-  "l'l"->'ii,.l,.,,     I..     i/„„„,„„,,  ,s„, ■,/,„:..• 

..'-'■   -^^  -"'""'^v     I..     )V//,..v,s„.n/, ,„/,.. 
I  I  \iu  I  I  \.     I.. 

,,'■      '•    """"''•".'.       Il,„,k.       .V,„;„    ,.:■.,■-//;.„,„„„/ 
IlK!       Ii  I  |(  \.       I.. 

'•    ''■    "^■•''"■"''■■'.      Xnt,.      <>:„ll,;,l,,l  .llun,  N..,„ 
,    -^^    "■   -'•'''•"•'•      l-.m,|.,.     /;,... ./v.//,„»  A'.-,,/ 

I-I  1  U-'IIIK  M,M   \  \,|,, 

'■    '•■   '^"'■ll''-      ^nit.      ;/■ //,„;,/  .s7,/r 

I  Ki.M\!  \.     K.  l:r. 

'•    '■■  unuHluI,,,,,     ,i',n-.|i  ,      |.,„„i,     •/,,/,„„„ 
•\"i'  1  I  \.      I  I  .i,irn.  )      I.. 

'•    M.    r.r.u.n,     (,r.iy.     M ii ,,■:,;,, i. 
-'•   -^l-   "11. 1,1.      I..     /hsli.'pS  C.ip. 
?>■   M.  l.riuaiwlr.i.     jiuuk.     /■/,■,■  ,,,,„;..,/„•,/    i/,/,, 
4.   .M.  triliil...     (.rah.un,     .///.,„,■   \ln,,:.;nt 
(.  iii<VM>ri,K.\n  \i.      (  r,,iirn.)      I.. 

'■   *•   ""••'""IruMi,      i-ri....     i...ld,n  Saxnnn,,- 
I  AN.v  v.-.~:.\.      (  rotirii.  )      I.. 


■/■/. 


21 


■••'"1  I'VrnaM.     .l/,,;-.,/,  („„,„  „, 


'•  I'.  iii(>maiKii>is.     Kvd 

f   ';•  ''""'na.a.      Hanks.     />.,,;..,/(;,.„,,„,/,,,,„,,,„, 

4.  1.  Kot.dmu.     (ham.     - /'^ur  (.n,,.,v  . 7  /'„,-„„,,,, 


XI.     RiKis. 


'iKiin:  kini  sii:.].: 


I-   K.  .-ct..Mm,.     Li„,I!.     luuth  Cooscbory 

^-   K.   lacMs.r...      ,lvr>.)      i",„r,     .V:.„«,/.  (;,„„,/,,nv. 


II 


^' 


*.      ! 


It 


i|  ■' 


i"- 


f  ■ 
J 


I* 


I '  'PI 

Ml  ill'; 


•V    \ 


(irthniJ   KiY   /o   ///«•   la  mil  its 


1 


.1    K'     lill.l.Miii.unilll.      Ki.li;,r.|>.      lUn,  k  lunant. 


XXXVII.     ROSACEA.     ROSE  FAMILY 

Tm-s,   s|,n,l.>  or  lurl.,;   Uav.s  ,,!,.  rna(..,   sim,,!.    or  om.,..,,,.,.!. 
-n-Mis    ln|,.uH.nn>  Nu.l.  s,i,,„|..,,   ,luv,.r>  ,Mrt...-,   .„■  n.„..xu,,l    r.«- 
•il-n-   iM   ryuu,.  o.,M„l.,   ,,,„„.!.•>    ,r   .,,|i,.,rN,   u„l,   n„„un„„  ,|i, 
ti.K-t  s,.„„,„s  nis.rinl  o„  ,lu.  c-aUx.  ..  p.-.N  „„n.-.l  at  ilw  l.aM-   „n.  „ 
••'l'l''.T.n,  .1,,,,!,!.    I.    ,,   ,„u    ,.,■  I,ra.-.UN,„MM,I.;    ,>„„    ....N     ,„|li 
CK-.  aclKiK',  or  .ini|„  I.I,,  urili  lutK-  or  ii..  allnmun. 

Tlvllll     M'IIM:\ 
'•     SiiK!:\,      (Toiirii.)      I.. 

-'.   >.  (liiiMll.ira.     \iin.     /'//,/,■  .s/^;/„,,. 
"•     Ai>'i  N'  I  >.      I  I  .  )      A.laiix 

'     A-   mKoIct.      (I..)      KarM.     (/,.,//•.,   l'u„,;l. 

III.        I.I    I  KK  \.        lamir, 

I.    I-   iHTliiiala,      rl'iir-li.)      Kiiiii/c.     .//;.,„.•  S[^i,;c,i. 

'iRii'.i    !'<  ).Mi:  i-: 

W.     i'vki-s,      rrniini. )      !.. 

I.    I'.   sanilMu-iioha.     (  .  an,!  S.     Wc,tcn,    Mount,,,,,  Ash 

\  .       .\\IKI,  V\<   II  IKK.       .Medic. 

r.    A.   tlori.Ia.      I.iii.l       (,/;;///,,.,;  .V,"r /,  ,7', vrv. 
J.   .\.    '  Msickii.      j-rrnal.l.      Thnk-Laicd  Sn-:u,hcn-x. 

TRIIll-    rOTFXTI!  i.'    1 
\'I.      I'k\(,,\ui  \.     (Toiini.i      I 

I.    I",   .trlaiica.     U'lhi  .S/,,i:,-lu-ny 
-•.    I",   l.raclrala.      Ildlrr.      // •,„..,    Mra^Jur,  y. 
\  II.     Siiai.xi.iii  \.     i.. 

I.   S.    prociimheiis.      I..      Crrcfinq  Sihha'.iio 

\in.    iNiTKNiii i,\.   I.. 

I.    I".   Ansoriiia.      I..     .V ;/:.»•  //Vc,/. 

J.   I',  (lissfcta.      i'lir.sh.     Common  Cinqtu-i oil. 

3-  !'■  <li.vsrcta  var.  Klaucophylla.     .V/;;„.  //,  C,iu,mfoil 


•<'K 


^-^  '\%3 


S^j^s-A^L  ^ * 


2.^ 


t    I  I  »        ....  I  •  ' 


I 

'  '     '■    uiiiiiMr.i.      |.,,i,  I 

'.1     I  ■   I'.lillMlll.      (  I.. ) 


""'■  //.•.■>•,■»•.■,/    (   ill, in,  I. .il. 


IX.        <.ll     M  I, 

■■   •  1.   irillorti 


"!'■      /'"'y/.     (///./;,./,,;/. 


l:,Hs: 


■'■k-n;|     Kl|;|:  ] 
■^-      '^I'iiiv      (Toiirni      I.. 

'•    ^<    I'.nMiluni..      x„n.     („/./„.,,,. 

''•    ''■    N-nal„l,v      i'„r,h       S.,hn,.nh,-ny 


■|  K'li:i    k.  )si   ]. 

XI-      I)KV^^.      I.. 

';  "■  "^-"n-ta!,-..     I..     //„,„/  A  v;/,M.. 
-'■    I'.    I 'riniiiiK.iKlii.      I^i.-li  n-.u       /i 
■Ml.     K^.>^.     ,  I. „„-„.,      I         '''""•'"     /'"""""""/.  /;,v.,,v. 


I.    K. 


•    ^-   acKular,.      |.„„|1.     /V,W/v  A',,.,-. 
-    Iv-    M.iomnii.     .1/, „,.,.„•,>■  A',M-,- 
.^    1^.   iryn,M,,.-ar,.a.      \„M.      77,;v  A-.m,-. 

'I'kiMi    I'Krxi:  i: 

XIII.     I'kiM„.     (T,,„r„.  )      I., 

'■  'Va"""-     '^""■'      "'^•'^-''-     ^rrsu-n,    r/,„/.,. 


^} 


1 


i 


I 


•I'l 

;,i:  '1' 

y| 

24 


(iftii-inl  Key  to   the  luimilics 


XXXVIII.     LKGUMINOS^.     PULSE  FAMILY 

A  very  l.-.r^-,  family  -I  shn.I.s,  IutI.s  .-uul  vines;  kavc-s  alternate 
with  siipni.s.  nsually  conip.nnHl;  ll„wors  n.ainlv  in  racemes  or 
.-.Mllary.  Urnnnal.  solitary  „r  capita.e.  papiliMnacenus  or  sometimes 
n-^'Mlar.  the  sni^le  simple  free  pi>til  hecomin.i,'  a  legume  in  fruif 
mm  seeds  solitary  or  several,  withottt  alhiimen. 

SL-I!i-.\Mli,^    PAI'ILiOXOIDI-.l' 

I.     I.i-i'iNi-s.      (ionrn.)      |,. 

I.  I.,  stihali.inus.     P.  an.!  R.     Jlfiiu-  Lupin. 
U.      TKiroinM.     (Tonrn.)     I,. 

1.  T.   repeiis.     L.     iriiit,-  Cl,.7rr.      (Intro.jnce.i.) 

2.  T.   hyl.ri.lum.     L.     .Us.,lu,n  Clom.      (  Intro.jnce.l) 
3-    I.  l-ratense.     L.     h'r,l  Clorn:     (  Introduce.!. ) 

111.     .Ml  i.ii.orrs.      (Toiirn.)      Hi!!. 

I.  -M.  oCticinalis.     (I,.)      j.am.     )V//,w  .1/Wi7.;/.     (Intr 
fluce.l. ) 
I\'.     .\sTK.\i,  Ai  IS.      ('I'oiirn. )      I.. 

1.  A.  al...ri,irin.,rum.     l-Iichar.Is.     /„,//„„  .1/,//.  /•,,,,./._ 

2.  .\.   tenellus.      !'„rsh.      Loosc-thn.vrcd  Milk  i\-U-l,. 

3-  A.  a.lsur-ens.     I  "all.     .I.u,ii,liii<j  Milk  rctcli. 

4-  A.  !iypo-i,,„is.     !..     J'lirpL-  Mi'lk  l\-trl,. 

5-  A-  alpinus.     !..     .///./»;.  .1/,//.  ; -,,^,./, 

^).   .\.  .Maonnii.     Macdiiii's  Milk  l\-uli. 

-.   A.  onvallarin.s.     ( ireene.     -S7./(,/./-  .I////,-  /V/./; 
\  .       l'll.\(  A.      !.. 

I.   1'.  americana.     (!!oo!<.)      1^,1!..     Lentil  l\'tcl, 

\  I.       OXVTKOI'IS.       !)('. 

1.  ().  visci.la.     Xutt.     .Upinc  O.vytropc. 

2.  ().  splen.Iens.     Dou.^I.     Sluncy  Oxytropc. 
.1  < ).  (Ictlexa.     Droopinn-fruitcd  Oxxtropc. 


tro- 


4-  <>.  po<l.)carpa.     (iray.     Inlhitcl  Oxxlropc. 

,s.  O.   r.aml.erti.     (  I'ursh.)      Kmitze.   '  Locwccd. 

').   n.  m.Hitiola.     Cray.     M ountain  OxMropc. 

:i)VS\KiM.      Cl'onrn.)      I.. 

I.   11.  horealc.     .\ntt.     PnrpIcHcdxsarnni. 


-iJTSsar.:,?:  .i»W'5i^ 


mmm^Si^'^^!^m':  ^?^^Mm:"^ 


St^^^zaLJ^y  ^'^  ^i'^-  i^'imiuc 


-'•     'I.    SlllplnircSCcllS.       Kv,|l)        ll/nlr  / 1     l.  ■ 

6-   "•  -Mackc'iizii.     kicliirrU       1/,./  •'    , , 

Vni.     \u,.x.      i,,,,,,,  ^'^"-'nK     M'nkn„usJI,Jy.u,n,n,. 


25 


nil. 


'•    v.   Cracca.      I.. 


<^"a'  /■././,,     (Intrnducul.; 


-   '-  IMluMns.     J,.     .1/,,,,/,  r.uhhny. 

ORDER  XXII.     GERANIALES 

XXXIX.     LINAGES.     FLAX  FAMILY 

Hcrhs  or  more  rardv  l.,u-  sliruhs-  |,.-,v.. 
iltcTMato.  opposite  or  suUv.J^f'  T^'^''  '''''''■  '^-^^i'^'' 

-'-cate..  p..,.  eo„;ol.    '      t       :;'!^V^^^^^^^^    aKx.n,„,K 

'-•■'-^  u.ce  as  .a„,  eel.  as  H.  J:' ::;;:;;:•  r"'"''^^^^^ 


'•Nt-.M.      Cloiirn.)      I 
I-  L.  Lewis 


■'■     ''"rsh.     //•//,/  /7„.r. 


sepals 
arpels 
SI  vies 


XL.    GERANIACE^.    GERANIUM  FAMILY 

i'"''nca,e.|  i.,  U,e  1.         :^    :  „  :^;  :"'   '"''^'■'V   '"""^•^""^• 
tuo-ovnled    o.,e-see,l..  1  "''"'-■  '''■^■'''>-  '"'•^•''-  t" 

"'. -.;/:::;:;!;:' *;;::::;;':  *^''-">"  «'•'■'■ ^ 

1-      '■EMNHM.       rroiini.}       I, 

3-  <..  I..ck„.ll„.     ]in,„„,     /(,■,/,„,„■,  o,„„,„„, 
^.I.    CALLITRICHACE^.    WATER  STARWORT  KAMILV 

.,":;:";:'":;;::,'■:■:,::;,::"•:''■"*-•  --">■  "..u-.h ,...,  .„„■„. 


iiiii 


"■y 


i»' 


1: 


!ii 


'!■ 


I- 


1  .^ 

1  : 


matammm^rM:'! 


mmi' 


26 


Gi'tu-rol  Key  to  the  Fa  nil /in 


inenil.ranacc.ms   l,r.-.cts;    fruit   nut-like,   c.Mn,,rcssccl.   scc.l.   pcM.ln 

I.      C'aI.I.ITKK  HE.       I,. 

I.  C.  palustris.     L.     Water  Pcnnd. 


ORDER  XXIII.     SAPINDALES 
XLII.     EMPETRACE^.     CROWBERRY  FAMILY 

I  ONv  overj^rcn,    shrul.s   with   tlie    foliajrc   aspect    an,I   cvm.pnun.i 
poIIcMi  of  I  kaths  an.l  .Irupaceous  fruit.     I 'rol.aI.lv  just  an  aprtal..ns 
and  oc-cncrato   form   of   Kricawu  and  comprising  three  genera 
only  one  ol  which  is  found  within  the  limits  of  this  hook. 
I.     Hmpetri-m.     d'ourn.)     L. 

I.  Iv.  nij,'rum.     L.     Cro-idu^n-y. 

XLIII.     CELASTRACE^.     STAFF  TREE  FAMILY 

Shruhs  and  shruhhy  cHml.ers  or  trees:  leaves  simple,  ever.ijrecn  • 
flowers  perfect,  re-.^dar.  small,  the  petals  as  manv  as  the  sepals 
and  alternate  with  tiiem :  fruit  free  from  the  cah  x.  emhrvo  lar-^e 
ni  lleshy  albumen,  seeds  arilled.  '  " 

I.       r.MIUSTIM.X.       Raf. 

I.  P.  Myrsinites.     Raf.     Mountain  Loz'cr. 
XLIV,     ACERACE^E.     MAPLE  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shnd.s  with  watery  often  saccharine  sap:  leaves  oppo- 
site, sm.ple.  i.almately  h.hed  or  m<.re  rarelv  pinnatelv  divided- 
flowers  axdiary,  termin.al.  cymose  or  racemose,  small,  re-ular' 
mostly  poh-amons  or  di-ecious.  s<.metimes  apetalous:  fruit^  two 
lon^'-win-red  samaras  joined  at  the  base, 

I.     AiEu.     (Tourn.)     L. 

I.  A,  f,dal.rum.     Torr.     Dwarf  Maple. 

XLV.     HYPERICACE^.     ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY 


Herbs   or   shrubs:    leaves   < 


'Ppo'^ite,    entire,    with    black    dots    or 


lines,   mostly  sessile,  p.mctate   with   resinous   <^kuuh.   no  stii.ules; 


"^f. 


'  ti^B^is^  .*  3r'ii  i»afe^^i— w 


t\ 

ol 

t 
a 


£!:!!^Z!!Ul!lJtJ^^'  /->'""■//>. 


owtTs  solitary  (,r  cv 


'  -L.iii.ii\  (,r  cviiiosi'    rt'Milir    I,,, 

^I'iiqno.  conv..In,e  i,;  tl>.  Inul      n m    h  '""T"'  "'^'  '"'^"^  '""^^'> 
-ve  parietal  ,,iaccnt  v    s.c.l      ,'  '  '"''  ""^-'-'^•"^•'1  «-tl,  two- 

^j,^^_^^^__  cuua.  ..c.l.  ,u,„HT.n,s.  M„aII.  anatropous.  u.th  „o 

i-     IIvi'KRiciM.     (Tonrn.)     I 

ORDER  XXIV.     VIOLALES 
XLVI.     VIOLACE^.     VIOLET  FAMILY 


Herbs  i)ereiiiiial   or  aiintii' •    I,-,,        i 

I.     Vioi.x.     ('|-,H,ni.)     J.. 

3.  \  .  a.lunca.     .s„,i„,     j,,^  y.^,,^.- 

4.\.  Sek.rkM.     l-nr.h.     .S.//aW/.s-  /  •/././. 
5.      .palns.r.s.     L.     .1  A,.,/,  /  •„,/.•/ 

6-  \.  ..Leila.     Xuu.     )V//„v  /•„,/,•/. 

7-  .orl„a,la,a.     (ieyer.     AV..,/./..„,,,/  j-,//.- , 


simple. 

ir,   oiie- 

iriiit  a 


ORDER  XXV.     MYRTALES 
XLV„.     EL^AGNACE*.     OLEASTER  KAMILV 

Siirui.s  or  stnall  trees;  leaves  silv,>r. 
^■"tire.  oj.posite  or  alternate-  iIou-.t        ''■"''■'  '"■  ■^^^■"•"^-P"''^'sce„t. 
-■^-  clustered  ,„  .i.e  ax.ls  .V  ^^^     "  '  7-!-|>"'.v..amo„s  or  ,l,.ec, 
reason,  rarely  solitarv';  irnn  'iZ  H'    ","'  T"^'  "^  ^''^'  ''"'^■■"- 
coming  thick  and  ptdpv    stri  t         h       '      I'     "''  °'  '^^'  ''^^^  '-- 
T      ^  '•  ■    '"cIcMn-  the  achenc  or  nut 

i.     Li..i-.\,;.\i-.s.     (Tonrn.)     I 

I.  1-:.  ar^ontea.     I'ursh.     SiUrrbcrry 
'•  S.  caiiadensi.s.     (I    i      v. it-      / 


Ill 


!l 


t>i  i 


M'J.f 


'ii 

i.:' 

i  Ml 

»' 

11 

^ms^y^ms^r 


28 


Gi-iurdl  Key   tn   the  l-diiiUics 


XLVIII.    ONAGRACE^,     EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

I  Icrl)riCf()us  or  slinihhy  plants;  Icivcs  (.iitiro  or  todtlu'cl.  alternate 
or  o|)i)ositc ;  llouirs  axillary  or  in  terminal  s])ikc'S.  iiirfccl.  syni- 
nu'trical,  calyx-tnhc  adnata  to  tiu-  ovary,  its  iohcs  valvate  in  tlic 
IuhI  or  olisoli'ti',  ])ttal-  con\dhiti-  in  the  hnd,  soniiliincs  wanting; 
frnit  a  many  s«  ideil  pod,  xeds  mostly  silky-tutted. 

I.     I'.rii.onnM.     I,. 

1.  I''.,  .aliiiiumi.     L.     Alpine  Willo-^-hcrb. 

2.  v..  ant;u>tifolimn.     1..     C,'\iit  Jl'illo^'-licrb. 

3.  !•:.  i.atil'olium.     1..     U'littr  irHlow-licili. 

4.  IC.  ana;,,',illidi folium,     l.am.     Mniiiitiiiii  U'illotK'-lu-rh. 

5.  I'].   Ilornemanni.      Reiclienh.      Udniciiiaun's    /l'/7/(i<i'- 

lurh. 

6.  I^.  ]>;iniculatum.     Xutt.     I'auichd  ll"dli)w-hc>b. 

7.  v..  cl.av.itnm.      Trel.     l-ciK'-t'ci^'crcd  ll'illiKc-luib. 
H.   I'",  adenocaulon.      Ilaus.^k.     Xortlurn  irHltKc-licrb. 
9.  !•".  lutenm.     I'ursli.     Vcliow  irHlozc-licrb. 

II.       (lC.\OTl!i;i<A.       ]., 

I    ( ).  biennis.     L.     Common  Evening  Primrose. 
III.     C  ;:u  .1: A.     (  Toiirn.)     L. 

1.  C.  pacitica.     Asch.     and     Mag.    Pacific    Enchanter's 

Xijjlitsluhie. 

2.  C.  alpina.     L.     Small  Enchanter's  Sightshade. 

XLIX.    HALORAGIDACE^.    WATER  MILFOIL  FAMILY 

.\(iuatic  or  marsh  plants;  leaves  various,  crowded,  often  whorled ; 
llowers  inconspicuous,  symmetrical,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves 
or  hracts;  fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  with  a  single  anatropous  seed 
suspended  from  the  "ummit  of  e;ich  c^ll. 

I,     Myriopiivi.i.im.     (\"aill.)     L, 

I.  M.  s])icatum,     L.     Spiked  Water  Milfoil. 

II.      IIlPPL-RI.s.      L. 

1.  II.  vulgaris.     L.     Bottle  Hrnsh. 

2.  II.  niontana.     Ledeb.     Monntain  Mare's  Tail. 


v, 


;'^ifi^i&'~',*i^«is»&fi& 


WS^i 


3 
i 

i 
i 

I 


ORDER  XXVI.     UMBELLALrs 
L.     ARALIACE.E.     GINSENG  FAMILY 

llcrlis.  sliriilis  c.r  triis-   I,-,,  ,.^   .,i, 

-•"M.n„n.i.  uuh.nu  s,i,  ,,;J     ;'  ir'^'r''""'^''"  ^''"'•'^'  "^ 

I.     Ak.m.ia.      Clnuril.  )      I.. 

'•   A-   iitnlicaulis.     1        //■,/,/    i-  .. .    .       ,, 
''■     '-•--     lH.K..n.Il'i;.,.cl,  '"'■^"^"'""■ 

'•   '••'-rida.      ,S,„,^      ,..,,„,,,       /,.,,/•.  c/„^. 

LI.     UMBELLIFER^.     PARSLEY  FAMILY 

their  inner  face    sen-.ruin.       ,     ^  '"^'ncarps  cherin,^  l,v 

-isc,  the  tul.es    ,e,       "      ;  T\''\':  ':''''  -n'^'  nl-la-l  len.th- 

i-       (-'SMdRllIZA.       K;,f 

'•  <)•  olitnsa.      (( •      ■,,,,1      i.  I       1- 

-•  ( ).  (h'varicata.     Xmm      ;;■..,,       <■ 
H.     Z.z.A.     Koch.  "'■^''"'.Srav/C.v/v, 

'•  y-  conlata.     (Walt  i      i  -         n       ,  ; 
111.     I.i,,isT.,rM.     I..  ■  ^""■'-/'■"■■v./ . //..n,;/,/.T.v. 

^  1^-  apiifoliun,.     (;ray.     /vn./...v,/  /..,,,, 
'\-     l.'i.M.\TH-M.     Rat.  "  ■■' 

1-  I-  inacrocarpum.     (.\-„tt.)     c    an.l  K'      / 

2-  I-.  triternatum.     (I'ur.sh.)     ('    .„„i  u       v, 

3.  L.  .Martinrlalei  var.  an.i,M,s,atnm.     C   an,!  R       1/     , 
'/"/c''.s-  Parsley.  '  '''     ■'/'"'"'- 


f  • 
i  -I 


I 


1»« 


;!i  i 


I 


30 


V.     IIekaci.elm.     L. 


General  Key  to  the  Families 


I.  II.  lanaluni.     Michx.     Co\' I\irsiiip. 
V'l.     Lei'tot.enia.     Xutt. 

I.  L.  nuiltifula.     Xutt.     Ctit-Uaxcd  Anydkn. 

LII.    CORNACE^.     DOGWOOD  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  bitter  tonic  bark;  leaves  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, simple,  usually  entire,  pinnately  veined,  witlmut  stipules: 
flowers  perfect,  cymose  or  cai)it;ite,  rarely  solit.iry.  with  or  with- 
out an  involucre,  petals  distinct,  as  many  as  the' calyx-lobes  and 
alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  tiie  margin  of  the  ei)i'j,'ynous  disk; 
fruit  drupelets  covered  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx. 

I.     CoR.vus.     (Tourn.)     L. 

1.  C  canadensis.     L.     lUmchhcrrw 

2.  C.  stolonifera.     Michx.     Rcd-osicr  Dogv.'ood. 

Subclass  II.     MetachliWiydccc 

ORDER  XXVII.     ERICALES 
LIII.    ERICACE.ffi.    HEATH  FAMILY 

A  larpe  family  of  .shrubs  and  iierbs;  leaves  simple,  oblong  or 
linear,  deciduous  or  evergreen;  flowers  racemose,  corymbose  or 
solitary,  regular,  mostly  perfect,  without  stipules,  sometimes  from 
scaly  buds;  fruit  a  capsule,  berry  or  drupe. 

SUBF.AMILY  PVROI.OIDE.E 

TRIHH  PVROLE.E 
CiliMAPiiii.A.     Pursh. 

1.  C*.  umbcllata.     (L.)     Xutt.     Pipsissm'a. 

2.  C.  Menziesii.     Sprcng.     Spotted  Prince's  Pine. 
M0NE.SES.     Salisb. 

I.  M.  uniflora.    (L.)    Gray.    One-floz,'ercd  irintergrecn. 
Pyrola.     (Tourn.)     L. 

1.  P.  chlorantha.     Svv.     Grecn-flowcred  U'intergreen. 

2.  P.  secunda.     L.     One-sided  U'intergreen. 

3.  P.  minor.     L.    Small  U'intergreen. 


I. 

II. 
III. 


I 


'^^.';^^J7i-'M'^.;. 


Sl!:!!^Z!!U^^2J:^J^  f'^''"i/irs 


IV. 
V. 

VI. 
VII. 


VI JI. 

IX. 
X. 

XI. 

XH. 

XIII. 


— — — — IL 

-I-   I',  asarifitlia.     Mi,-|,v      /.       ,,. 

J.  1.  ..>.irit,.|,a  var.  mcaniaia      <  Fisd.  >     l.'         i.      ,. 

•^^•I:i-.\.MII.V  .Mc\()TN()|.,,l|„.:.i. 
Ai.uiTKoi'A.     T.  an(|(; 

,.-•    •^'-    ">I"'I"'yS.      L.      /V;u-.-.,/,. 
I  TKk(i.M'(»k.\.       \„tt. 

•■  I'.  .\,„ln.„K.,k.a.     Xn„.     /.,;„,  ;, 

•NKWIiKKKVA.       r„rr.  '^ 

'•  -N'.  cou^vsui.     Torr.    A\..-./,.-,-;-.v„. 

SURF.X.MILV  KKICOIDK.E 

TRIIil-:  KllODODiixor^,.- ,,- 
Lkdc.m.     L. 

-'■  I"  ?hn:'l!;i,"'"""'v""'"-     "■"""■'•  '•"»™''"-  T.-a 

M,!. ';.;."':'"'.";;."■  ""*■  ■"""""'"■  «"""»".-«.'™„. 

-  -M.  fcrn,<rn,va.     .Smith.     J,V„/v   l/.v,-,>nV, 

Km. .MIA.     L. 

'■  ^-  '"''■*"''■•''•     ^^■••'"S--     -S-:...,/,  /,,„,/. 
'ihii:k  A.VDRomkij,.-^.. 
Hrvantiks.     (iniol. 

'•   H.  fnii)etrif()rmis.     (irav      A'^,/  ir 

-   1!.  .Ia,uInIiHor„.s.     (ir""    ,r    •  " '?"''''''/^'''''''-- 

3.   n.  in.crmeciiu.s.      (Ho^u    '  p/V      T;"""  '''"""'•• 


l<':i; 


i    ' 


1'  •  I 


^ykirik^^^rih^Hi- 


^i^tfff'IPUl*  .v2«^"':h9fl 


32 


(it'tifrnl  Kc\  to   tin-  I'tiinilits 


XIV.     C  .\s>i(iiK.     I).  Don. 

I.  ('.  MiTtiiisiana.     (I'.oiiir.)      Don.     llliitr  ILalli. 
-'.  C.  i(.tr;ij,'oii;i.     Don.     hoiii-tiiujUd  Hiutli. 
X\'.     (i.Mi.TirKuiA.     (  Kalin. )     I.. 

I.   <  i.  ovatilolia.     dray,     h'td  hrnicil  Ganllluiid. 
-'.  (i.  luinnliisa.      ((iraliam.)      Kydb.      Licipiiuj     iiaul- 
lliiiiii. 

TRII'.I':  .\RI!ITK.K 
X\'I.     .\K(TosrAi'ii  Yi.os.     .\(Ians. 

1.  A.   I'va  iirsi.     (L. )     Sprcn^.     RcJ  ncarhcny. 

2.  .\.  aljiina.     (  L. )     Sprt'iij.,'.     .Ilpiiir  Hcnlhiiy. 

3.  A.  t(jnu'ntosa.     Douj,'!.     Muiicdiiilii. 

SL-|!F.\.\lh.V   VACCIXOIUK.K 

X\'II.       X'ACCI.NtHM.       I.. 

1.  \'.  ovali folium.     Sni.     Orul-h-incil  Bhichrnv. 

2.  y.  mcml)ranaccnirn.     Dont'I.     JiUnk-  lilncbcrry. 

3.  \'.  c;L'Si)ito.snni.     Miclix.     Dwaij  lUlh.-iry. 

4.  \'.   \  itis-l(la-a.      I..     Moiinlitiii   Hilbcrr\. 

5.  \'.  crytlirococciini.     .Michx.     .11  pine  lJilbcir\. 

6.  v.  Uxycocciis.     L.     Small  Cnuibcrry. 

ORDER  XXVIII.     PRIMULALES 
LIV.     PRIMULACE^.     PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

Hcrhs;  leaves  sinipk'.  o|)iK)site  or  altirnate.  hasal  or  wiiorlcd  on 
the  stem:  (lowers  racemose  or  verticillate.  .sometimes  axillary,  reg- 
ular, perfect,  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  j^aniopetalmis  corolla;  fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent. 

I.     I'kimii.a.     L. 

1.  I',   farinosa.     L.     Bint's  Eye  Primrose. 

2.  V.  Maccaliiana.     Weigand.     Dxearj  Canada  Primrose. 
II.     .Andkosaie.     (Tourn.)     L. 

I.  A.  cham.-fjasme.     Sxeeet  Atidrosace. 

p..  .\.  septeiitrionalis.     I..     Alpine  .indrosaee. 

3.  .\.  diffusa,     .^mall.     Spreaitin(j  .  Indrosaee. 


n 


^^w 


'K 


^W^ 


W^ 


iifninil  Kty  to   the  l-dniilint 


n 


III.      I'kik.ntai.is.     I,. 

I.    I",  arctica.     l-iscli.     StarlLicn: 

l\  .       DoDECATIlKliV.       1.. 

'.   I).  I.aucin..rum.     (Di.raiul.)     (,r..c„c.     Shootuuj  Su,r. 

ORDER  XXIX.    GENTIANALES 
LV.    GENTIANACE^.    GENTIAN  FAMILY 

Smooth    hcTl.s   wuh   a   ln„.r   cn!o„rkss   j^.c;    i.av...   oppo.,,. 
sc-ss.Ic-.   nu.re.    sunplc.    w„I,..„t    s.ipuks;    ,1.,..,,    n.,nl,-.r.   .ktUh-, 
."   c  uMcrs.  axMIary  or  solitary  a,   tlu-  n.,I.  of  th.   stems;    fnrt 
usually  a  tun-valvcl  sq.iio.lal  i.iany-Mc.lcl  capMilf. 
I.      (iEMIAN  A.      (Toiirn.)      I.. 

I.  'i.  Macoiiiiii.     Miuoun's  CiUli,,,!. 

-••  <;.   Amarilla   L.    var.  acuta.     M.cli.x.     .V,.r//,.r„   (;.;,. 

3-  <..  I-ropinqiia.     Rid.anis.     l'ou,-i^att,d  Cuiian. 

4-  <'.  arct..pliila.     .///>/;,.•  (;.-iiti,ni. 

5-  <i.  prostrata.     Ilar„ko.     /).-.•„;/(;.■;//,„«. 
<>■  (..  atliin..     (irisih.     /,,„•,/,.  (,..,;/;,//,. 

"■  <i.  Rlaiica.     /',;/i-  Gentian. 
H.     IIai.kma.     Morkli. 

'•     II.  <I<tUxa.     (Sm.)     (iri.d,.     .ST-um,/ (;.•„/„,„. 
-^L-m-.\.MILV  MKXVA.MIIUIDK.I.: 
in.     Mf.nva.miiks.     (Toiirii.)     L. 

'•  M.  trifoliata.     I,.     .1/,,;-,-/,  Buckbam. 

LVI.     APOCYNACE^.     DOGBANE  " 

IVrennial  IktI.s  or  shrubs,  mostly  u„h  nulkv  acn,'  jni-x-  k-avcs 
entire,  opposite  or  alternate,  without  stipules  ;'.loue.s  regular  the 
ohes  of  the  corolla  convolute  an,l  often  tuiste.l  in  th-  l,u.l  calvv 
tree  from  the  two  ovaries  which  are  distinct;  fruit  s  en.Ier  elo'u'- 
,i,'ate<l  terete  see.l-po.ls.  seeds  often  coniose. 

I.     Ai'OcYNi-M.     (Tourn.)     I.. 

I.   .\.   an.lros.eniif.,Iiuni.      I..      .S>r.-,„/(;;y  Doybanc. 


h 


1^    it 


\u 


I 


! 


ri 


^fl 


f  I 


u 


Cii'nernl  Kr\  to  the  Fnmilus 


ORDER  XXX.     POLEMONIALES 
LVII.    POLEMONIACE^.     POLEMONIUM  FAMILY 


1  |iir- 
cilkd 
t    frc 
nads. 


Herbs;  U-avis  altirnati'  or  oiipoMtc,  ii'^iilar ;  tluwcrs  will 
sistcnt   calyx,   corolla   lohcs  coiivoliiti'   in   ilu    l.ii.l.    a   flirro 
ovary,  thrvf-lolu'd  st\k-:   fruit   Muds  ainphitropotis.  tlir  co. 
(|itintly  miicilaKiiioiis  whtii  iiioiMiiud  jnwl  unittinij  spiral  tli 

I.      I'llK.X.      F.. 

I.   I'.   Doiiulasii.     n<K)k.     .llfiiu-  Phlox. 
II.     (.ii.iA.     Rill/  aii.l  Pav. 

I.  <i.  a},';,'ri-,ijata.     SpriMij;.     .S. ,;;/,•/  (,,/,„. 
ni.     I'or.KMoNiiM.     (  Toiin.)     I,. 

1.  I',  con  ff  r  til  111.     Cray.     IHttc  lirah  ralcrinii. 

2.  r.  humile.     \\il|,|.     Purple  Greek  rale,  uni. 


LVIII.    HYDROPHYLLACE^.    WATERLEAF  FAMILY 

Hcrhs  commonly  rouK'li-liairy,  with  colonrkss  insipid  jnicc; 
leaves  mostly  allernate.  .sometimes  opposite  or  hasal,  round  reni- 
form  or  cordate:  (lowers  re^Milar  in  spikes,  fal.se  racemes  or  scorpi- 
oid  cymes,  curled  when  in  hud  and  uncoilintj  a.  thev  IIowit;  fruit 
a  two-valved  many-seeded  cai>sulc,  the  .seeds  mostlv'  reticulated  or 
pitted. 

I.     I'ii.\eEi.i.\.     Jnss. 

1.  1'.  sericea.     (Craham. )     Cr.iy.     Mountaii,  Pluieelia. 

2.  I'.  hetero])hylla.     I'ursh.     Pl„e  I'liueelin. 
II.     RoM.\.\zoKFi.\.     Cham. 

I.  R.  sitchensis.     Ilonj,'.     Mist  Maiileiis. 

LIX.  BORAGINACE^.  BORAGE  FAMILY 

Chiefly  mucilaginous  herhs  with  h.iiry  stems;  loaves  arccrna'e. 
rarely  opposite,  entire,  without  stipul's;'  (lowers  perfect.  .s\minet- 
rical.  mostly  on  one  side  of  the  branches  in  a  reduced  cyme,  occa- 
sionally leafv-hracted.  in.itatinjr  a  racen:  .  rolle.l  up  from  ilu>  tip 
and  .straiKhteniuff  out  as  it  flowers;  fruit  four  nutlets,  sometimes 
armed  with  barbed  prickles,  o     i  drupe. 


,  4f 


General  Key  to  the  F am  Hies 


%<^ 


Tkll'.l,  I;()K\(;|M.-  K 
r.     I.Ai'Ptr.A.     (K'iviiiins. )     Mociich. 

'•   '-  "'•riluin.la.     (I.cl.n.  )     (ironic.     False    I-onict-mc 
nut. 

2.  |..  (IilTtisn.     ([.dim.)     timno.     A',..^  .S/,Wnv./ 
V   I.,  cchinata.     (.il.kTt.     /(,ro,v./.     (  Inir.Mlua .1  ) 
II.     -Mvi.MMis.     (  K,i|,|,  ,     i_ 

>.  M.  alpcs.ris.     .Sdnni.h.     .l/..»/,/.,m  /.W^,/.,„,.„,„. 
III.      Mkrikn^ia.      l-tr.th. 

'•  ■^l.  I.anin,lata.     (.\i,.)     (;,   Hon.     T.,ll  L,„„,u:„t. 
-v   M.  <.l.l..n^,Ml.>lia,     l)n„.     lUuc  Lunyx.wt. 
I\.     I.niioM.KKMrM.     (Toiirn.)     I.. 

••  i-  anKM.stii,,!,,,,,,.     M.ch.x.     .V./m.:,-/,.,;,,/ /•„,,■..„« 
2.  I-.  nuKralc.     lJou«l.     l.dun.     //,„rv  /'/uv.h.,,. 

LX.    LABIAT-ffi.     MINT  FAMILY 


Onrdy  IutIks  with  s(,„aro  stnns:  l..-..vos  simple.  op,K.si,o 
mat.c.  mostly  .lottd  with  sn.all  ^la.-.N  cuntai.m,,^  a  v..latil 
llou.rs  ,rr.^M,lar.  p.rtVct,  a.xillary.  chiulv  i„  cvm,.sc  ch,st.r> 
often  a,l,^^;rc■K'at.<l  i„  tcrmmal  >pikcs  or  racemes ;  fruit  four' 
smooth  s.-e.l-l,ke  mule.s  or  achenes,  each  co,„ai,n,.,^  a  MMt;le 
.seed.  -^ 

Tf^nu'  .sT.\ciivi:.K 

I.     nR.\co(  Ei'itAi.rM.     (loiirii.)     I,. 

I.   I>.  parvillonim.     Xntt.     lh;i,io,i  //.-./</ 
II.     I'kinei.i.a.     L. 

I.   I',  vnl-aris.     L.     Ilcayt-of-ilu-caith. 
ill.     .SiAiiivs.     (Toiirii.)     L. 

I.  .^.  l>aliistris.     1..     IWmwiwoyt. 

\y.       Mo.VANDA.       I,. 

I.   .\I.  Cistulosa.     L.     [[7/,/  lUniamot. 
V.     .Mh.ntiia.     ('roiirn.)     I.. 

1.  M.  cana.leiisis.     I..     C.nuuia  Mint. 

2.  Ar.  cana.lensis  var.  lanata.     I'.per.     ILury  MuU. 


.  aro- 
e  oil ; 
these 
small 

(feet 


I, 


I'    i: 


A' 


'S'j 


III 


•  t 


^1 


T 

I 

f 

! 

'^ 

^ 

u 

:Ali 


.^^> 


(i,n,r(il  Ki-\  to   tin-  I'dmilit's 


LXI.     SCROPHUL/     lACEJE.     FIGWORT  F/  MILY 

H.rl,^.    shrnl.s   .,r    rarciv    :     ..s.    |„„..ri,h,   ,K-.-.,si..n,.IIv    ..arcu.i. 
I'ois.mons;  l.av.s  aitrrna!,.    ,    ,  .,|„,s„..,  H.ll.Mut  st,|M,l.■.^ ,  rv   ^ar. 
oMs;  tl.uN.rs  iK-rlVrt.  in..-.ly      „>,|.Utr.  irn^-nlar.  curnlla  tu .,  hpi-.  ,| 
indnrrsccMCi'   v.ry  var,ou>;       „      a  tuncdU,!   an.l  „Miallv    many- 
siiilcd  calsiilc. 


SfP.f\MII 


I'lK'lliNi  iini;.!-; 
ONI.  v; 


■-(■Vi"(/    i/i/rv. 


'I'.       /'/'f/i-     I'lirflr 


IK 

I.       (nlllNsiA,       \iitl. 

I.   «'.  tiiulla.      I'l      '. 

11.        rKSMKMdS.        (  Mit     ;, 

I.    I'.    IruticiiMis 

I't  (Ulf   lillKJ 

.V    IV   prccoriis.      I ),    ,^-1.  ,,,/  to,,,,,,,'. 

4.  I'.   Iniiinlis,      \,    ,.      .,;,„,,,  ,   ,  ,,„,/-/,.„',/„.■. 

5.  I',  oiiiirtiis,      ihnv^].      Yrll,  :,   H,ard'loi„i,„: 

I'Kiiw:  <iK.\Ti()i.i:.]-; 

HI.     Ml-...  IIS.     [.. 

1.   .\I.    laui^ii.      I'ursli.     A',-,/  .l/„„/.vv  lUowcr. 

J.   .M.    laiiL;Ml„rtn       Dnnn.      )-.7..:>'  1 /,.„/.■,  y  /7,-:.v>-. 

X   .M.  iiio>eliatii>.     Dnii-l.      I/,,,,/,.  ri,,:,,T. 

4-   -M.  .-ill'imis.     (,ray.     .///>,„■    I/,-;//;,  v  I'tnu;-,-. 

sriij- amii.n;  riiix.w tiioidi:.!.; 

TKIIll',   DKil  TAl.!:.!.; 
I\'.     \'ERONir.\.     (Tniini.)      I.. 

1.  \'.  ali)iiia    I.,    var.   iiiiala^clRii.sis.     C.   and    ^        llfinc 

2.  \-.  luimifusa.     Dicks,,,).     Tl,y,„c-lr.,:r,l  .S>.v,/r.r//. 

3.  \'.  anuTicana.     .Sclnvcin       Water  Sfrr,{:,;-ll. 


Ctftinal  Ki\  I',  thf  r,tmili,s 


.?7 


i  lillii.   I.l  J'llKAMI.J. 
^  •     •  ^-111  I  I  j  \      Mutis, 

.^  <  .  pnr[M,ra^c,,w.      ..r.TMina.i.      r^r'n     l,„lu,„    l\unt 
/'rii.\li , 

4.  r.   Iannh,l,a         kv,|i,        /„..,/.„;.,/     /„,/,„.     /'„.„ 

5.  r    anv;„-;,tnl,a     ^ar      Kroll-urn        ,  .\mu   ,       lu-iiaM. 

Ii),i,ll'\t>\\s  /\iiiil,;l  (  /,/.. 

'-.    I  ,    nipu-nla.       I'i|,vr.      /.',  (,;/,/    /'„,)//,•,/   (  „;. 

/.  C.  onupala.     ( .miunan.     M,„j,nl.i  r.nnt„H  nf 
\  ■•      '  'lii  11(11  \i<i'i  <.      \ntt. 

\   II.       I'H.K  I    1    \k'|>.        (    Inlini    )        I.. 

'■   I".  r.a-nn..>a.     I),,„^|.     //  /„/..  /.„„,,.,■,.„,/. 
-    I',  contnrla.     Ilnith.     C  -n/,,//.',/  l.o„,,:.o>i 
.V   !■    i-racl.nsa.      lU,,,!,,      //v.,/.-,/,   //■„,„/  /;,  ,,„,^, 
4.    I',   ur.inlan.lica.     i:l,/^lu,„rs  Head. 
\  111.      Ki;  I.N  \\  I  ni>,     I 

I.  K.  (  riMa--;,!!,      1..     )-,.//„,.^   /,.,„//,. 

LXII.     LENTIBULARIACE/E.     BLADDERWORT  FAMILY 

S„.mu,.:-I,,v,„,,,H..u,n.n.,l;l,,..-.,,a.al...nt,u.,,„,:.,l.,iu. 
up,,.,  >ur.acvo,v.n,i.nl,  a  ^,.-,.1  ...,.„„„  ..1,   nil,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 

;^^  P^.h,ncK..  o.rolla  .!..,.,,   ,„,al„a,..  „„    „,,,.r  I„.  .,.,allv  .Jc, 

Ma,,     spurn.,!   a,    ,.,.1...    ,„    rn,„,,   ,„.    palau-    ,: -.k.Ik'  ,,.anl..l  • 
tnn.  a  caj-M,!..  ,.„.„  ,rr.,nlarK  In.rs,,,,,  ,.r  .Mn.c.„,  l,y  vah..    ' 

I.       I'lKh  II.  SKI  A.       I.. 

'•   ^'-   vul-aris.       I..      var.    aiiu  ri 

/>7i((/i/i/\\.,)j7 

-^.   r.   int.T„u-.i,a.      ilavnr.      )•.•//,-:../;/,„/,/..,:.,,,/ 
^J-     I  !"  '.I'll  ri..\.     I  I  ,„„-,,,  )      I. 

1.    r.    vul.^ari^.      I..      Ilittcrwi.rt. 


'■      ''ra\.      Grc.ili-: 


i« 


.!< 


{•i 


i  I 
1 1 


ilU 


3« 


General  Key  to  the  Fnmilie. 


LXIII.    OROBANCHACE^.     BROOM-RABE  FAMILY 

Herbs  (root  parasites)   destitute  of  green   foliaj,'e:  (lowers  soli- 

ary  or  sp.kecl.  corolla  t.,ln,lar.  more  or  less  tuo-lippcd.  the  lower 

three-    .bed;  fnut  a  capsule  one-celle.l,  two-valved.  seeds  numerous, 

minute.  ' 

I.     Oroiiancme.     (Tourn.)     L. 

1.  ().  unillora.     I..     Onc-thK.'ncd  Omccr-root. 

2.  ().   fasciculata.     Xutt.     Xakcd  Cauccr-root. 
11.     P.osciiMAKiA.     (Jray. 

I.   15.  strobilacea.     (,ray.     Bosclniiahia. 

ORDER  XXXI.     PLANTAGINALES 
LXIV.     PLANTAGINACE^.     PLANTAIN  FAMILY 

Chiefly  stemless  aquatic  or  terrestrial  iicri.s ;  leaves  ra.lical 
si)readnM;-.  (u:,i;:  or  linear,  entire;  flowers  small,  regular  in  hracted' 
sinkes  or  heads,  rarely  solitary  on  scapes  or  scape-like  pe.luncles; 
iruit  a  i)yxis  or  an  indehiscent  nutlet. 

I.     I'i.ANT.u;o.     (Tourn.)     ].. 

1.  P.  major.     L.     Common  Plaiilain. 

2.  V.  major  var.   asiatica.     (L.)     IX'ne.     .Isialic  Plan- 

tain.    (Introduced.) 

ORDER  XXXII.     RUBIALES 
LXV.     RUBIACE.ffi.     MADDER  FAMILY 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  oi.posite.  entire  cnnnecte<l  bv  in- 
terpose,! stipules  or  in  whorls  without  apparent  stipules-  flowers 
pertect.  rej,ndar.  but  often  dimorphous;  fruit  drv  or  fleshy  sep- 
arating-into  two  cari)els. 

I.       (iAIIl-.M.       L. 

1.  Ci.  Iwrealc.     L.     Northern  ncdstniw. 

2.  (;.  triflorum.     Mich.v.     Swcct-sccntcd  Bcdstnn.'. 
3-  (J.  tritidum.     L.     Small  Brdstraw. 


General  Key  to   the  lunuilies 


39 


LXVI.     CAPRIFOLIACE^.     HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY 

Shml.s.  vi.K-s  nr   rarely   IutI,.  ;   k.^vs  nppoM.c-   slnucrs   „,..s,K 

the  ovary.  ,,,.  corolla  ud.lar  or  rouu. ;  f run  a  ...rr:.  .,r:,,;;  :;;;:;: 

TKii!!';  i.uxici;ri:.i.: 

I.       LoNK  KKA.       I,. 

^   I-.  ;;lanc.>coMs.     Ky,|l,     .V,.„.,//,-/,„,.,,/  Ilonrxsmklc 
-   1-.   mvoncra.a.        (RicharcK)        llanks.       /„;.„/...,:/ 

/•/v  i/oiuysKck-lr. 
3-   I-.  nta'icnsis.     Wats.     />,a/,  /-/v //-.;„-v.wu /,/.• 

11.       SYMl-lK.KUAKl.lS.       N)!!!.)        l.u.Iui- 

'.  Sracnnosns      Mid.x.      var/ ,.auci.l..rus.      Rol.l.,,., 
■iiidU'Oi-ny. 
111.      LiN.N.KA.      ((iroiiov. ) 

M-.l™iis   I      var    a„u.ricana.      O'orl.s.)      Rdul.r. 

TRii!!-:  s.\.Mi!L-ti:.i-: 

I\'.     \'nirR\i-M.     rroiirii.)     I.. 

I.   \.  pauc/l)  .riiiu.     Rat.     .hrow-,,-ood 
V.     .SA.Miir.rs.     (Toiini.)     I 

1.  S.   raccmosa.     L.     h\  .i-hcr;  icnUd.r 

2.  S.  mdanocari.a.     (,ray.     nUnk-bcnu     lUdcr. 

LXVH.  VALERIANACE^.  V/LERIAN  FAMILY 

Herbs  uiti,  sonu'tinu-s  n,lnrous  an.l  a.ui-.,,as„„„li.  n.,.,.-  l...,...- 
oppoMto.    s,:nplc   or   divi.!.!.    without    Mtp,,,.-    .!;";„,; 
l-uclcs  or   ..ichoto„,o„s   cy,„.s.   corolla  \.U,.r   .;       ,,  :  "   i,-, 
-•ten  ,rro,.,Iar.  the  !,.,,c>  i,„l,rica...,l  in  ti.c  l,n  1;  ,>,•„  „,  ,       , 
ous  or  corriaccoiis.  iiuidiisccnt.  nKinl.ran.ice- 

I.      \'.\I.KRIA.\A.      (Tourii.)      I,. 

'■   y.  scptcMitrionalis.     Xoythcvu  ffcfiotropc 
2.    \.  s.tchcnsis.      WuuiT.     irUdlLliotrot^c 
3-  \  .  .Scoi.Icri.     Rydh.     CmuHia  Heliotrope 


lii 


i  'U 


Ai 


"•'ii 

r'ifJ 


iW 

4 

'  j 

I 

!      ^ 

1        : 
li         • 

40 


General  Key  to   the  FamUies 


il 


ORDER  XXXIII.     CAMPANULALES 

LXVIII.    CAMPANULACE^.    BLUEBELL  FAMILY 

Ilcrhs  usually  with  milky  jiiicc;  leaves  alternate,  siini)le.  with- 
out stipules;  tlowers  scattered,  ]KTi'ect.  the  re^'ular  five-lohed 
corolla  !)ell-shai)e(l.  valvate  or  induplicatc  in  the  hud;  fruit  a  small 
nia-iy-seeded  capsule  or  herry. 

I.     C".\Mi'.\NL-i.A.     (Tourn.)     L. 

1.  C.  rotuiuli folia.     L.     llnrchcll. 

2.  C.  lasiocarpa.     Arctic  Harebell. 

LXIX.    LOBELIACE^.     LOBELIA  FAMILY 

Ilerhs  usually  with  acrid  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate,  without 
-stipules;  Mowers  j.erfecl.  .scattered  in  loose  hracted  racemes,  corolla 
irrei^ular,  ,t,oiiuopetalous,  five-lol)ed,  somewhat  two-lipped;  fruit  a 
many-seeded  ])od. 

I.     LoiiEi.iA.     (I'lumier.)     I,. 

I.  I-.  Kalmii.     L.     Broolc  Lol-clin. 

LXX.    COMPOSITE.    COMPOSITE  FAMILY 

The  lar^'est  family  of  |)h;eno<,'amoiis  plants;  herhs.  .shruhs  or 
small  trees;  leaves  various,  alternate,  oj  posite  or  hasal ;  flowers  in 
a  dense  closely  involucratc  head  on  a  common  receptacle,  the  head 
often  resenihlinj,--  a  single  flower,  surrounded  hy  an  involucre  of 
few  to  many  hracts  in  one  or  more  series,  the  p.-ipjuis  crown-like 
or  wantini,^  heads  with  ray-flowers  are  radiate,  when  without  ray- 
flowers  are  diso  id ;  fruit  an  achene  containin.<?  a  sinj^le  erect 
anatropous  seed. 

SI-RII'.S   [.     TUI'.UMFI.DR.T-: 

TRii'.F.  .\sti;ri:.k 

I.      ("lIRVSOPSIS.      Xutt. 

I.e.  villosa.     Xutt.     Golden  .Istrr. 

2.  C.  hispida.     (Hook.)     H^iiry  Cohlcn  Aster. 


■W.Sfc' 


kwimcmm' 


^^\x,'m^M''':>^-yF^^.im!^ 


a 
f 
i 


Gi-iiifdl  Kc\  to   the  l-ninH'us 


41 


II.     S(ii.ii).\(,().     I.. 

1.  S.  caiiadi'iisis.     L.     Ctiihuin  Ciohhii-nul. 

2.  S.  (k'Ciiiiil)iiis.     (iriciic.     I'lcld  {iol,lcn  ,„d. 

3.  S.   niiihiradiata.      Cray.     Xinthcni   (,../,/,;;  nul. 

4.  S.  misM)iirici)sis.     Xmt.     Mountuiu  Liold.n-tod. 

5.  S.  iK'iiioralis.     Ait.     (.my  Coldcnrod. 

(k  S.  clontjata.     .\utt.     SIrihh-r  CJoliL-ii-n„l. 

III.  AsiEK.     (Toiirn.)     L. 

1.  A.  conrmitatiis.     (  T.  and  ( ;. )     Cray,     iriiit,- .Islcr. 

2.  \.  alpiinis.     Alpine  Aster. 

3.  A.  consiiicuoiis.     I.itidl.     Large  I'lirph-  Aster. 

4.  A.   I'rcnioiiti.      (  T.  and  ( i.  (      (,ray.     I'reiinnifs  .Ister. 

5.  A.  frondfiis.      ((iray.)      l.rcciie.      Leu/vhracteJ  As- 

ter. 

6.  A.   Knsolmaniii.     Hiif/leiimiiii't  Aster. 

7.  A.  I.indlcyamis.     T.  and  ( i.     J.iiiciley's  Aster. 
H.  A.  l;uvis.     I..     .Smootli  Aster. 

9.  A.   Kichard.sonii.     Sprcnij,     h'iehardson's  .Ister. 

10.  A.  major.      (Hook.)      |',,rtcr.     Great  .Wntlieni  .l.<!tcr. 

11.  .\.  cilioinar^Mnatiis.      Rydh.     Ilairy-utanjined  .Ister. 

12.  A.  .sil)iricii.s.     I'iolet  .Isler. 

IV.  I'1ki(;i.K().\.     L. 

1.  !■:.  aureus.     C.rccno.     VelliKe  Fleiilxiiie. 

2.  E.  compositiis.     I'ursh.     I- em-leaved  I'leahaiie. 

3.  K.  niultifidiis.     Rydh.     Daisy  I'leahaiie. 

4.  K.  melaiioccphahis.     Xelson.     HlaeL--ze,iollv   J'leabaiic. 

5.  E.  c;csi)itosiis.     Xmt.     Tutted  l-'leahaiie. 

6.  E.  j,dal)clliis.     Xmt.     h'ain/h  lleahaiie. 

7.  I-;.  acri.>^.     I..     />'/((,■  I'leahaiie. 

8.  !•:.  pliiladi'lidiicus.     !..     Lavender  L'leahanc. 

9.  i-:.   miinonis.     L.     Aretie  Lleahane. 

10.  !•■..   lanatiis.      Hook,     .llf'iue   Lleahane. 

11.  K.  salsiij^dnosiis.     (Richards.)     Cray.     Laiye    Purple 

1' lea  ha  lie. 

TRHU'.  ixui.i;.!-: 

y.     A.VTENNAKiA.     ( laortn. 

I.  A.  raccmosa.     Hook,     ll'iiite  Lverlasting. 


-p 


.1 


i  i't 


5 


\'i 


ilr 


'    III 

I 


I     .! 


Ill 


.  f  s 


42 


General  Key  to  the  I' a  mi  lies 


J.  A.  iluucllii.     (.nriK'.     Moiisc-ciir  I'.icrlastm.^. 

3-  A.  parvilolia.     .Vmt.     Muinituin  Evcrhisttiuj.' 

4-  A.  lai.ata.     (Il.mk.  i     (,ricMK>.     .hrtic  lircriaslin^. 

5-  A.  ]),ilclicrrinia.     (tctiic.     Tall  lixcyhistiiuj. 
(i.  A.  ,J,.iiia.     (,,ay.     .l/fiiw  J:;rrli,sliii_^. 

/.  A.  iiK-dia.     (irciie.     Silk-y  Ir.rrtaslnl:;. 

>^-    \.  .'  M-a.     (Jririic.     /'//;/.•  J::rrUisliii^. 
\'l.     A.\ Ai   i.\i  >>.     DC. 

1.  A.  niaiKaritacca.     (1..)      ]:.  andll.     I\a,lx  Ezcrlast- 

IIUJ. 

T\U\\V.  II!:!.I.\XTIIi:.K 

\'l  .L-I)HErKI.\.       I,. 

I.  K.  hirta.     I..     Bhuk-cxcd  Susan. 

\  III.       Ill  1.1  Willi  s.       I.. 

I.  11.  gigaiitcoiis.     L.     (;/„;,/  SKiifhnccr. 

TRiiiK  iii-lkxixi:k 

IX.       CiAII.l.AKDIA.       l'"oU};. 

1.  C.  aristata.     I'ursii.     /',•,;:,.;;-.■;•.•</  .S";(.fa«. 

TRIIIK  AXTlIK.MIDi:.!.; 
X.     Adiii.LEA.     (\aili.)     L. 

1.  A.  lamilosa.     Xiitt.     U-oolly   )'(/;Torv'. 
-'.  A.  I.ortalis.     IJonsr.     Day'c-manjwcd  Yan-ow. 
XI.      C'llRVSANTIli;.\HM.      (   Totini. )       [,. 

^.    ,  '•  <■  lAi.camlK'nium.    ],.    Ox-cyc  Daisx.     (Intru.hicod. ) 

All.     Akte.misia.     J.. 

1.  A.   friKida.     Willd.     I\,slurc  ]ronnwoo.t. 

2.  A.  discolor.     Domini.     Grcni  H'orntwoo,!. 
3-  A.  biennis.     W  illd.     Biennial  ll'urmwuod. 

TRir.R  skxfxioxe.t: 

XIII.     Pktasitks.     d'onrn.)     niJi. 

■■   I',  palmat.is.     (.\it.)     CJray.     Palm-lcavcd   Coltsfoot 
2.   I',  sa^nlatus.      (I'ursh.)      (,ray.     Ayrox.-lcavca    Lolts- 
foot. 

3-   I',  fri-idus.     (L.)     I-ries.     Arctic  Coltsfoot. 


—/' 


Gi-ncral  Key  to   the  Familiis 


4.1 


1.  A.  C()r(lif„li;i.     II, .„k.     llcait-l.aicd  Arnica. 

2.  A.  latifnlia.     i'...ii.y:.     Ihoad  lanrd  .limai. 
3    A.  alpina.     (L.)     01i„.     ..;//,,„.,  ./,„/,,,. 

4-  A.  Chainissonis.     l,t.-,s.     Cl:,imts.u>'s  .Uniai. 

5-  A.   I'arryi.     (iray.     J\iny\<  .hiiiai. 

(>.  A.  loiiisi.ana.     l-arr.     S\  I ui, ■/};-, S  .hiiica. 
7-  A.   fiil-fiis.     I'lirsh.     Xi'li.'i,;!  .Uuiiii. 
•'<.  A.  .irracilis.     Rydl,.     Slciuhr  .Iniioi. 
XV.     Skn-kcii..     (r,,iirn.)     I.. 

1.  S.   Maisamit.iv     Mnhl.     Golden  Raijwoit. 

2.  S.  triaiiKularis.     ||,;,,k.     Chiut  RiUjwoit. 

3-  >•  caiuis.     Hook.     Sih\y\  Groundsel. 

4-  S.  luj,a-ns.     Richanls.     />'/,/. A--//>/<r,/  Gnmnd.ul. 

5-  N.  I>sou(laiirous.     Rydl).     Cnnada  km/icort. 

6.  S.  .liscoiclciis.     (Hook.)      liritton.     Xorthcrn   .S\ina:.- 

7-  S.  Ilavovirc^ns.     Ry,ll,.     ll\slern  Jlalsom  Groundsel. 

TRH!!-;  CVXARK.!.; 

XX'I.     SvrssrREA. 

I.   S.  (Iciisa.     Hook.     /'urrU- Snnssurca. 
X\  II.     C'.\h!i)!i  s.      (  Tourii.  I      I,. 

1.  C.  KoKtyi.     Uliitc  '/liisllc. 

2.  (".   foliosiis.     Hook.     Lrafx  Tliis/lr. 

3-  <-■.  iindulatii...     Xiitt.     ir'ary-learal  riiistlc. 

SERIES  II.     I.KiUI.IFI.ORA 

trh;!-.  cicii()Rii:.i: 

XN'III.     Ci(  HOKUM,     rroiirn.)      I.. 

'•<-'•    Intyhiis.     I..     Cliiiorv. 
XIX.     TARA.xAtiM.     (  HallcrA      I.tuKviff. 

1.  T.  otricinalo.     \\\],vr.     Common  Dandelion. 

2.  T.  nipestrc.     .llpine  Dandelion. 
XX.     S(i.\(iirs.     (Toiirn.)     I.. 

I.  S.  arreiLsis.     L.     Soic  Thistle. 


11 


* 


ki:im 


■■  ■'  I 


J', 


■ 


'^i\ 


nKr^ii'^i^ 


44 


Cii'iurnl  Kt\   I'j   tin-  I-\inii/ii'.s 


XXI.     Ai.osKKis.     kaf. 

1.  A.  fjlaiica.        (I'ursli.)         Stni.l.        l.<in/i--llii:,;r,;l 

Idlsi-  Pdlltli-litiil. 

2.  A.  1,'racilfiis.     Cray.     SDuill-tlown;!  /■ulsc  nundc- 

liiin. 
.^.  A.  auraiitiaca.      (Hook.)      ( ini-m'.      t  «/'/'. r   luls,- 
I  >iiiiiLli<iii. 

XXI  I.       (   KKIMS.       I.. 

1.  ('.   i'!i,y:ans.      Honk,     Mniy-llou'rrcl  I f,i:,'hsh,<inl. 

2.  ('.  nana.     Ividiards.     .llpim-  lldicksluai;!. 
X.XIII.      lliKUAcHM.      (Tourn.)      I., 

1.  II.   Sc'inliri.      Hook.     Ihiiry  lla:,'kwi-cti. 

2.  II.  Kracili-.      Hook.     Siiuill  I lawk-.'ccd. 

3.  H.  iinibcllaiiiiu.     L.     Winou'-lcavcd  llnwkwccJ. 


.':.|'»Fi'.*..^v^.^;:''«PW'l.,:A*^''(^>.i» '  tv  ^»-*  '^5*ij 


p 


m 

;' 
1 


Mi 


WILD  ri.ClWI'RS  ()!•   TIIK  XORTII 
AAJI'kKAX  MOIXTAIXS 

SIXTIo.V  I 

FF.RXS  AXD  l-l'kX  ALLIES 


r  H 


i        I 


* 

1 

*l 

♦1 

-V"^*5^1e 


^^ 


il! 


WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE 

NORTH  AMERICAN 

MOUNTAINS 

SIXTH  ).\  I 
FKRXS  AND  FHRX  ALLIHS 

LONG  BEECH  FERN 

l'lic,i.<i^lcris  folyfoiiioidc.^.     I'lrii  Family 
Rootstock:   slon-kr.   crccpinK.     Leaves:   triangular,   thin,   mostly 
I'.ngcr  than   wuk..  a.nn.inat.  at   the  aprx.  pnlusccnt;   pinn.-.   lancc- 
oatc.    sc»ik-.    p.nnaidy    part.,1    very    nearly    to    the    rachi>    into 
oblong,  entire  segnunis.     Sori:  Mnall,  borne  near  the  niarRm. 

A  conim..n  fern  .,n  the  hillsides,  and  in  moist  woods.  The 
fronds  ar-  fmni  six  to  nine  inches  lonj,'.  and  the  two  l.nvest 
pmn.-e  are  hent  downwards  and  stand  forward,  a  trait  which 
gives  the  i-lant  a  most  distinctive  ai)i)earancc.  and  by  which 
It  .nay  always  he  readily  recognized. 

Phcijoptcris  alf^cstris,  or  Tutted  IJeecli  I-ern.  has  ol)long 
leaves  which  taj/er  towards  the  top. 

Phcjrf^tcvh;  Dryoptcris,  or  Oak  Fern,  is  e.xtreniclv  attrac- 
tive, and  grows  very  thickly  in  shady  woods.  The  leaves 
are  delicate  and  broadly  triangular,  the  three  primarv  divi- 
sions being  stalked,  and  the  terminal  one  slightlv  the  largest. 
In  Shakespeare's  day  "  fern-seed  "  as  they  called  the  spores 

47 


,1. 


\yMki. 


pr.ATi:  r 


??; 


•  'aK    I'HK.N 

(I'lu'g''{^t,-iis  Dryol^tciis) 
48 


i 
.1 


'.   ^Uj'  .1 


Ferns  and  i\rn  .llluf 


V) 


uiTi-  sni)|i<»<.-(|  t.i  r..iitaii)  iiiir;nii|.  ii-  as  \\r!l  a-  nir<!n-mal 
|ir.>])CTtii'>,  an<l  (iaiUhill  iii  "lli-iiry  !\  "  -ax^:  ~  "  W  c 
ll.'lM'  tin-  ii-ti'ipt  i>l  ttTn--rf.l,  ui'  walk  iti\  i^ilik','"  \\\n  \\\~. 
faitli    ua>   -|im-kl\    <ii-iifll(il    liy    tlic   aii-uiT:  ■■\.i\.    I 

tliiiik  railirr  \<<\\  an-  iiiMn  luli^ldcii  tc  \W-  iiiuHl  tli.m  to 
UTii->c<.'i|.  I'l  If  \M;ir  w.ilkiiii-  iii\  i^iliU." 


i};^ 


MAIDENHAIR 

.hli'inliiiii    f,il:tiiiii.      I'l'in     l-.iiiiily 

Rootstock:     ^Iriiihr,     iTt(|>ini;.     ili,iiT\.    Stems:     1ir..\vn.     ih'Ii-Im.! 
I'.rkcil   :il    till     -niiiinit       Leaves:   ■  liii(nul\   ..rl.icuK-ir   in    ..nilmr,    llu- 

I'llllllll.   -     .i1i|.i1;l;.     Illr     lr|-mill.l!     ..in-     MM    -llalir(|;     ihr     i.,\\,-|      iii.iruiii 

1  iilin  .  till    ii|i|ur  iii;iiK;in  cli  It.  l-ln'l  ..r  il,  iil.in  .  In  .iMtik;   tin-  iim.ir- 
i.liliillU    «nri. 

I  Iii>  .i^rari'fiil  frrn.  win.  'i  is  t,  ,m  u dl-kiic i\  ii  t'^  iuh'<1  miioli 
(k'scriptiiiii,  (iv\i'>  ii-  spfcjiu-  namo  t"  llii-  I'ai  i  thai  ilic  ri'ul- 
stiii-k  n.(il>  al'Mii,^  its  \\\\,,\c  IniL^th,  llu'  Maidc-iiliair  i> 
Usually  ImuikI  in  ilcl't--  aiiinii;,-  tin-  r'H-ks  lu-ar  riinnniL,'^  uatcf, 
wIkti-  it>  fra.Lrilc,  ffatlicrv  i'i-.^ikU  ainl  i^liMciiiiiL;  lip>\\n  nr 
Mack  stalks  arc  al\\a\s  ttcasurc  trii\(.'. 


H^' 


COMMON  BRACKEN 

I'lnis  ,i,iiiiliuii,  :,ir.  L:in(.,iih'Sii.     I"crn   I'aini'y 

Rootstock:  -i"iit,  wd.ly,  liMn/nma!.  Leaves:  ii-.n.ill\  .'lalirniis. 
tnaiaic;  tlic  upper  pimniii's  uiKliviilfil ;  tlic  |..\\ii-  ..m  uhmi  ..r  K-- 
piinialirid. 

The  nid-t  Cdiiiniiiu  of  all  I'cnis.  this  I'.rackcn  is  rathc-r  a 
coar.sc  plant,  usually  found  v^rouiu"-  in  open  \\o,m1s  and  stnmv 
places,  in  till'  \ alleys  it  .attains  a  heit,dit  of  live  to  six  feet, 
hut  at  hif,di  altitudes  is  much  smaller  and  more  delicate.  In 
the  spriniL,'-tinie  the  fionds  are  always  an  e\<|nisite  jKile  i^reeii, 
hut  ,ijr:i(lually  turn  darker  and  duller  of  asjxct  as  the  sf.isou 
advances.     What  the  orit,Mn  of  the  .scientilic  name  is.  no  on 


|i 


|] 


lo 


turns  fin  J  l-.rn  .lilies 


Hcms    o  .cninudy  know.     S.me  >ay  it  i.  .Icrunl  h..,,,  a 
fanncl  r.sc.nl.lana-  I,.tu.n,  ,l,c  .n.n.l  an.l  a„  c:.,-lcs  v^,„,, 
^^  Ink-  ntl.crs  ,„,aK,„c  ,1,..    ,  ;,„  „aa-  .hc  ..ullinc  of  ,1,,  hcr.J.l.c" 
I'aKic  Ml  a  cn.»-!,cttiuii  .,|"  tlif  stalk. 

SLENDER  LIPFERN 


(lu-lunilh,-s   /,,/,     IVrn    lainilv 


Stems: 

till 
ly 


Roomock:   rnuT.-.l    unh    l.n-wn    m.I.s    |„„,|    with    1,1  uk      Stem 

.  cMM-lv  ,u.u..I.    Leave.:  ....u..!,,.,,  .,,...,,  i„  .„ ..,  „,.,;,,, f*'^ 

tlH-  P.nnnl.-s  ,„„„a,..i.l.  ,1,..  up,,.,-  M,r,-..a.  ..,„,. ,|,,  |  ,      '    ,'•  . 

•"■'ttr.l  «„|,  wiMiish-l.ruwn  u,..,|ly  |,,,irv  ' 

u  tlw.,„dMlu,,M  leaves.  an.l,l..^nmd,.,s,.h^^^^^ 
fiKis  lit  the  vi'iiis. 

PURPLE  CLIFF  BRAKE 

A  nH-.Iiu.n-si.c,I  fen,  ul.osc  .listin^nishin^  f.at„ros  are 
•^  Pt"l>I^'  stem.  an.l  a.,  undui.k.l  leaf  hunlcml  hv  hn-Mu 
iTovvn  sp.,ran,.a.  It  is  usually  foun.l  .^rouin,.  on  lime- 
>tone  rocks.  an.I.  unfortiniatcly  for  the  fern-huuter.  in  very 
macress.hle  places,  where  the  hushy  tufts  of  its  j^revish'- 
green  .oha,i(e  ilourish  in  the  crannies  anionj^  the  cliffs' 


Rootstock 


NOOTKA  ROCK  BRAKE 

Crypt,u/ri,,n,i„i  airostiihoul.-s.     Rri,    Family 


Kootstock:    stout,    chafTv     short      <5»-.,„».     i 
Leaves:  ovate  in  o„tli„..  thi,,.;    ,.''",;  t^^t  /"'"''    ''''''V' 
f-tiU..  the  .nar^ins  involute  ,o    he  n.i.l  i V.    f  .^c     an    '  I  'I       '"   ""' 
and  exposing  the  sporanKcs.  *  '•'''•""'^■■'  ^'^  '"atnr.ty. 


lu'rns  <nul  I- ,rn  .Illl,s 


?I 


I  Ik-  Iv\..  kinds  of  \v;\\v<  ,>i  tln^  |i.ilc  '^r^iu  ;iI|miu-  ft-rn  an- 
\«Ty  <listiiu-t.  the  >i'j,MiK-tits  uf  till-  .tt-rili-  ..tics  Uvuv^  iimh 
nit  aixl  imicli  hmaiU-r  than  tli. -m-  "i  tlic  tVrlil.-  .iu-,.  whirh 
latter  have  aliimst  strai,uiit  tiiari,'iiK  tliat  are  r.  llcl  in;.,  the 
i-eiitre  when  the  |)lant  i>  \..iitij,,  and  llalten  ..nt  ;,-  it  itiatiirts. 
expusint,'  the  lij^rht  l.n.uii  spnn-  (;,-e>  with  uhiih  these  ter- 
tile  iea\es  ..re  o.vered.  The  .\m,.iL,  |<nek  I'-raUf  u;i>  |ir>t 
f.-nnd  I.y  Dr.  Arehih.dd  Meii/ii  >  when  lie  eani.-  t-.  \aii- 
ei.n\er  Island  with  Caiitain  \aiu.  .iiver  in  \-in) 

Cryf^t.t.jiiiiinii,!  St,-ll,-ii.  ..r  Si.-iider  I '  ..  k  Urake,  ha-  a 
thread-like  ereepnii,'  rn,,t.  fr..in  uhuli  tiie  seattered  MeiiK 
^n.w  np  at  ejose  inter\..l>. 


11^ 


!i 


i^i  • 


1 
I 


GREEN  SPLEF.NWORT 

.tsf-l.lliuill    TIM,/.'.        I"r    Tl    !•   lllllly 

Rootstock:  s|. lilt,  iTi.  pin;;,  .ImiTv.  Stems;  nnv.  .,  ii«.  lU-n-.  K  iiin.ci, 
l.r..w,ii>li  l.cl.iw.  KnciiiNli  .iliuMv  Leaves;  iim  ,!  . .  ..I.,!,-,  h,  rli:,co,.i  ; 
l.iiiiia'   n\;u,',   (Kxply   ir.iiat.'.    iiiKM,ti,[l    m.!.  .1       Sun;    ,,|,! -  iitii.  r.m,! 

The  aneient  Creek  name  ..f  this  lerii  hi.  n  f-i.nre  {<,  the 
faet  that  it  was  supposed  to  he  a  reiiie.ly  t"..r  eertain  diseasi- 
<>i  tlie  sjileen.  The  leaves  are  pale  ;4reen  and  soft,  the  upper 
edges  (if  the  i)inn:e  narn.win.t,'  suddenly  at  the  l.ase,  the 
lower  oti'-s  heinj4-  ..hlicpiely  trnneate.  that  is  ha\inj,r  the  ap- 
jiearanec  of  heiiif,--  ent  off  at  the  t..p. 

.Is/^li-ninni  cyclosoniin.  or  I.ar,t,a'  I.ady  I'ern.  has  nnieli 
I)ij,',t;er  and  more  (laecid  leaves  than  the  ( Ireen  Spleeiiwort. 
It  is  fre(piently  eon  fused  with  .Istlciiiniu  Jilix-fnniina. 
the  trne  I^idy  hVm,  from  which,  h<.wever,  it  is  really  <|iiite 
<hstinet.  the  c-verinj,'  of  the  fruit  dots  heint,^  diCferentlv 
cnrvetl.  Jili.v-funiiiui  does  n(.t  oecnr  in  the  Roekv  Moun- 
tains. Of  all  the  ferns  whieh  have  inspired  poets,  prohahly 
the  Lady  I'ern  takes  first  place,  and  thoujih  the  following,' 


4  '!! 


52 


Ferns  and  Fern  Allies 


'-it    ■■:.' 


"K-s  In-  h.uni  I.ecs  were  rc;.lly  ,.enno.l  t-.  the  true  Ladv 
•cm.  still  they  are  s.,  very  ,|i,aint  an.l  reminiseent  of  nml- 

\  .ctonan  ver.e.  that  [  cannot  refrain  Iron.  a,,|,en.h.ij,.  then. 

to  this  .short  note  .m  the  I.a.-.ije  J.ady  J-ern. 

-Wlun  i„   .,,l.„,ln,„-  an.l  iK.nUy  all  „,„nre  is  cn.wne.l 
iH'  l-.ri,  .>  M,n  nnliMK  hall  In.l  i„  tlu   «ru,„,.l 
lint  ot  all  the  «riTi)  Kraduns  thai  ri-,.  l,v  tin-  b„n, 
CinmciKl  i.K  al.-iic  t.,  ti,c  suca  Lady  lirn. 

l'"lyp-'iimii  iii.kiiti'.l  stands  stilY  ,,i,  tlu-  r,,ck 

\\..h  i„s  ,,,,-i  ,,,„„,,,  ,,,  „,^.  ,,,„,„,^,.^  ,.,„;„|^  ^i^^^j^ 

On    the    uHlc,    cinlly    lua.h    .\,|nil,na    Man,K    s,,n, 
^"t    ",ur    t,.    W    ,K,nK,l    uul,    il„.    ,,,,,,.,    1,..,^.    ,.;^„ 

Hlix-Mias  in  a  cink-  IJUs  up  hi.  j,,-,,,,,   ,>,„„,, 

An.l  th.  I  K-ath  Fun  .Mights  l.y  ,1...  |.,„.  ami  tl,c,,„„,ls- 
1  In-n, h   ,lu.„-  .l,a,l„uy  tun.  tlu.n.h  w,tl,   pl.asn.v   1   .„n,. 
ilit  l.ahn  must  >i,||  ,-,..t  ,,,ii,  ,,,,.  ,-.,j,.  ,_^,i_^    ,,^,^^^ 

\\hcTf  thf   waUT  is   ]„,uriuir   i-,„vmt  sl^.   sii, 
An.l   l,osi,le    i„.r   ,1,^   Ou/d.   the    Kini;t,slRT    I'lits  ■ 

he-v,   s,,p,i,„,-   in    hvr   heanty.   l,.si,l,.   ,lu-    full    ,;ni 
1'.  llic  shade  of  the  P.ek   .s,a,„ls  the  tall   Lady   Fern'. 

Xoon  hums   up  the  nmuntain  :  b'.t  here  hv  the  tall 
'he    l.ady    I'ern    llourislu.,    yraeelul    and    tall 
Jlnurs   speed    as   thuuol,,,   y,^,.^   ,,i,|,„„^   .,,,^    ^.^^^^.^  _.^ 
An.l  lluat  like  the  spray  ^li.linK  past  the  ,«reeu   IVrt,'." 

HOLLY   FERN 

Polysluiiiui!    I..'iu!iilis.      l\ru    1-auiily 
Rootstock:  sh..rt.  s.,-.ut.  .len^ely  chaffy,   hearing,   lar^e  l.rown   scnies 
Leaves:  n..d   leathery   linear-laneeolate  .n  .uln.e:  ou^fn™         hi 
I     .adly  lancenla,,  scy.h.-shape.l,  ac,;te.  >,r,„„,y  auru-I.d  ,.„  U,  up  " 
sule,  sp.utdnse.len.a.e.     Sori:  hiseriate.  a,   length  SHhcHUlnent. 

The  Holly  I-Vrn  has  rioid  c-ver-reen  le.n  es.  each  of  the 
l"nn;e  emhno-  i„  a  sharp  ,,.,i,u.  and  havin^^r  a  ronnded  lohe 


Ferns  find  Firn  .lllirs 


53 


(HI  the  ui)|)cr  side  at  the  base,  tlie  lower  side  ha\  iiii^  an  ahii«>>t 
straii^lit  edge.     This  fern  is  densely  spinex -ti.utlied. 


MALE  SHIELD  FERN 

.Isf'tiliidit    rili.v-iiuis.     l'"irn     l'"amily 

Rootstock:  >t'.iit,  a^i-i-iulins,',  i-liaffy.  Leaves:  rirni.  lin.adly-iiMdnu, 
laiuoilati.',  acute  at  tliv  ajux.     Son:  lar^t'.  Im'Tiu-  mat  tlic  iiihlviin. 

'riii>  fern  iLjrows  in  the  woods  to  a  hei<,dit  of  three  iVet. 
It  is  a  handsome  i)laiit.  s])rin^in,i;-  from  an  a^eendinij^  root, 
and  has  rather  coarse  leaves. 

Asp'uliuiu  spinitlosHin  lor.  ililatntiiiii,  (T  Si)iinilo>e  ."^Ihield 
I'ern.  has  a  stout  root,  and  loni,'.  rather  thin  Iea\e-,  the 
lower  ])air  of  which  are  trianijnlar  in  outline. 

Aspidii  11}  OrcDplcris,  or  .'^caly  Shield  i'ern,  h;i>  \crv 
scaly,  stniw-coloured  stems  and  rachis.  The  leases  ate  one 
to  tx.o  feet  lonj,'.  and  taper  from  near  the  middle  to  both 
ends. 

BRITTLE  FERN 

Cystofli-iis  fiir^ilis.     Ihtii   Family 

Rootstock:  short.  Leaves:  thin,  ol)1<mi,'-laiu-colato,  slichtly  faperiiiR 
licluw;  piiiiia'  irrtynlarly  iiiiinatilid,  witii  a  hroail  ciiilr.il  spacr  ;m(l 
tootlicd  -eRiiiciUs  dcciirrciU  along  the  niargint-d  or  winged  rachis,  with- 
out l)ull)lcts. 

.\  delicate,  wct-lnvin.cf  fern,  which  uncurls  early  in  the 
sprinj^,  and  soon  dies  away.  It  receives  its  distiMi,misliino- 
name  from  the  stalks,  which  are  slender  and  verv  brittle. 

Cystof'tcris  iiioiidnni.  or  Mountain  P.ladder  l-'ern,  has  a 
slender,  widely  creepin,^;  root,  and  leaves  which  are  dee])lv 
ttiothed. 


I** 


*r- 


I 


BB 


PLATE  11 

r 


!■*■     ■  ; 


Sl'IMI.dSK    SlIIKI.Ii    l-KKS 

(.Ispidium  s/^iiitilosmii  jur,  dilalatum) 


.f^' 


54 


i 


Ferns  ami  Fern  .lilies 


;  i 


LARGE   MOONWORT 

liotiyihitim  l.uuarui.     Addir's  'I'Miimii'  l:imily 

Very  llcshy.  Leaves:  iIr-  vti-rik'  iMirtidii  Imrnc  ;it,  or  aln.vo  tlu' 
middle  of  tlit-  >tiiii,  |>inii;i!i-.  with  iwn  to  cii;!]!  ii.iir>  i.t  Imiait-  lolir-, 
creiiatc  or  ciiliri',  iVrtili-  porlinn  (Khm-;  \nu\  fir  the  |. dlowiim  \iar  tii- 
doM-d  ill  the  ha>e  of  tlie  >tem. 

'V\\c  Mooiuvorts  are  cxtrcindy  curimis  plants  .L^n-wiiii,' 
from  short,  erect  npotstccks,  and  tliHtcred  iK-Iiv  rnMt,. 
The  name  rel'ers  t<>  tlie  nuimTdiis  Iialf-ni<M.n-sha|ie(l  ^.l)e^ 
wln'ch  grow  near  the  middle  of  the  stem  on  the  sirrile  por- 
tion of  tlie  plant.  Once  n])on  a  time,  the  Moninvort  was 
supiKjsed  to  possess  ma,i,Mc  properties,  and  accordinj,'-  to 
Coles,  an  old  writer  on  hotany,  \\otild  cnahle  the  fortunate 
owner  of  tiie  plant  to  "  o])en  the  lock>  wherewith  dwellin.-,^- 
lionses  are  made  fast,  if  it  he  put  into  the  keyhole."'  Drav- 
ton  called  it  "  Lunary,"'  and  thu>  refers  to  its  wouder- 
workin.t;  p-uuer : 

"  I  lien  sprinkled  --he  the  iiiice  of  me 
With  nine  drlll.^  of  tiie  iiiiilinj^hl  dew 
From  I.iinary  distiliin).;." 

Bofrycliiiim  siiiif^Irx.  or  Small  Moonwort,  is  also  called 
Little  Grape  Fern,  in  allusion  to  its  <:]^rapedike  clusters  of 
spore  ca.ses.  It  is  a  graceful,  variahle  plant,  and  has  ;i  single 
lohe  on  the  stem,  the  fertile  portion  heing  a  spike  with  spore 
cases  in  rows  on  either  side  of  its  hranches. 

Botrycliiitni  virginiamtin.  or  Rattlesnake  I-'ern.  is  a  much 
larger,  and  more  rohust  plant,  with  a  nmch-divided  sterile 
portion,  like  a  fern  leaf,  its  segments  more  or  Ic-s  toothed. 

Botrycliiinn  lanceolatimi.  or  Slender  MiM^nwnrt.  ha-  sm.ill 
fronds,  and  the  sterile  segment,  which  is  clo-.-lv  sessile  at 
the  top  of  the  long  sletuler  stalk,   is  tri.ingtilar,   ternately 


i 


ml 


«^l< 


f^i 


56 


Ferns  and  hem  Allies 


twice  |)iniiatifi(l.  witl,  acuti-  lance. .late  ln|,c-s  that  are  iiui.e-l 
..r  toutl,e<l.      The  veinlet>  fork  fruin  a  a.ntimmns  mi.lNein. 


FIELD  HORSETAIL 


liiltli-islll 


III  (iirriisr. 


"■"'■tail    l-'amilv 


Stems:  am,„.-,l.  I„,ll,nv,  .,.,int.-.l,  ,,r.,.i,K.,|  with  ..ait.-n,!  .,„n,ata  the 
fcT„k-  appc-an-.K  in  early  .prin,-  hefn,-.  the  s,.,,!..  Leaves:  n.Uu;':]  ,„ 
slicaths  at   tiif  jniiit-. 

This  is  a  ni^h-hke  plant  of  a  verv  rank  coarse  nattn-e 

which  -rows  in  .jitches  and  al..n-  the  san.lv  wavsi.Ics      Thc' 

fert.le  stems,  which  appear  in  the  earlv  spring'.  ir,,.u-   tr,,n, 

_t..nr  to  ten   inches   hi.^h   a,ul   are   li.^ht    l.r.,un*in   clnnr 

I  hey  are  n..t  hranche.i.  l.ni  tenninate  in  a  ,s,,li,;,rv  cme-like 

spike.       I  he  sterile  steins,  which  appear  later  n„  i„  ,1,,.  sc-,- 

M.n.  are  ^^reen  and  rather  slen.jer.  a^er;,i^i,,^•  .i^hleen  inches 

in  hei^dit.       I  hey  have  mnnerous  verticillate  I.ranches.  the 

sheaths  ..f  whicli  are  f.uir-t.Mithed. 

luiiiisctHm  tratcnsc.  ,,r  Thicket  I  ior>etail.  has  inanv  ni..re 
cup-shape<l  sheaths  ..„  the  fertile  stems  1  which  hecome 
l.ranchin-  when  ..Id)  than  the  prece.lin,i.,r  species;  also  its 
hranches  are  more  or  less  irori/ontal,  th..se  of  the  I-iel.l 
Horsetail  sj^n.win.s^-  npuards. 

Riiuisctum  yhaticnn.  ..r  Wo,,d  Horsetail,  has  lurn.ue.l 
stems,  and  compound  hranches:  the  tiny  hranchlels  cnr\  in-r 
downwards.  '"" 

Jupnsrtnm  sch'toides,  or  Knsh  Pipes,  has  e\er-reen  per- 
ennial, slender,  furrowed  stems,  uhich  -n-w  in  tnfts  from 
the  suhterranean  rc.otstock. 

lujiiLu-tiim  fJiiriatilc.  or  Swamp  Horsetail,  is  a  lar-c 
coarse  plant  f..und.  as  its  name  deip.tes.  in  \  erv  wet  places" 
It  has  a  hi-  central  cavity  in  the  stem,  hollow  l.'ranches,  an.l 
a  holk.w  ro.Jt stock. 


1] 


1 


/•frns  nuil  I'crn  .  I  Hies 


^7 


li<jiii.s\-tiiiii  rariri/iiliiiii,  <>r  N'arij^alcd  1  lorM-tail,  has 
rimi^h.  ];cT(.'iiiiiaI,  cwri^n'on  stcni^,  f^ndwiiiL;  in  tufts,  and  rc- 
sfinliliN  Uii^li  !'i|n.'v,  licini^'.  luiwi'vcr.  a  imu-li  talk-r  plant. 

]i(/iiisi-liiiii  /,'\'('',7(//(\  <>r  Si-Miirini,''  l\u>li.  has  >titt.  slender 
stems,  and  pointed  -.pikes.  It>  name  dennte>  that  it  is  nsed 
liy  l'".uriipe;m  pea>ant^  l^r  >eiiurinf4;  llnur.^. 


I' 

i 


t: 


n 

4 


STIFF  CLUB  MOSS 

I.Vi  ■'p:'ifiinii  anih'iiiiiiiJi.     I'Inl)   Mnv-   |-",iiriil_v 

Stems:  mnih  lir.nu-lud,  vIcn.kT.  |iio>ir,iti-  Mini  orifiiiiii;,  ratluT  stitT, 
tin-  lir.mclu-  .1-11  inluiL;,  ^parinuly  I'urkiil  Leaves:  uiiiii  irni.  ^liri'ri.liiij,'. 
ti\  r-ranki  (1,  iiL:iil,  liiu-ar-l.imi'i'l,ili',  mimitils  -iTnilalo,  iitTVi-d  lii-lnw  ; 
-])ikr>  -iilitar\  at  tlic  cniK  ni  tlii-  iiraiii-ln'-,  i .lilMn^-,-yliii(lrio,  niinim-cil 
111  ov.itr  lirait-,  iMcli  witli  a  -|i"raii).;c  in  it-  axil;  ..<iMirfS  ^-iinintli  on  tlu' 
liasal  -iirlacc. 

.\  nii>s.~-ljl<f  herl).  with  numennis  tinv  le;i\es  completelv 
coveritit;  the  >hiirt  l)ran^•ln•-^.  which  termin.ate  in  dense,  oh- 
Inn.n;'  spikes  (iimpii-ed  i<\  ■-mall  Iitaet^.  eaeh  one  with  a  sae 
cuiitainini;  >p"i-ev  in  jt-,  axil. 

I.ycof'iiiiiiiiii  cl(i:'iihiiii.  nf  Creepint;'  ("luh  Moss,  has  exten- 
sixely  creepin,i,f  -terns  and  >lmrt.  irregular,  densely  leafy 
hranehes.  The  lea\es  are  much  emwded,  incurved,  and 
tipped  with  tiny  hri-tles.  and  the  spike>  j^'nnv  in  clusters  of 
from  one  to  four  on  loui^-  peduncles. 

Lycof'ixlinin  Scldi/a,  or  j'ir  Cluh  Moss,  has  thick.  ri»jid. 
erect  --tein-,  the  forked  luanchcs  forminy  level-topped  clus- 
ters. 

/.ycdf^iufiiiiii  alp'nunn.  or  .\lpine  Cluh  Mos<,  has  elon- 
i;ated,  creejiim;  -tcm>,  from  which  the  den-eh'  chi-tered 
hrauches  ri-e.  Ihe  lea\e-  are  closeK'  imhricated,  and 
four-ranked.  an(l  the  --pike-^  >o]itary  at  the  to[)  of  the 
hranehes. 

Lycopiidimn  siuhcnsc.  or  Arctic  Cluh  Moss,  is  found  at 


«^l< 


5.;, 


I' 

i! 


i 


58 


_    Ferns  and  Fern  Allies 


''i^'li  ahitiulo.  like  Alpine  Cl.,1,  M  TT 

l-ycopodium  amphmatim,  or  Traihnrr  r.    • 
's  a  n„..st  fascinati.u.  plant  uifh  f       ^  ^  Christmas  Green. 
•TC  forked,  .-nul  eve     l" vi         •    ""   '''''^'  '^''•'^"^h^^-  ^vHich 

^'•'•-•'".tips:,:.;:;::':,:  ;--^,;^-^^^ 

'"•■'^  ^'reen  lies  in  the  clnst.-r       r  '■^'''"^'  ^^''''^^- 

SMALL  SELAGINELLA 

•^  nioss-iiki'  plant     Leaves-        i    it 

Si'hK/inclla  nihcstrh    or   p^.i     c  i     • 


iV 


A 


i 


If: 


W'llJ)  FIJJWERS  OF  THE  XORTII 
AMERICAN  MOUXTAIXS 


SECTION  II 
TREES 


if 


^ 


iSi^T'i. 


7^^^* 


h 


Sl'.c  Tl<  t\   I! 

'ri<i:i:s 


'■US 


I 

,1 


YEW 

■/■/ w/.v  l'i;--ih'lia.      \  i  'A    l":ii-,iily 

A  tivr  tw>,iy  I,,  liny  hi-t  hmli.  uilh  -l<n,Ur,  M-rrnlin.^  ..r  .InM-pini; 
l.ran.lu-.  Leaves:  il,-.t.  nmcn  niair.  .uuminal.',  nNpi.laic.  t!ic  nia.mn, 
uv-lllU-.  al.Mipily  nair..u,.l  at  -li,  l.a-i^  i,:|,,  a  -Im.I  pcti-li'.  Fruit: 
scciU  lir.'a(!l_\    n\atc.  >Miin\\hal   tlatlciicl. 

A  hcamilnl  tree  with  t!,.,)  I.ark.  aii.l  dark  m I.- 1 m q .k- 
scik's,  \\h,,^c  i,„i-  I)ranJu'-  arv  i^ially  horizontal.  Tlic 
li-avfs  a:o  l.ri-lit  \  c!!o\\ -;^^:.,,^,„  .j|„,^.^,_  ^-..v^rfd  willi  a  wliilt- 
I'l'M'iii  hnicatli.  and  arc  pi-rsJM  ;iii  for  four  or  t'lw  \c-ars. 
I  1k'  trnit  is  a  lovrly  red,  \k--hy  ciii>.  i-oiita-'uiiii,^  a  hlack. 
lion\ -v.-oati'd  >c'<.ik 

WHITE-BARK    PINE 

/'iiiiis    (;/7v,-,;/(/m.      I'liu-    |-aniily 

An  c\iTi;ricii  itcf  with  lailuT  .niiM.ili.  liulu->-. .lonn',!  I)ark.  Leaves: 
-K-ii.liT,  rii;i.l.  uiih  a  Ku  p,u^  mI  ,1,,,-al  -,l..,i,ata  u,,  tlu  inM.lc.  enlirr! 
nr  iii-arly  .,  .  Flowers:  >o,rl,i.  Fruit:  o.n.-  maiurinu  U\v  mo.ii.1 
year,  sf-il.'.  l..,ri -i;tal.  >ul,iu-mina!.  oval  m  >.l,,l,nlar,  pnrpli.h-hniwn  ; 
seeds  ..\al,   aniti.',   tiiriiid. 

'I'liis  tree  -ro\v>  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet  hi-Ii,  usually  at 
altitudes  hetween  5,<)()()  and  y.^oo  feet,  anil  is  distin.unishe.l 
hy  the  ereaniy-uhite.  plate-like  .>eales  of  the  I)ark :  very 
llexihle  stout  hranrhe-:  slightly  ineurved  leaves,  -n.win'i; 
in  Inindles  of   live;   and   horizontal   ])ur|)iisli-l)r -\.n   cues 


Hm 


I  ii 


ff^k 


62 


Tnu 


•s 


I'    I.  rx..  s>v„,  stoN  are  ...,„•„  I,,  ,],>■  l,„li;,„-       m  ,,,,, 


MOUNTAIN  PINE 


/'/;/,<, 


/"■      I'nic  1  .iiiiily 


Fruit: ,.„,,,,,,,,.,,•,;;:,;;••;,,  •:-;'-^ ■>■'-.>.....,...,,.,.,. 


'I  lit'  Miiimt.iiii  I 


'"^-  ''^  'all  and    !i,„.  uitl,  s,.n,,l,..u  an,! 


soinruli-if     Ir      ■  1  I  -^l-'^.i'imj,'  aiK 

M)inc\\nat   .ln„,,i,|M-  I.raiK' ht-s.      I  I|..   l,,.!.   ,.„    ,. 

■         .       I  ■-■   •  1    111       IMFK      Mil       \(H|n<r      fr,.,.>; 

Platos  o,«™n,,  „„..,,l,  „.„.  „„r„lc  ,cak.s.      1 1,..      „    ' 
-HH,l™.-,.r„.„.a„Wvnc™l„i,|,,-,l,,v,.|v;,l,,.,,,,     ,,..    I 


>tl)r<l 
"I'lll.    prickly   pro- 


I 

t'.uanis   the  tnp.   an.l   tcrnnnatc   in 
tubcrance. 

BULL   PINE 

Piiius  f'i'ilcos.,.    Pint.  V:uw\y 

■-I'n":  S'; ';;;'■•;;:: ::-;;.  '■?"";  ';■"•■' '■  "•'■  ••'  «ie.i 

."■»••»■. ."-"-;.  .1';..;.  ,;':rt:  ,':■"■ ,  "'t'"  -■"' ^■ 

'■■  .1-  -■.^•-.■.":i  :l;rx;!:,::7;:,iL' •'-• '- ^  -''">"- 

Tlu.  l:„ll  I'ine  „,,,„.  fr,„„  „„,  |„„„!,,,|  ,„„,  ,;,.,^ 
«"    u,„.lml   fee,  hi,.i,  a„,|  has  ,|,„„  ,„„.|<  ,„a„v-    ,1 

larly  ,l,v„lc,l  nu,,  Wa,c.s.  and  ,se,„ra,c,i  nu!  ,,,iA  ..i;,-:;, 


(I 


T 


rcis 


fn 


sralcs.  Till-  Ivavcs  arc  .lark  >*ll..u-;,TiTn.  and  m  nknl  li., 
rows  of  stoiiiata  <mi  llictlirLT  tait-N.  I  l.iy  aic  r'rum  hvi'  u, 
eight  imhcs  lung. 

LODGE  POLE  PINE 

flmis  i-i>iili'il,i  :ar.  ^'iiii\i\.iiui.     i'iiic  I"iinil\ 

A  Mnall.  •.irniltr  tnc,  with  vtiv  titin  l>.irk  Leaves:  clilio.iitly  -t-r- 
nil.iif,  Fiui»;  .  n.-.  olilunK-oUiulii.,,!,  hlixlitly  ..I.li.jiti-  at  Of  I^m', 
t.i|)»TiiiK  tiuvariN  iIk      i ex. 

I  lie  L  .(1-r  I'nlr  I'liR-.  ,,fnii  r;,iu.,l  |;i;,ik  > <v  Ja-k  I'iiu-. 
is  very  al)iiii<i,iiit  ani.mg  tlu-  iiioinii  lin-.  and  inav  al\vav>  l>o 
rcrogni/cd  !)y  its  liglit  ..rai!gi-l)r<.\vn  Nark,  'ijie  hrainlivs 
arc  spreading  holow.  growing  uiivwirds  near  the  top,  and 
forming  a  pyramidal  head;  uhilo  flu-  loaves  are  light  green. 
and  the  small,  yellowish-hrown  cones  ;ire  ova!  and  shining, 

LYALL'S  LARCH 

/.(j//.r  Lynllii.     J'liif  I'.iniily 

A  -mall  trii.';  In,.  k-Ius  luiri/njit.il  an<l  a-cfU.JitiL,',  tln'  tiraiulilfts 
aiKJ  hiid-sc.il.  -  densely  piiln^ciiit  with  whitish  liairs.  Leaves:  iiar 
niwly  liiii'ar.  without  shtatlis,  in  t.isciiU-s  ,,ii  short,  latiT.il.  s.:il>  hn.l- 
like  hr.-iiu-hlcts,  ck-iiilu.  >  -  Flowers:  in  aiiU'nis,  short,  lateral,  nmnn- 
oioiis,  statniii.-.tr  from  Km  -,  hii.ls,  tlic  fertile  hnd-  .oiiiinoiily  lealy  at 
the  h.ise,  red.      Fruit:  eoms  ohiont;,  pr.iin|)tly  dnidiioii.s. 

Lyall's  Larch  is  a  \ery  lo\eIy  tree  It  is  not  an  e\er- 
.green.  Iji  Se|)teni1ier.  if  yon  look  u\)  to  where  the  conifers 
greet  the  edge  of  the  great  white  tti'ri's.  yon  will  see  a  zone 
of  glorious  flaming  yellow  folia.ge  adonn'ng  the  crags  ;uid 
cliffs,  and  s-parating  tlu-  rich  green  Hemlock.  Sprnce,  I'ine. 
and  l-"ir  from  the  purity  of  the  perjietiial  snows.  This  yel- 
low slieen  is  the  autumn  (hcss  of  the  Lwill's  L.irches:  for 
when  the  hrief  al|)ine  suutmer  is  past  the  leave>  of  the.se 
beautiful  trees,  which  gn  ^   in  clusters  out  of  woodv  cujjs. 


4S 


If; 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TSST    CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


^  APPLIED    IM/IGE    Jr 

^^.  '653   East    Mam    "Stfee? 

5r,S  ''ocheslc'-,    Ne*    "oru         "4603        ^3A 

'-SS  ;^i6^    482  -   030G  -  Pr^o-.e 

^^^  '^16;    288  -  =■-98-^   -  Vo, 


'v-ms^w3c-waF=~:is'.  ■-gwa^^M'Bji  a-vm  piiu.hiiji  ■■.»-  ^'aaivtH.-.s.'.  • 


PLATE  III 


Lpy: 


I-(||k;e  Poi.k  pixE 

il'iitHS  cuiitoria   r,;r.   Murniy.uia) 

64 


''^r^±''iwi  *■  ■^«i'?vsswsi;ir'. 


Trees 


(>; 


and  in  July  ;iri-  a  tiMuk-r  pale  j^rt'en,  turn  .Ljiildcn-lnud  lict'on.' 
llicy  fall. 

TIk'  coiifs  are  small  and  daintv  and  -iinn  drup  ,itY,  It  i> 
very  pleasant  to  pan^e  awhile  anmn^rst  a  i;rip\e  <i\  tlu-i'  e\- 
fpiisite  feathery  apple-^aeen  Larehe.s,  and  recall  the  w^rds 
lit  line  will)  >aid  : 

"  I'.fliird   iiu'   lay   llii'    force's   hii>lu'l   uil!i   slcrp  ; 
\'"'\c  nu'  in  it>  nr.niiU'  inau'  ly. 

rpliiii\  liki'.  tlic  peak  llirn'  -iU  iit  ci  iitiirii- 
Mel    !!:c   liiTiial    (pii'^ti'iii    ni'    tlu'    ^ky. 

XiclMf  at    la^t  —  tliroiH'il   nn    tlie  iTaHijiil   lu-ii:lit 
I  scan  till'  Kricn  ^tii'ii>  i>f  tlu'  nii.mitaiii  ^i(U 
WIktc  late  I  ti'ik'd.     TIr'  tMrcsl  lan(K  -trttrli  wide, 

And  in  lifip  \alk'.\s  farms  ji't-'ani   far  ,-,nd  uliiic, 

Vistas  nf  di->t;uux-  lircak  niion  my  >iiiht. 

riu'  piiii)lcd  plain  cri-cp>  lo  tlio  -ky's  Mnc  rim, 
W'luTc  new  l)cak^  j^atlicr  stili-tanrfle---  and  ■nni, 

As  lialt-rfnH'!nl)eri,'<l  dreams  at  nountinu-  li^lil. 

"  lietween  two  silences  my  sotd  llnats  ^till 

As  any  white  clinid  in  iliis  vnnn\  air. 

,\'n  sonnd  I  if  li\in^'  lireaks  npnti  my  I'ar, 
No  strain  of  thought — no  re>tle->  Imman   will  — 

Oidy  the  virgin  (piiet,  e\eryuhire  — 

I''artll  never  seemed  --o  far,  or  Heaven  -o  near. 
In  the  awed  silence  of  this  dim  high  place 

One  keeping  vigil  might  not   tear,  indeed, 

If  it  hefel!  hint  as  th.at  man  of  nld, 
\\'\U)  in  the  motmt.iin  met  (lod  face  to  face." 

WHITE  SPRUCE 

r'uwi  iaiiiulriisis.     Pine  I'amily 

A  tnll  tree.  Leaves:  incnr\ed,  acme,  terminating  in  rigid  cillons 
tips.  Flowers:  staminate  jiale  red,  >onn  ajipiariiig  yellow  from  the 
thick  covering  of  pollen.  Fruit:  cones  nearly  ^es-ile,  pendiiloti-,  ohloiig- 
cylindrical,  ohtnse  at  the  apex. 

The  White  Siinice  has  im])lcasant-sinellin,cf  fnlia^e.  'I''ie 
branches  sweep  nut  in  .i,Taceful  eiir\es,  and  the  tree  is  \)  ■   - 


,  y 


t    ■  i 


^%4 


k 


i      i 


PLATE  IV 


Iff" 


Engelmann's  Si-rice 
(Picca  Engelmatini) 

66 


Trees 


67 


iiiidal  in  outline.  The  sharp  pointed  needles,  which  are 
inserted  sin^dy,  are  crowded  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
hraiiches  I)y  tlie  twistinj^f  of  those  on  the  under  side,  and 
are  hglit  hhie-j;reen  or  hhiish  in  colour.  The  pendulous 
cones  are  ohlonj;  and  j^reen  tinj^ed  with  red,  becoming  pale 
hrown  and  lustrous  at  maturity. 


HI  '    -^ 


ENGELMANN'S  SPRUCE 

I'icca  liiii^i'Iiiianni.     Pine  Family 

.'\ii  evergreen  tree,  fifty  to  one  luuulred  and  tilty  feet  liigli,  two  to 
five  feet  in  diameter,  vvitli  spreading  branches  in  regular  wliorls  and 
piil)escent  Ijranchlets.  Leaves:  keeled  above  and  beneath,  tretrai-VMial, 
acute.  Flowers:  staminate  ones  dark  purple,  axillary  and  terminal 
on  the  pres  ions  year's  branchlets,  oblong-cylindrical ;  pistillate  aments 
bright  scarlet,  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets.  Fruit:  "-ones  pen- 
dulous, seeds  imbedded  in  the  membranous  base  of  the  wing. 

Mngelmann'.s  Spruce  grows  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet 
in  the  mountains,  and  is  a  very  disagreea])le-smelling  tree. 
It  is  widely  distributed,  and  has  rich  cinnamon-coloured 
bark,  and  sharp  pointed  blue-green  leaves  which  are  in- 
serted singly  and  stand  out  in  all  directions  from  the  vigor- 
ous branches,  that  grow  in  whorls  round  the  stem.  Many 
tiny  branchlets  hang  from  the  main  branches.  When  you 
take  hold  of  a  branch  of  this  tree  the  leaves  feel  harsh,  and 
the  ends  of  them  will  hurt  your  hnnd.  The  drooping  cones 
mature  the  first  year,  they  are  green  tinged  with  reddish- 
purple,  and  when  mature  become  a  light  chestnut  brown. 

BALSAM  FIR 

Abii'S  lasiocarf^a.     Pine  Family 

An  evergreen  tree  fifty  to  seventy-five  feet  high.  Leaves:  those  of 
the  main  branches  linear,  rounded  or  notched  at  the  apex,  those  of 
the  branchlets  flattened,  and  with  long  rigid  points.  Flowers:  the 
staminate  indigo-blue,  from  tiie  a.xils  of  the  previous  year's  leaves ;  the 


I 


llff' 


i 


(.1  bit's  /(/.v(()^(I.■•,^,7) 
68 


', 


I! 


il 


gr/iiJ^mt  -T'Ki-^lttjaM'i  -&rau 


Tri'dt 


fn) 


lii^tilliite  with  vink-t,  uliuvati-  mmIi-s,  latiT.iI,  rrert.  Fruit:  (.•nc^  trrit, 
c\  lindric.il  tn  dvni"!,  tlii-ir  liniad  nlittisc  scalis  fli'iidiKni--  lri>in  tlu-  pcr- 
>ist<.'iit  ciiitral  a\i^. 

This  small  conifer  has  sniDoth  Iiark  (h\i(k<l  hv  ^hallow 
fissure's  soiiK-what  rniijrlKMicd  hy  ciiiiianicii-ri'il  si-.iK-;.  and 
droopinj,'  lower  hraiK-lu-s.  the  upper  ones  t'onniiiL;-  ^pire  like 
heads.  If  ynn  take  hold  of  a  hraneh  it  feeK  <|iiite  ^^ft  in 
the  hand.  The  nee(lle>  which  are  rounded  or  -hallow - 
notched  at  the  apex,  are  whiti>h  lielow  with  a  i;rei'n  niiilrih 
and  the  two  resin-ducts  are  iinhedded  in  ihem.  The  hud- 
are  -mall,  round  and  .j^iiininv. 

WESTERN  HEMLOCK 

Tsioni  lu-liTi'i  hxiui.     I'iiu-   I  amily 

A  t;'.ll,  i'\iT'4rccii  tret'  Leaves:  llat  or  -■iiicwli.it  anyliNl,  linear, 
aliruptly  pftinKil,  iiiliro  <>r  .siiiiuiIuM'-srrratt-  tuvvard^  tlu'  iMnndcd  afix. 
Flowers:  the  -taininatc  <<uvs  yi-llow,  a  ^ulpuhihuse  chi^tcr  ni  -t.nni'ii^ 
ill  the  axil>  nt  la-I  year'>  leaves:  the  pistillate  imes  terniiii.il  ir,\  the 
I)re\iiins  year's  liraiielilet-.  Fruit:  eoius  pendnlnu^,  very  sm.ill,  (ililoiiK- 
eylindrieal,  acute,  >li^htly  pnt)e>ceiit. 

This  tree  has  reddish-hrown  hark  ami  conspicuouslv 
fjrooved  leaves,  which  are  rounded  at  the  apex,  dark  ^reen, 
and  very  lustrous  on  the  top,  and  marked  I)elow  hv  hroad 
white  hands.  The  folias,^'  has  a  i^eneraily  feathery  appear- 
ance, and  the  cones  are  \erv  small. 


M 


! 


MOUNTAIN  HEMLOCK 

Tsi(:^ti   M cririisiana.     I'iiie    I'^aniily 

A  larifc,  everi:reen  tree,  with  >lender  ixiliesant  hranchlets,  .Mid  dark 
^recii  foliaiie.  Leaves:  aii.mdar,  aeiiti>h,  ;ittennate  ,it  tiie  li,i>e,  often 
curved,  tumat()>e  and  kee]e<l  un  Imth  sides,  niKi|nal.  .ippe.ariii).;  as  if  in 
fascicles.  Flowers:  the  staniin.ite  ones  nn  very  •-lendci  (lriiu])in,L;  stems; 
the  pi-till.ite  ones  erect.     Fruit:  cones  oljlonK-cylindrie  il,  l.irge. 


It  4 


PLATE  VI 


Eh      . 


Mountain  Hemlock 
(Tsuna  Mcrti-iisuina) 

TO 


J 


:e ; 


Trees 


I 


\\i 


Tliis  Hciiiloik  lias  lc.-ivf»,  u  liicli  arc  liriiilit  unoii  Imlli 
alj()vc  and  hclow,  standiti},'  out  iroiii  all  sides  of  tin-  hraiulu-. 
a!id  cones  which  are  erect  \\he:i  yoiiiii,'.  and  iici\du!o\is  at 
maturity. 

DOUGLAS  FIR 

I'scuJotsuiiii  tiixihiliii,     I'liu    Family 

A  \cry  larm'  trii.  I'lniii  niic  liiiiulrfil  ti>  ilirti-  Immlnil  lii't  liiuli,  tu" 
lo  til'tccii  fi'ct  ill  (li.iiiuttr.  Leaves:  lunar,  oIiIum',  uitli  t\M)  laiiral 
roin-ihicls  cIum-  tu  tlie  ciiiilerir.is  I'f  tlii'  li>\vir  nuIc.  Flowers:  iii"iiii- 
cioiis,  fmin  the  axiK  of  tlu-  prcviniis  yi-ar'>  kave^  ;  tlit;  -l  innnati  nms 
an  oliloiiK  column  Mirromifkil  ami  partly  tiul  .,t'(l  l.y  nmmrnii-,  imh- 
spicuon.s  l)ii(l-scalcs  :  tla-  jH'-tillati'  uni'^  willi  scales  miuii  sii^irtir  lli  an  tlu- 
iini-ar,  ari>tate  lirafis.  Fruit:  tlu'  i-oiics  maturing  tlit-  lirsi  year,  witii 
persistent  scak-s  aiul  cxscrted  kracts. 

'I'his  j,'rand  tree  is  one  of  the  glories  of  the  forest,  with 
its  j^lossy,  crowded  leaves,  which  are  rounded  at  the  apex, 
yelhnvish-green  on  the  top  and  have  a  j.,Meen  niidnerve  he- 
neath.  Its  enormous  tnnik.  covered  with  rou.i.;h,  brown 
bark,  stands  up  tall  and  straij^ht  like  a  |.,n.iiantic  shijj's  nia>t, 
while  the  cones  are  pendant  on  lonj,'  stout  .stems,  and  have 
fident-shaped  bracts  below  the  scales. 

RED  CEDAR 

Thuya  /'/iki/cJ.     I'iiic   I'nmily 

'  tree,  with  thin,  tikrons  k;irk-,  .and  scattered  kraiulu-..     Leaves: 
site,    ovate,    acuminate,    snk|)nn>»eiit.    adnate,    iiukricatid    in    l"nr 
rows      Flowers:   terminal,   ikc   staminau    (nie^   numerous,   very   ^umII. 
Fruit:  cones  maturing  tlie  first  season,  small,  soon  strongly  rellexed 

A  tree  which  grows  as  hifjh  as  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet, 
and  has  very  beautiful,  shininp;  everjjreen  foli;ij^e.  The 
cones  are  cinnamon-coloured,  and  thickly  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets,  the  seeds  being  compressed,  and 


^ 


' 


PI.ATK  MI 


n 


f 


L 


I\'kii  C"kiiah 
(  ■/'Aim,,   />//,,,/,; ) 


72 


7 


ties 


lU'.'irK  n|ii;ill\   \\inu:iil.       I  lu'  lliiii  li;irk  i>  lMii,'lit  iiini;im'>n 
rc<l.  .iinl  liriikcii  I  III  ilu'  Mtrtair  mtn  IhHl;  ii.irr"U  ,  m.^i-  ,iri|t>. 

ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  JUNIPER 

Jiiiiip,  I  ii.s    M  •■[III  I  mil.     I'liu'    I- .mill) 

A  III'  uii  I'l  I'.i'iv  iiiiliiLili.  Leaves:  ■.|i|i">itf  111  p'l'''-.  -piiii  >  I'Pin'iI, 
iln-iK  .ijijiii -•(•cl.  inil.ri'  .(.1.  1. i!ir  1  ii'kr.l,  uiiu.  Fruit:  luirj  like 
I'liiii--,   i;l.iiu'"ii-,   Ip.iiiii-   1.11    -IV,, milt    inili!iu-Ir  like    liraiiililcl ^. 

riii>  i^  lilt'  luiiiprr  \'r^\'  <<i  \\\v  \\\'-t.  \\lii>-f  Iiraiu'lu'^ 
aii|nar  i|!Milraiii,nlai  "U  iii^  1'  i  llic  tlatliiii'cl  iiiauiuT  in  wlncli 
tlu-  t'l  lur-raiikril  k'a\i'>  •j.r<>\\  mi  tlu-  twiu-  I  ln'  ln-rrv -like 
iiiiii-.  ari'  iirij^lit   liliu',   ^wi-rt,  ami  (.'in  crcd  with  a  uliitixli 

llll  icilll. 

Jtinipcnis  lu>ri:ontalis.  '>r  (  ri'i'i'int;  luniiKT.  is  a  (lr|in.'s>«(.'il. 
ami  ii-tia11\  ]iri>rniiilRiit  -liriili,  -.(.•Idnin  ,L;ri)U  iii<,f  nmrr  than 
thrt.'c  tcft  hi.^h.  It>  Kmm^  an-  similar  tc.  tlmsc  ut'  tlu'  Ki'iky 
Moiiinain  Jiuiiiiir,  ami  it^  fruit  is  a  hhic  hcrry-liki'  i  mk.-. 
niiilainiii;^  mu'  to  t'lHir  sfids,  whc-rcas  iho  prci'CMlini;  species 
is  1  inl\  c  piu-  t'l  t\\i '  si'dlcd. 

junil'cnis  iniiiniiinis  :ar.  tiwutana.  nr  Alpmc  Juiiiprr,  is 
a  \cr\  (k  pressed,  aliiinst  pnistrati-  spoi-ies  of  Inniprr,  which 
fiTiUs  (ill  tln'  i;iiiti"i|  lar;4e  lircular  iiaulu's  that  sdnu'tiiiK's 
extiiul  til  t(.i;  Iret  in  iliainetii .  It  ,L;ni\\s  at  extreiiifl}  hii^li 
altitmks,  ami  i^  >  iiu'  of  the  last  sii^ns  <if  ve.u'etatinii  em-niin- 
tered  mar  the  tree-line.  The  !ea\es,  which  densely  cmer 
the  liramlies,  are  channelled,  and  s,  niiftinies  whitened  mi  the 
surface:  the\  are  >(.•!  in  \i.'rticils  ot  three  mi  the  twi^^s.  'ihe 
emies  are  herrx-like,  heiiu'  munded.  siiKioth.  an<l  dark  hlne. 


,^' 


HOARY        xLLOW 

.V(;/(.r  Candida.     Willow   l''ainily 

All  (Tci't  -Iinil).     .T    ,aves:  iiii'-i-A-iiilv   w  liitc-t"mriit"M.-  In'iu-atli,  urt-i'ti 
iii.l  liii.-iK    .(.iiHiit. '-1   ali'iM',  ..IiImhi;  kiiuiulati-.  thick,  -pariiiiily  ilfiitate 


\     ^ 


74 


I'viU 


$ 


^^_^^        O  "..IrK.     Fru.t.  a  .ars.K,  ...„„|  ,.„,,.  ,,„„_  ,,^.,„^,,^,  ,„,,,^.^^ 

TiK-  ,.Mi,„c.,|  |,,vc.s  of  ,|H.  II.,,,.,  xvii,,,,,  ,,^.  ,„,,,„^,,^. 

;;;''--;'''^-l--aII>I.nK.a,l.an.|,!u.n,|.tvloi.tluvc 
2;-    '•'--;''- >'iKnK.s.     Tl.c..I.k.r.ui^s..f,|,is.I,n,l, 

an.    t  K-  yonn;;cT  ...ks  arc-  u  h,tcMv....||v  I.kc-  tl.c  loaves 
JaUs   /u,nlayi,   or    DardaVs    WiHou.    ha.   .lark   i.rown 

jjsa,u    .nalU-avc..  winch  arc  a  pale, rcnH.n^ 
<larkc.  o„  ,h,  top.      Son.ct.nH-s  yo„  will  fm.l  o„  ,his  Willow 
a  nnn.kT  of  curions  rosc-l.kc  arra„ronu-nts  .mninati,,,.  the 
l>ram,..s.,hcscarcMla.rc.suh..fthcuorkofa^^^^^^^^^^ 
Kan  u.sm  an.l  look  exactly  like  re.Mish-.reen  roses. 

.S„/u   l.rrattnnu,  or  narratt's   Willow,   is  a  s.nail  tree 

andTlT.      '•;  ■;■"  *"  ''''  '''•'  '■•■^^"-  -^"  '-^"^^  ^-v  hark. 
.   oh     .,..  .  ark  ^ree„  leaves,  uhich  heco.ne  rusty  heneath 

.  n^    tl  T":  "■'  ^"'■^'  ''^"^<^'>-'l"-^recl.  the  scales 

'   n.'  i.lack  or  red  at  the  apex,  an.l  woolly  with  Ion,  white 

.y.,/M-  nchhiana,  or  I'.rown  Willow,  is  sometimes  a  shrnh 
a".l  son,etnnes  a  hushy  tree  twenty-five  feet  hi,h.  It  has 
^•"•l;-'l.  l><>."t.-.l.  ,ray-,reen  leaves,  often  tinned  with  red 
<"'  the  npper  surface,  and  w.,ollv  underneath 

.S.///.r  mralis.  or  Alpine  Willow,  is  a  small  species  ,r.-w- 
in,  very  high  up  on  the  m..untains 

.SWm-  f,ctn>f^i,iia,  or  Dwarf  Willow,  is  a  low  creeping 
s      K  w.th  narnnv  leaves  al..>.,t  an  inch  Ion,,  which  Lve 

Saliv  rcstita,  or  Hairy  Willo„.  .s  a  low  shruh  with  four- 
.s..led  green  tw,,s,  and  thick.  e„-shaped  leaves,  which  have 


mm.'^ 


^y-iM'^'. 


iJIL^' 


Trt'fs 


•? 


>lij4hti  .i\  V  iii.ir^iiH  dark  ^n-tn  ami  ".mmilli  t.ti  tlu'  t<i|». 
and  silky  timlrnuMlli.  Tlii'  amiT.ts  arc  stalked,  aiil  tin- 
capsuU's  arc  drii^tly  silky-li.iir\ . 

.V(;//.r  sitiliiiisis.  <>r  Sitka  \\  ■"  <\\ ,  \>  a  stra^jj^Iiiiij  -hrnl). 
or  a  iiunli-'iramlu'il  trvc,  iili  n-ddisli-lirnuti  liark.  -'■  ndcr, 
(li-wiiy  Itraiulu's,  and  Iravi's  wliirli  arr  dark  L^rtrti  alimc. 
and  tliiikly  tii\ci»(|  lii-iifiili  uilli  ln~u     i«.  ».itiin  1,  iir>. 

Salix  iiritiiii,  nr  Antii'  \\  dl^w.  j,  a  l^u  liraiu  limi,'  slirtil>. 
with  cjl:,l,'— liapitl  Iia\i's  narrowed  at  tlii'  iia--i'.  and  L;ro\\in.L; 
on  lon}4  lial'-stalks. 

ASPCN  POPLAR 

l\<['\ilus    III  iinil,iiil,-<.     l'"iM,ir    l'";imily 

A  sicivler  tm-  wiili  ■  .  >fll"\vi>li  Itmssii  cir  |>.i!c  I'.irk.  Leaves: 
ovnti-,  slinrt-licnmiiKitc  at  ilic  :iiii\,  liiu'lv  (Ttiiiilalr,  numili-'l  '.r  >iili- 
i  >r<latf  at  tlif  l)a^i'.  Flowers:  Amint^  (IroLpim,'.  iliii^t-.  Fruit:  cap- 
sule iniiic,  aiMitr,  |iaiiilli-c. 

Tlie  Aspen  Toplar  i>  '>m-  of  the  prettiest  trees  aniniii;  the 
monntains.  and  when  the  wind  hlows  its  tiny  heart-shaped 
leaves,  j^rowiny;  <in  very  slender  little  stalks,  treinMt  with  :r 
soft  rattliiii,'  sonnd.     The  i^)wers  jjrow  in  rather  stont  cat- 
kins. 

Popuhis  Intlsaiiiifrrd.  or  I'.aliii  of  (iilead  as  leaves 
rounded  at  the  hase  and  pointed  at  the  ;ipex.  lif  •  toothed, 
and  with  slij^htly  revolnte  inarj,nns,  that  are  dark  j^reen  aho\e 
and  pale  j,Teen  and  soniewh.at  riisty  hclow.  This  tree  ijrows 
to  a  hundred  feet  in  heii^ht,  has  stout  erect  l)ranches.  more 
or  less  contorted  towards  the  ends,  and  hmw  ii  hark  tini,H'd 
with  red.  which  on  older  trunks  hecoincs  .L,'reyish  and  divided 
into  l)roa(l  ridf^cs  covered  with  closely  appressed  scales. 

Popiilus  trkhiH-arpii,  or  Western  I'alsani  Toplar.  has 
smooth  ashy-tjrcy  hark,  ami  stout  ui)ri,i;ht  s])readinj; 
branches.     The  large  buds  are  very  fragrant  and  resinous, 


W' 


i 


'■■n 

'ill 


U 


ii« 


76_ 

and  the  !c;i\cs,  which  ir 
liiicly  todtlicd,  (lark 


ri'i's 


row  on  Ion<r  stalks,  arc 


c<,rj,'-sh;i 


I  ted. 


io..tnc(l.  (lark  <,^rccn  on  tlic  top  and  (,nite  pale  hcneath. 
I  lie  catknis  arc  slender. 

/'oM".s'  ocumimtta,  or  Cottonwood,  is  a  nnicl,  smaller 
tree  than  the  precedin-  species.  It  has  stout  spreadin-^  as- 
a-n(hn,i;-  hranches  forniin-  a  nmnded  head,  verv  pointed 
leaves  winch  are  toothed  except  near  the  apex  and'ha^c  and 
pale  j,rrey-hr.nvn  hark  divided  into  l.road  Hat  ridges.  The 
I'ark  on  the  yonn-  stems  and  the  branches  is  s.nooth  and 
nearly  white. 

BLACK  BIRCH 

HcIhLi  foHliiuilis.     Ilircli    I'ainily 
A    tree    with    sn)n,„h    l,n.,uo    W.vk.     Leaves:    l.ma.lly    ..vatc.    acute 

Flowers    >ta,n.Ma,e  a-nents  cInMere.l  ui,l,  l,,lu  l,n,wn  .caks.  ,„.>illat 
..nens    .h,„t-.talke.l.    ui,l,   ..ate   anUe   .ree„    .-al..     Fruit       truh. 
cylMHincal.  ,,ul.erul,.„s,  erect  ..r  ,e,u'„l„„s  .,„  slen,ler  stalks. 

Tlu'  lilack  I'.irch  is  a  small  tree  with  slender  spreading 
1)cndtd..ns   branches  and   Instnms   copper  or   hronxe   hark 
Hie  leaves  are  l.n.ad.  and  pointed  at  the  apex,  pale  -reen 
aI.ove.   and   yellowish   with   minute   -landular  d..ts   below 
t  KMr  short  stems  often  sli<,d,tly  reddened,  and  thev  turn  com- 
pletely yellow  m  the  autunni  before  fallins,'. 

Bctula  alba  var.  M/^yrifrra.  or  I'aper  "liirch.  is  a  lar-e 
forest  tree,  with  outer  lustrous  white  bark  peclin^r  off  ?„ 
thin  layers,  and  <hscl,.sin-  the  inner  oran-e  stir  face  The 
leaves  are  ovate,  very  pointed,  also  carselv  double-toothed 
all  round,  and  rounded  at  the  base. 

_    Bcfula  fjlamhilosa,  or  1  )warf  I'.irch.  is  a  stnall  shrub  -row- 
in,^^  from  one  to  live  feet  hi-h.  or  procumbent  at  hish  alti- 
tudes,   with  Glandular,   warty  twigs,  and  rounded  leaves 
bluntly  toothed. 


fl'CS 


// 


MOUNTAIN  ALDER 

.llinis  siiiiiiitt!.     I'.in-li   i'amilv 

A  sni;ill  iri'i-  <<r  -Iinil).  Leaves:  cwitc.  :icimiiiirilc,  mI,iii-i-  or  i-rrnati- 
at  tlif  lia-i'.     Flowers:  ameut-  ..f  lu'lli  kiiicN  on  loiii;,  -IciuIit  ih'iIiiikIi'-. 

'I'lic  Mniint.iin  AIiUt  has  ratluT  dark  bark,  and  Iiri^lu 
s,M-crn  U'a\cs,  \\ln\li  arc  dotihly  tontlu-d,  thin,  and  \ctv 
.i;un!niy  whni  yinini^-.  'IIk'  staniin.alf  aniriits  ;iro  ]n'n(hilnus, 
hkc  r;itkin'-.  .and  the  pistillate  i>iU'>  arc  nmndcd  .and  vvvvi. 

.Ihiii.s-  siliiu-ii.sis.  i>y  Siic'ckU'd  AIcUt.  has  hmun  l).ark.  .and 
broack'r  k'axrs  lli.in  the  prcrtvhni;-  -pri-ies.  these  k'.aves  are 
acntely  di  nihly-tnMthed  h.i^ht  .i^reen  on  h.  ith  -ides,  and 
speckled  with  white.       iliis  tree  .urows  in  wet  pkiccs. 

WESTERN  MOUNTAIN  ASH 

Pynis  s<'iii!'iicif,'liu.     Ro-c  l^iinily 

Leaves:  alli'rnato,  iiinnati-;  Icalli-t^  m.'\(.'1i  to  tittron.  laiu'i'olali'.  sliort- 
l>oititi  il  at  till'  a]if\,  sharply  si'iTatt'.  iilalnons  ami  daik  yrci'ii  ,il)o\c,  pale 
.-md  iiiorr  or  K --  piiln-rrnt  iiciuatli.  P'lowers:  uliilr.  iii  tiriiiiiial  com- 
poiiiid  I'viiivs  :  calv  \-tiil)r  nrn--liapi-i!,  t"i\  t'-lolird,  not  Kraitcol.itc  :  pftaN 
five,  sprcadiiiL;,  -liort-clawid.     Fruit:  a  >niall,  n-d,  iicrry-IiUi-  poini-,  liiitiT. 

This  is  the  Rdwan  'l>ec  of  the  nionnt.ain  reqinns,  and  a 
very  haiKNoiiH-  shrtih  or  tree  it  is.  soinetinics  attainini,^  ;i 
hci!.;ht  of  twenty  feet,  hut  nsn.ally  i;n)wint(  onlv  from  six 
to  llfteen   feet  hii;h. 

'i'he  k-a\es  ;irc  (kark  i^recn  on  the  top  .and  a  much  p.ak'r 
hue  ^eiieatli.  The  llower-hnds  ;ire  a  (k'hcate  sh.ide  of 
creain\-  pink,  and  ttirn  whitr  when  thi'v  CNp.and  in  the  sun- 
shine, the  \\ide-o])en  lilo--,  ,!ns  havini,^  a  (kirkened  appear- 
ance in  their  centres,  caused  by  tlie  numerous  stamens. 
This  sliriil)  is  found  at  ^rcat  altituik-s.  j^rowinj^  ck)se  to  the 
edije  of  ])erpetu;il  >now  ;md  ijcarinj.,''  (piantities  of  splctichd 
f(jha,::,'e  and  huq;e  chistcred  cymes  of  soft-tinted  flowers, 
which  (h'ffu'e  an  extremely  puniLTent  odour. 


;h' 


Id 


^■\u 


4'i 


pn 


•    'I 


78 


T 


rees 


|;: 


The  Kowan  Tree  is  famed  in  verse  and  lejj^end.  hut  surely 
no  tenderer  poem  was  ever  penned  in  its  honour  than  the 
old  immortal  sonjj;: 

"()  R,.\v,-m  tree!  O  K..\van  tree!  tlmu  "It  aye  he  dear  to  me; 
I'".titw!tie<l  tlioii  art  wi'  numy  ties  o'  liaiiic  and  infancy. 
Illy  leaves  were  aye  the  f.rst  n'  sprinn,  thy  llowers  the  "simmer's  pride; 
1  liere  w.is  nae  sic  a  honnie  tree  in  a'  the  cunntrie  side, 

O   Rowan  tree! 

"Hew  fair  wert  thou  in  simmer  time,  wi"  a'  thy  clusters  white! 
How  rich  and  ^ay  thy  aiitmnn  dress,  wi"  herries  red  and  hrisht! 
We  sat  aneath  thy  sprea.linK  shade ;  the  hairnies   round  thee  ran ; 
They  pu'd  thy  honnie  herries  re.l.  and  necklaces  they  Strang, 

I)  R<>wan  tree  !  " 

WESTERN  CHOKE  CHERRY 

J'lunus  driiiissd.     Rose  Family 
A  small  tree  ..r  shrni).  attaiiniijr  ;,  heijj:ht  of  thirty  feet,  hut  usually 
smaller.     Leaves:    ohovate,    thick,    acute    at    the    apex,    short-serrate. 
Flowers:  racemes  densely-tlowered,  terminating  leatly  hranches.     Fruit: 
a  drupe,  glolmse,  stone  ^lohular. 

This  Cherry  has  lonj^-shaped  clusters  of  small  white 
flowers  at  the  etuis  of  the  leafy  hranches.  and  the  edihle 
frtiit  is  tleshy,  dark  purple,  and  sweet,  hut  slightly  astringent, 
the  seed  containing  pnissic  acid. 

DWARF  MAPLE 

-•/<■<•;-  i^labnim.     Maple  Family 

A  small  tree  or  shrnh,  with  a  maximum  height  of  thirty-five  feet. 
Leaves:  opposite,  simple,  palmately  lohcd,  the  lohes  acute,  sharply  ser- 
rate. Flowers:  in  numerous  small,  lateral  and  terminal  sessile,  corymb- 
like racemes.  Fruit:  of  two  long- winged  samaras,  joined  at  the  base, 
one  seeded,  glabrous,  shining,  little  diverging. 

This  is  the  Maple  of  the  mountains,  and  has  lovely  foliage, 
greenish-yellow  flowers,  and  quantities  of  long-winged 
fruit. 


"""nliBiaiiu 


i 


llr 


WILD  FI.OWRRS  OF  TIIR  XORTII 
AxMKRICAX  MOUXTAIXS 

SI<:CTIOX  III 
REEDS.  GRASSES.  SEDGES  AXD  RL'SHES 


'   ;' 


! 


mer^\mf^'m['jiki^'r'i  -  ->'^''"ie- 


ti 


si-:c"ii(  ).\  III 

REEDS,  CRASSI'S.   Si:i)(,i:s   AXI)   RL'Slll-.s 

BROAD-LEAVED  CAT-TAIL 

lyrlui    lali!,'ii,:.     Cn-t.-nl    I'.niiily 
Stems:    stout.     Leaves:    nearly    c,|nai;i„«    ,,r    c-xaH.!in-    thf    <tfm. 
Inu'ar,  Hat,  cnMfnriii.  will.  slii-ailnn«  l,a>,..     Flowers:  vorv  i.MnRT..n.  in 
•  Irnsc,  tunnnal  s'iU-.     Fruit:  nnt  likr.  .small,  mm,.,,:,    ^plntin.n  ,,n  uir. 

A  oniniiK.ii  niarsli  plant,  with  hm-  ril.l..m-likc  k-avcs,  and 
a  tall  >lc'in  Minno'intnl  l.y  a  (kiiM-.  .lark-l,rMun  i1..\vit  spike. 
'I'lic  .)!(!  Italian  .Makers  fiv.|unitly  jKiintul  the  Cat-tail  in 
flic  hand  ui  the  Savieur  as  a  ni(,d<-sccpti-c  in  tlu-ir  pirtnrcs 
of  tile  Cnmiiin^r  oi  the  Christ  with  'Ihonis.  It  is  ottcn 
(.■oiituscd  with  the  lltilrush  (Srirpns). 

SIMPLE-STEMMED  BUR-REED 

Stari^aiiiniii  siiii/^hw.      I'.nr-Rcivl    I'amily 
Stems:  cm-t  or  lloatins.     Leaves:  nior,.  or  Ics-  tri,nu-tron..  lin.ar    al- 
ternate    Flowers:  cKn^K  cruu,!c.l  in  l,l,,l.,„c.  lua.ls  a.  tar  n|,|„-r  pari 
of  till-  stem.     Fruit:  nni-like.  onc-cilU'il. 

I;i  h".i:-.  .ind  at  the  c<Iov  of  nmnntain  ponds  and  streams, 
this  common  I'.ur-reed  is  very  ahnndant.  It  mav  readily  he 
re.-o^niized.  .so  perfectly  does  its  name  desrrihe  it^  two  chief 
characteristics,  namely  its  hnrdike  hn.wnish  tlower-heads, 
and  reed-like  stems. 

81 


82 


^1 


i '' 


Ri^s.  Grasses.  Sedtjcs  and  Rush 


es 


;•?-*-' 
-■•K 


MARSH  ARROW  GRASS 

r>i:;l,ulmi  t<,iliistns.    Arrow-Ki   >^  Family 
Ju!rte^:    Rootstock:  .hort.  ..Mi.,,,,   .i„,  sl.ukT,   f„«,.ui„us 
jnn...,t,.  neH.ace....s,  ..f  three  o.ncavc  ...a.s  a.ui  ....  petal.     Fruit: 

A  marsh  plant,  with  narrow  loaves  tapc-rini,'  to  a  point 
and  j,n-c-cn,>h-ycIIou-  llowcr.>  nrouin.t,'  in  a  lon-shapcc!  hcacl.' 

ALPINE  TIMOTHY 

I'hlcuin  iil/'iiiiim.     (iiass  l-"amilv 
Clum:  Rla1,ro,,s.  erect,    .i.nple.  sheaths  .,f,en  u.nU  shorter  ,han  ,he 
mt  rn  .1,,  s,„„ei,„u.,  1„„,,,.     Leaves:  sn,....,h  hc.a.h.  scahn.t.s  al.-ve 
S>pike:  sliort.  ovoi.l  to  <.l,l<,„p.  cylin.lric. 

A  pm-nnial  -rass,  with  Hat  leaves,  and  numerous  dense 
one-dowered  .spikelets. 

CaUwnu/roslis  ca,mhv,sis,  or  Bhie-foint  Grass,  has  Hat 
leaves,  and  open  panicles  of  a  purplish  colour.  It  ijrows 
principall    in  wet  meadows. 

Poa  alpina,  or  Alpine  Spear  Grass,  has  short,  pointed 
iii^xy^^,  and  panicles  from  one  to  three  inches  in  Ici-t!-. 

1-cstuca  ovina.  or  Sheep's  I-escne  Grass,  .i^rows  in  a  tiifted 
fashion,  and  has  thread-hke  leaves  growing,  fron,  the  hase 
of  the  i.lant.  its  panicles  heincr  often  one-sided  and  tlattened. 
It  :s  ahundant  in  dry  meadows,  and  rockv  places 

Bronius  Rkhardsonii,  or  Frin-ed  P.rome  Grass,  resem- 
bles oats,  and  has  wide  leaves  which  are  sm,     ih  beneath 
a"<I  rouj^h  on  the  top.     The  panicle  is  composed  of  nianv 
branches,  each  one  terminating  in  spreading  or  drooping 
spikelets,  with  tiny  awns. 

Ilordcum  jubatum.  or  Squirrel-tail  Grass,  is  one  of  the 
bandsomest  and  most  remarkable  grasses  in  mountain  re- 


£~«e^  -iv**,)^"^- 


Reeds,  Grasses,  SeJt/es  and  Rushes  83 


gions.  The  spikelets  with  their  slender,  nm-rh  awns  fmiii 
an  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  loni,'.  re>^clnllle  harhs.  and 
these  awns  turn  to  a  warm,  rich  red(h>h  hue  as  tlie  stiniiiicr 
advances,  and  present  a  heautit'nl  appearance  as  lhe\  swiiij,' 
and  s\vay  in  the  wind. 

"  In  the  snniiiKT  of  the  sumniiT,  when  the  h.i/y  air  is   swcit 
With  the  hreaih  of  ■•rinisoii  vlover.  ami  the  ilay's  a-^hiiie   witli   lieat, 
When   the   sky   is   hhie   ami   htiniiiiij   and   tiic   ilmuK   a   (l'n\n_\    ina>s. 
When  the  bree-^e  is  idly  <lawdlinf<,  tlitri'  i^  inii-ic  in  lije  y,r;\<,- 

"jti'>t    a   tliistly,   wliistly   -ound 
In    the    laiiHk-.    near    the   Kninnd  ; 
And  the  tiittinK  fairies  often  >tu|)  to  li>ter.  as  iliey  |m>>  ; 
Just  a  lisping,  whisp'rini;  inne, 
Like  a  imnihleliee's  ha.s-oon. 
In  a  far-away  fantasia,  is  the  inii>ic  in  the  yrass. 

"Would  you  know  wiiat  make--  tlie  innsic?     On  each  slender,  (|uivering 
Made 
There  art    notes   and   chords   and   phra-es   hy    the   he<s   and   crickets 

played  ; 
And   the  gra-shoppcrs  and  locusts  strive  each   other  to  surpa--;> 
In  their  hrav    intcrpietalii'U  of  the  niu>ic  in  ilic  .uras-.. 

"  Hy    the    roi,'uish    hree/es    tost 
^'ou  might  think  it  would  ^ct  Inst, 
But  the  careful  fairies  guard  it,  watciiing  closely  as  they  pass. 
So   on   every   sunmier   day. 
Sounding    faint    ami    far    away. 
Is  the  mystic,  murmuring  marvel  of  the  nui-ic  in  the  grass." 


I 


\\ 


HARE'S  TAIL 

Erioplionan   callitrix.     Sedge   Family 

Perennial  by  rooistock.  Culm:  obtusely  triangular,  stiff,  smooth,  slen- 
der. Leaves:  filiform,  clianneled ;  spikelet  terminal,  solitarv,  erect; 
involucre  none:  scales  spirally  iml)ricate<l,  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acumi- 
nate, purplish-brown,  membranous;  bristles  numerous,  white  or  slightly 
yellowish,  weak. 


■ai 


PLATK  VIII 


li.\KK'>  T.\:i. 

(hiii'fltonii!    caUitnx) 

84 


fi 


"WHHJ <*- 


Reeds,  Grasses,  Sedtjes  and  Riishct  Hj; 

Close  lic'sidf  till-  iii;iry;iiis  nf  tlic  alpiiu'  I.ikcs  ami  ^I^^.lln•^ 
may  this  >< iti  tltilV)  IicaiU'd  Svilj^v  \k-  lumi'l.  It  lia>  a  I. ill 
culm,  tun  I  If  tliri'i-  >Kii(Ut  c'lianiiclk-il  k'.i\r>.  .uul  a  >iiij;k- 
terminal  white  ur  eream-eitlcure'l  head  (.••'iiiiin-ed  i>\  line 
silky  bristles. 

liriophonnn  (iii/iislifuliiiiii.  or  ("nttun  ( iras>.  ha^  \ery 
iiarruw  lea\e-..  and  i>  a  mailer,  ni<>re  delicate  jilant  than  the 
p'ecedinj;  >liecies. 

ARCTIC  KOBHESIA 

Kiil'ii'.uii  I'if'iirhl.i.     Sfclu.-   l'.imil\ 

Culms:  quinary  dP  tni'icil,  ^iii."iili.  Leaves:  iini'ililfl,  -Iii.ihr  ili.m 
tile  cnlni.  Spike:  I'diiipuMil  i.i  -i'M.ral  limar.  .iiipii'^-iil  "r  a-.iinliiiK 
siiikclit-'.     Fruit:  aclu'us  >t^-ili'. 

This  slender  moniitain  Sedi^'e  has  ;>  nnniher  >'\  short,  nar- 
row leaves,  .and  (lowers  .^rowini,'  in  ;i  ter-'iinal  spike.  A 
\erv  comiui  m  plant. 

Kiihn-sid  lu'lliirdi.  or  Ari'tic  h'.lxtia,  is  more  drn-^ely  tnfied 
than  the  precedin;.,^  specie^,  .md  the  m.iM;in>  <>i  i\\v  li;i\es 
are  rcM  'lute. 

TUSSOCK  SEDGE 

('ijr(M-  fcsli;,!.     Si'<1l;c   I'"aii;il\ 

Stems:  triansn,  ar.  Leaves:  tin-  iqiinr  ImiLji^t,  i-niiniKiiily  -linricr  Miaii 
till"  strin.  Heads:  ilark.  kiriiyindns,  ^;)ikl■^  ovoid,  i-oiiiij^iiou,  in  an  ol)- 
loii^j  or   crowded   si>luTic,d   ilii'-tiT. 

These  q'rass-likc  Sed<jes  arc  extremely  nnineroiis.  The 
Tussock  Sedi^c  has  hroun-pnrple  spikes,  and  rouj^di-m.ir- 
j^ined  leaves. 

L\irr.i-  f^yroiaica,  or  Dwarf  Sedtj:c.  is  a  sm.all  species,  very 
leafy  at  the  base,  and  densely-llowe'-ed.  It  ^tows  at  IiiLjh 
altitudes. 

Carcx  Mcrtcnsii,  or  Merten's  Sed,t,a',   has  slemler,  erect 


<  ill 


\.  "-iT  i^/w^r-'kr- 


86 


Ri'ftis,  Grmu's.  Snh/i's  nnd  Rnsfies 


<nns.  ul.Hl,  arc.  n>„,h  on  .lu-  vny  .harp  an.los,  The 
^:n-  a,^  hrna.l  an.|  ,lat.  ;m.I  ,hc.  spik,.  .h...,.p,„.  ,,,  ,,i„^ 
stalks.      I,  ;;rnus  at  the  v,h^,  „|  hij,^,  ,n.,nntai     s.rca.ns 

(  <»r.y  ,n,ru„ns.  .,r  lll.uk  S.,I«c-.  i.  |.,,fv  at  the  I.a.ethe 
|-au-sU.rMnn;.tM.^„Mc.ry  sharp  pom^        Th.spikcsar.nl- 
"•-tl.l.uk.      ",rou.,nu.tnK-a.lousathi,^hck.vat..,ns 
(>'rrr  ^/^ •./,-,.,  ..r  R.,,,,  Sc-,l,v.  ha.  leaves  which  often 
nii\(    and  enil.  an.!  a  s.-htarv.  tenninal  spike. 


IH 


ALPINE   BOG   RUSH 

J  nil,  IIS    M.il,-iisi,niiis.     K'livl,    |-.T,„ily 
Stems:   wc.iK    fn.ii,   in,-,it,,|    |.|,„.|,      L*av«.   i;     i 

.••I'ln.lati- ;it  iMcli  i-ii.l.  t«nm.  ni,my-Mr.l,..l, 

A  swa.np  plam.  with  lo„.   .rass-like  leaves,  and  a  single. 

M.    -unt.n^      ''-P'tl.   'ronMhe  stems  ..f  the   Fnncns 
ua.,Jonnerly  used  as  w.eks  f..r  the  old-fashiuned  ^  rush- 

J>nuus  Iri.iUnni.,  or  Three-llowered  Hoj,  R„sh.  has  all 
'.>a  caves  vv  H,  Hasping  sheaths,  the  l.lades  short  and  blunt. 
I  IH  three-llouere.]  hea.l  f^nuws  at  the  t.,p  „f  ,he  stem 

slen  l"'";"  '!;'"""""""'■  '-  l)nnn,n..nd-s  H...  Rnsh.  ha's  very 
^".Icr  tall  sten.s.  and  si,eathinj,  leaves.  The  panicle  i^ 
j,'reenish-l)r()\vn. 

Junius  I'an-yi.  ..r  Parry's  Ho.  Rush,  .rows  from  three  to 
Un  n.ches  h,oh.  an.l  has  inner  leaf-heann-  sheaths  The 
leaves  are  ^rooved  at  the  l.ase.  an.l  „n,cl,  shorter  than  the 
stems  ;  wlule  the  panicle  of  inconspienntis  l,losson,s  is  loosely- 
Houered.  the  tloral  leaves  hein,.  ti.i-ed  with  hrown 


Ri'fds,  Grant's,  Sfilfft'i  iiml  Rushes  H7 

SMALL-FLOWERED  WOOD  RUSH 

l.uzuLi    f'iK  I  itl>\i.      Un^li    I'.iinily 

Stems:  ■.innU'  or  ffw  in  a  tni'i  >t..|MiiiiiTi.ii»,  cir.t  Leaves:  uli'inm-i. 
Flowers:  1"  ■■  sjnylj  nr  ^niiu'tinu^  tun  nr  thnr  t'^vntlur  mi  ilir 
liraiK'lii'-  (if  tin-  iiitliri'-ii'iKH"  on  ■^llnlUT  pulicil^.     Fruit:  -lul-  i  irr.iwly 

A  |KTi'tiiii;il  pl.iiit,  willi  k';i\(.'<  f;ii»friiii,^  to  ,1  sli,ir|i  puiiu, 
and  a  ii'xldinj,',  (ItcoiiiiK  im  ,  ^rri'iiisli-hfiu  ti  |i;iiiii!f.  I  In- 
W'ootI  Uii-lir-.  arc  rat'uT  dfi^fiuTatt.',  a>  llir  -milk'^-,  1imiu-v- 
k"^'^.  roldiirk'ss  cdiiditifin  of  thrir  tiiu'  li1o>m.:iis  i'\  idi-in'cs, 
and  ihry  (k-prncl  altoj^vtluT  nitoti  w  iiid-firtiIis;ition. 

l.ii'iilii  .</'('(■(»/(/,  or  S|iil<i'd  Wood  Ku^h.  Iia>  from  oiu-  to 
thrtT  irrass-likc  leaves  on  the  stems,  and  a  noddin;,'  spike- 
Iinc  i)anick'. 


ill 

hi  11 


Hi 

c 

t 


""'^^^S 

^ 


•  l.mL   .      <l  k 


ta^a«  i.a>3Ui^£ivi<i*>  % 


W  ILI)   I'l.oW  I:KS  (  )!•    Ill|-.   .\(  )U  III 
AMl'.KICAX   MolXTAlXS 


mi 


I 


!    I, 


si:cTi()\  !\- 
WHITE  TO  (iui-:i:x  axd  hrowx  i'i.owi-.ks 


<    1*1 


HI] 


•-^■*j«f- .— '5»i-_' ir-i  •  "_'«  ... 


1 


r 
I-  'f 


SI-lTK  )\-   IV 

wiiiTi-.  TO  (;ri:i-.\  wd  i-.rowx  m.ow  !;rs 

RICHARDSON'S  PONDWEED 

!'i>t<iiiii':^rt:>il  h'irluir(ls,ii:ii,      ri.ii(hvi.i'<l   l-"amily 

A  marsh  lu-rli.  Stems:  -li'iidir,  miu-li  l.raiu-lRd.  Leaves:  ciliiii-.c  lo 
:iciitc,  ciirvcl  inward  a!  tlu'  ■A],^■\.  l,r..a(lly  .-..nlalr  an.l  cla-inny  at  llu- 
l)aso.  Flowers:  small,  spiratr.  -rtx'ii  ..r  rarely  rvddi-li.  Fruit:  chM]n-- 
Ifts,  ii|ili(|iu'ly  nIjM\,iiiI,  <il)^i-nrt'ly  ilirix' -cariii.ilL-  on  ihu  liaik,  llic  tacc 
curved  luitwarcljy  tciuards  the  1m|i. 

Tliis  I'oiKlwiT'd,  whicli  lldiiri-lu's  in  lakes  and  strcaitis. 
tr<.'(|iKMUly  llowcrs  and  frnits  under  water;  its  lar-v  leaves, 
heart-shaped  at  tlie  liase.  Iiein-  praetieally  ail  siihineri^ed. 

Potatiuuicion  fdiformis,  or  l-"ilif(>nn  I'oiiilweiMJ,  lias  nii- 
nicrons  \ery  narrow  leaxes,  and  tlower^  wliieii  L;ro\v  in  tiny 
whorls  near  the  top  of  the-  >lender  stems. 


Ill 


GLUTINOUS  ASPHODEL 

Tcfithlut    iilutinosa.     I.ily    {•'ainily 

Stems:  visi-id-imhi'-rent  with  lilack  i;hind-,  iKarini;  tun  to  f^iir  Ica\f< 
near  the  ha-c.  Leaves:  hasal  one'  tnlted.  Flowers:  termnia!  rarenu-^ 
oI)l()n^r.  the  upper  llowers  o|ieninH:  hrM,  hedminL'  Ioniser  in  frnit  ;  iii\..- 
hii-ral  liraet-  mimite.  united  at  the  apices.  Ii  .rue  inst  lielou  ilu^  iL.uer' 
l)crianth--e>.nnent-  ol.joni;,  ohtn-^e,  nieniliranMti.-..  Fruit:  -eed-  t.uK-d  ,it 
each  end. 

.\  traveller  cantiot  piek  tiie  lont;-  spikes  of  tinv  white  Mo^- 
sonis  which  heloiii;  to  (his  plant  w  ithont  at  oiiee  reco^mzini,'- 
its  name  hy  the  e\ceediii^d\-  sticky  and  hairy  nature  of  the 
stems.     The  Latin  designation  glutinosa  exactly  de-crihes 

91 


i 


92  iriiiti'  to   Green  and  Broiin  Flo^^cri 


It.      Ihc-  Asphodel  grows  along  the  banks  of  streams  and  in 
wet  places. 

'I'cfiiidiii  pdliistris,  or  Scottish  .Xsphodel.  has  lealless 
stfiii>  and  tutted  leaxes.  'i  he  ,i;reeni>h-\\  Iiite  tlo\ver>  -n.\v 
in  a  dense  oMoni;-  chister. 

lofu'lilia  inailcHtalis.  ..r  Western  Asphodel,  has  a  stout 
Mem  our  L-  three  leet  hi-li  and  l.,ii-  i^^ve.s.  Jt  i>  found  in 
mar>hy  pLues. 

BRONZE  BELLS 

Stcihiiilhiiiin  iUiuli'iihili-.  Lily  I'.iiiiily 
Bulb:  nl,l.,ni;.,,v,.i,l.  o.aii'.l.  Stems:  -Irn.kr,  cm-t,  i:lalM-,.iis. 
Leaves:  u-u.  lnuMr,  lance. .l.nc',  aamiiiiatc.  Flowers:  racfiiic  Minplo, 
ll-u.rs  >am],annlaU',  iiodiliim,  -i-i,K'ni.  ..f  iIr-  ,„riamh  l.vnsuu^h-'^y.^-u- 
I'l-a.-is  niruhal  -.r.,ri..iH ;  polj.  ■,  -.Kti.kr,  ..inca.lni-  l,m^,-r  than  ihc 
lir.Kiv     Fruit:  mkN  liiicar,  ilai,  uin.uol. 

IIn>  plant  -rows  only  in  shady  places  and  is  tall,  with 
many  hrowni-h-reen  hells  nodding  ,,n  its  slender  >talks. 
It  has  very  narrow  rihhon-like  leaves  growing  from  the 
l)a>e  and  ;d>o  up  the  stems. 

gri:en  lily 

Zy:^dilriiiis  ,'li-:^aiis.  I.ily  I'amilv 
Bulb:  ..\ni,|.  tiuMiiliranniis,  o>atol.  Stems:  ^UwU-r.  Leaves:  very 
ylanoin^,  narmw  ;  bract-  lMnL:-kcclc-,l,  lanrclali-.  rather  laryc.  Flowers. 
ni  a  sui-K'  r.K-ciiif,  ,.r  a  laryc  paiiiclc,  ii,  l.r.anchcs  -Irndcr.  asa'.i.liim' 
the  perianth  a.lnate  f.  the  hase  u|  ,Iie  ,,vary.  it-  >eu,nent-  hr.^adly 
"v.il,  the  inner  ahniptly  CMntraele.!  to  a  -h..rt  cl.iw,  t;laii.l  ..ho.r.jate 
Fruit:  -ee.l-  cihl..]]-,  .ni^nlar. 

A  t;dl  atlracnc  plant  whose  hranching  stems  are  covered 
l)y  many  rour,.,  creamy  tlowers  splashed  with  green.  These 
tlcwers  are  six-parted  and  have  a  numhcr  of  brown-tipped 
stamens  clustered  about  the  large  green  base  of  the  pistil. 
The  capsule,  or  dry  fruit,  which  develops  as  the  tloral  leaves 


PI. A I  i:  ix 


ll 


•     ii 


(iKi;i:\    l.ii.-i- 


93 


94 Jf'liite  to  Green  and  Broun  Flou^ 


ers 


(lie  ami  (In.p  ,,fi,  is  thrcc-Iched  and  very  larjre.  The  leaves 
(.f  the  r;reeii  Lily  are  lung  and  narrow  and  are  covered  with 
a  whitish  hlooni. 

Zxiliidcnus  vcncnosus,  or  Poisonous  Crcen  Lily,  is  a 
slij,ditly  shorter,  smaller  species  of  this  f^a-nus.  also  fre- 
quently f(.nn(l  in  the  uKumtain  rej-ions.  Its  vellowish-jrreen 
flowers  <,rrow  cl-.^tly  to.;,'cther  and  it  has  rons,diish  leaves. 
So  poisonous  is  this  plant  thai  animals  fre(|ucntlv  die  fr 
the  effects  of  eatinj/  it. 


oni 


INDIAN  HELLEBORE 

Vcrtitruin  7  hide.     Lily  Family 
Stems:  :.tn„t.  tall,  very  leafy.    Leaves:  acute,  strongly  veined,  slmrt- 
pctiole.l.  sluatlunir,  the  n^.r  ".us  stK-ce>Mvely  narrower,  tliose  of  the 
mflnrescence  small.     Flowers:  ,,a,mles  long,  pubescent,  densely  many- 
Howcred,  its  lower  hramlie-  spreading 

This  is  hy  far  the  largest  and  handsomest  green-flowered 
plant   which  grows  in   the  mountains.      Its    foliage  is   im- 
mense in  size,  hright  green,  and  the  leaves  have  a  peculiar 
plaited   appearance.     In   the  early   spring  the   stout   .solid 
-spears  of  the  Indian  Ilcllehore  push  their  wav  up  through 
the    soil    and    s..on    hegin    to   unf<,id    with   the    increasing 
warmth  of  the  sun's  rays.     Then  the  long  stifT  spikes  and 
graceful  pendent  tassels  of  flowers  commence  to  lengthen 
and  unfold,  yellowish  at  first,  and  later  on  hecoming  greiner. 
'I'he  flowers  are  comi.o.scd  of  six  petals  and  have  .si.x  whitish 
stamens. 

linrton  in  his  .Imitoiiiic  of  Mclamiioly  refers  to  the  al- 
leged curative  properties  of  the  Hclleborc'as  an  antid.jte  for 
madness. 

"  I'.oratje  and   helleiiore  fdl  two  scenes, 
Snvereiirn   plants   to   purge   the   veins 
Of  nicl.nicholy,   and   cheer  the   heart 
Of  those  hlack  fumes  which  nwke  it  smart." 


ri.ATi';  X 


.-.4-k  f 


Imji.w  Hki.i.kiidkk 
( I'craiium  viridc) 

95 


i .  i' 


96         White  to  (iiti'n  an  J  Ihfjicn  Flourn 


\\[  aanr(lin,i,^  v,  the  prim-ipk-  that  those  hcTh>  whiih  aire 
may  als.,  kill,  du-  I  k'Udioic  is  lK>t  kii..\\ii  to  us  as  a  very 
ltiiisnii(ni>  plant. 

MOUNTAIN  ADDERS  TONGUE 

/;.'.\ //;/(>/;/(/;)(  iih'iif.iiiiiiii.  l.ily  l'".iniily 
Stems:  -calc  sKmlcr,  ,i\  to  t'i,L;litri'n  iiu-lu-.  lii-h.  Leaves:  l.rM.i.lly 
l.nuv,.|,,tr  I.,  ,,s:av.  Flowers:  iKri.nilh  ln^..,.lly  inundh.nn,  ,,t  -ix  .|k- 
Inu-I  l.,-...„lly  l.h'.-rulati-  -lynicnl-,  -lo.diTly  .■..■ninin.ilc.  llu'  iiMcr  mhc- 
with  Mii.ii;  i.rlli  Mt  Imm'.  Fruit:  ^-apMik'  tin  nil.r;Mt;,>v..ns,  <,\<\u-ch  tri- 
.•.ii..:Mlar.  mt.K  in  f/.-  r..«s  in  v.,ch  cell,  a -rin.lin.LT,  ui,i,  !„■,,„,,  ,,r  M:u\- 
rn^iilii-r  lt>ta  MiiiU'wliat  l..i.^c  at  tl.c  a|ir\. 

'I  his  Adder's  T-.n-tie  lias  Imely  white  tlouers.  the  >e-- 
nieiits  of  tlie  i.eriaiuh  heiu--  m-ire  or  ie^s  revohite,  and 
oran-e  at  the  hase.  The  leaves  are  i)ale  -reen.  and  not 
mottled,  tliey  are  oval  and  ahrnptly  eontraeted  at  liie  hasc 
into  a  uin-ed  petiole.  One  to  three  llower-  -ruvv  un  the 
slender  stalks  that  are  six  to  twelve  inches  hi-h. 


GREEN-BANDED  MARIPOSA 

(■(//. '.7;,'///(.v  iiiacr.H-iirtiis.      l.ily    I'.amily 
Stems:  M.mt.  cfc<-t.  ri^;i,i.     Leaves:  ra.lir.al,  M,litarv.  .I.rnlv  diani.clrd 
o:iiili„r    -.lain.w.    oMunlntr.     Flowers:     ^imK     laiu-o.la!,-.'  .lounn.atc.' 
IKlals    onuMi,  uocvate.     Fruit:    c.qiMiic    laiiccohitc,   attcmiate.    ni.vvard. 
M't'ils  miiiii.Ti)iis. 

'I  he  ( ireen-handed  Mariposa  is  a  very  heautiftil  i)erennial 
lily,  with  one  or  more  tlovvers  qrowinj,^  on  a  stiff  erect  stem, 
and  the  sin-le  ion-  hasal  leaf  hein,-,^  deeply  channeled.  The 
three  narrow  pointed  sepals  are  inirplish-.^reen  with  a  dark 
hase  in-ide.  sometimes  spotted  and  hairy,  and  the  three 
hro;id,  more  or  less  concave  petals  are  pale  lilac  with  a  .t^reen- 
iMi  line  down  the  centre,  'idle  .inland  is  ohlon:;'  and  densely 
hairy.      'I  his  lily  -^rovvs  in  very  dry  places.      Its  lar<^e  hiilhs 


PI.AI  1    M 


a 


Oi  Ki;\-Ci  !■ 
{t'ltiih'iiia  uiiith'id  I 


mm 


AA 


9^  Jriiiti-  to   Green  and  /?rou«  Floiiers 


III 


arc-  cnnM-.k.rc<l  a  jjrcat  dclican  hy  the  l.i.lians.  uliu  call  ,!„ 
iHxiiias. 

Cahnharfus   f.yallii.    or    Pak-    Marip-.a.    .r..u>    ,„,    ,1,  • 
j^rassy  slopes  ,,t   In-r),   ni..iintains.      It   has  a   slni.l.r   Mnn 
iK-arm-  tliur  to  liw  tlouns  in  an  nnilu'l.  cad.  l,l,,s.o,n  o.n, 
l...>ni  oi  tl.rcr  .^rm.ish-pnrpk  .rpal.  .tron^K  ardu.l  I,do<.v 
<lH-  p.t  tin,.  f,,n,K.,l  !,aM,,r  ,la.k  purplr  inM.k-.  anW  tli.  tlinr 

^vlntc'..,rpal.-.vdl,.u  pc-tal..I,avin;^- a  purplish  |,a>can.ll.nn.^ 
also  ardic-d  hdo-,,.  '^ 

QUEEN-CUP 

Clint, .ui,    „iatl,,r„.     I.,K     I.'a„,ily 

Stems:  villous  ,,„l,...n,t.     Leaves:   .Vu,  I:„  ..■,,l.-„..  .u-nf,  .u.nnat. 

^low   ,.,  a   .Iu..,„n«   ,..,i,.l...     Flowers:   .,l„..n.   ,„..i,„K.U.   ...„Jl  U 

s    |r,..,    ,I,a„  ,IK.  1...-...:  ,,.n,u.,l,  .-.nnpan,,!.,..,  „f  .,.   ..,,u.:n.\un' 

>fvlffMnalIinKil,c.taimn>.     Fruit:  lIir.  InTry.  .  nm'U  . 

An  cxr,nisitc-  six-partc.l  uhitc-  Howct  uith  a  heart  of  ..,,i,i 
^nnul  ^n.uinj^  in  the  sha.ly  woo.Is.      I,,  leaves  tairlv  carpet 
the  jrround  in  the  localities  uhere  it  al.onnWs;  thev  are  lar-e 
aiKl   f,^l..ssy  and   resenil.le   those  of   the    i.ilv    .l-tlie-\-alle"i- 
1  he  stems,  which  usually  hear  onlv  a  sin^de  ilower.  are  verv 
hairy.      I  horean  has  complained  hitterlv  that  tin's  heautifnl 
(hvdier  of  the  forest   should  he  calle<rafter  so  prosaic  an 
iiKlnidual  as  the  Covernor  of  Xeu    N'ork.  and  soundly  he- 
rates  (.ray  for  the  fault  :  hut  nuy  no,  (li,,,,.,,.  t„e  man  of 
affairs,  statecraft,  and  f.n.ance.  haNe  li.ad  an  anistic  side  to 
his  character  .^     May  he  no,  have  been  a  true  lover  .,f  Vature 
a.Kl  an  ardent  admirer  of  the  splendi.l  heauties  tlr.t  euridi 
with  the  perfume  ..f  thdr  presence  the  land  of  ,he  ali.ine 
(lower-fields? 

I  fed  that  a  srreat  honour  has  been  conferred  upon  me  in 
that  I  have  been  permitted  to  name  this  lovelv  plant  — 
Oueen-cu]).      Hitherto  it  !,as  been  nameless  in  the  iMKdish 


Pi.ATF  xn 


FaI.SK    S'lLnMciN's    SkaI. 

(  Smi/ihiiui  aiiifliAiiuulis) 
99 


h 


.-!  I 


PLATF.  xrrr 


STAK-l.U)\VEkKI)   Soi.OM<,.v-s    Si;.M. 

(Smilaiina  strllata) 


fOO 


:*•<■    "■•!; 


1 


irkite  to  Green  anJ  Hroiin  Flowers 


!OI 


anguajrc.  an.l  it  sccnvs  t..  uw  tl,:,t  „..  n,.,re  f.ttin^  title  omi.l 
be  hc.stouc<l  ,rH,n  tl,o  ( //„/.,„/<,  umlh,ra.  u  ill,  its  ^^rcat  .lm,- 
"ijr  leaves.  a.n.,n;.,st  u!,irh  arc  set  the  pure  white  ehahees  .,| 
'ts  MossoMis.  than  ( h,een-e..,..- the  .,„een  nf  all  the  snuuv 
llnwcr-aips  of  the  alpiiu  forest- 


FALSE  SOLOMONS  SEAL 

Smiliiiiihi  nmtlcxutiulis.     j.ily    I.-;„„iiy 
Stems:   stout.   .isa-iidiiiK.   Uafy      Leaves-  ,„  ,I     -i ,  .  ■ 

The  lonj,'  leafy  wan<ls  of  the  I'alse  Snjn.non-s  Se.-I  are 
excee.hMKly    .ttractivc.   with  their  han.lsonu-  tennina!  clus- 
ters of  imie  ereann-  hlossonis  that  ionk  like  feathery  phinu-s 
as  they  wave  jjently  to  .ui.l  fro  in  the  soft  smnnuT  hreeze 
iind   cast   their    faint    fra,i,'rance   aen..s   the   woo.ls      W-rv 
liandso.ne.  too.  are  the  leaves  of  this  lar-e  plant       Whv  it 
IS  hanned  with  such  a  hase  na.),e  as  Iv.lse  .Solomon's  Seal 
1  <l<>  "<'t  know.     There  is  nothin-  "  f.-.Ise  "  al.out  it  except 
.ts  name;  and  while  its  luxuriant  hn.ad   folia^a«  resnnhles 
that  of  hoth  the  True  Solomon's  Seal  and  the  Twisted-sfi'k 
still  ,ts  llowers  are  entirely  different.  K-rowin^'  in  dose  ter- 
ni.nal  panicles,  whereas  those  <.f  the  other  plants  mentione.l 
f,'nnv  in  small  individual  l.dls  fro„,  the  axils  of  the  le'ues 
irowever.  I'alse  Solomon's  Seal  is  its  name,  aiul  hv  such 
It  IS  known  all  over  the  world. 

Smilacina  stcllala.  or  Star-tlowered  Solomou's  Seal  looks 
to  ordinary  eyes  very  lile  a  wild  Lilv-of-the-N/allev  and 
grows  near  the  hanks  of  mountain  streams  and  in  the  moist 
meadows.     It  is  a  lovely  plant,  stands  u,.  verv   stifi"  and 


Ki 


^5S 


102       Jf'hit,-  to  (ircn  fin  J  liroiin  FIrju;- 


rs 


•1 


>lra,j^ht  ..lit  Ml  the-  ^ro.ni.I.  ;ui,l  ha>  st..„t  m,ii,s  whirl,  arc 
It-aly  all  the-  way  fr,.,,!  the  I.a.r  t..  the  >In..Kr  tlnwi-r 
ra.cim-s.  'riu-^i.  raanu-  ,nv  o.in|M,sHl  ..|  tn.ni  live  t,,  \\i. 
im.  httU-  Marry  1.1...-,, „is.  t-a.!.  .„h'  haviii-  a  wl.itf  six- 
l-arti-.!  iRTiaiiih.  TIu'  Uavc.  arc  nt  a  wl„t,.|,  .;uTn  hue. 
aiul  the  I  nut  is  a  l.ri-ht  n.j  l.iiry  rlMihr.l  uiili  |.iir|.l.. 

FAIRY  hVA.l.S 

Ih.^r-'iiim    l',i,liy,,iifiiiii.      I.ilj     I  .Hiiil) 
Leaves:  ,,I„ri,.-.ti-.  ,.v„„    ..r  .n,,l,  ,„•„.,.  .„  ,i,,  ,,,,,.  „,„„,,,..,  ^.,   „,^. 
..^.•.  hu-,u..|,.w„  „.ru.|,  M-il...     Flowers:  i.tm,,,,;,!.  .„„■  t..  ,hr.x  -„ 

l..nK,.o.lKd>.Ku-,,,,.h  „ln,.-, .run,., ,i-h  >..ll,,u  ;  ,...n;,n.lM,,-.m.uIv  .;„..- 
I'.mnl..U-.  It,  MX  M-uniinu  „,,rn,.ly  .,I,1,,„k,  .unt...  litil.,  si.tva.linK  •  .ta- 
"h:.^  s.v.  hy,..,Ku,.,„s:  s,yl,.  .K.p.Ur.  three  lol,c.l.  Fruit:  L.rry  umgU- 
find,  <lt|.ri-.H'(l-);!.,|.,ive. 

'I'Ik-  I'airy   IVI1>  liavi-  a  l.i-rry  with  a  r..ii;^.h  cat:  it  is 
api-arnnly   k-atliery  ratluT  than  pulpv.  an.l  (-..mains   fr..ni 
'••iir  tu  cij^htm,  smis,     Thi.  plant  is  ,i..t  a  real  shrnh.  hnt 
IS  a  shnih-likc  IktI)  with  >Ini(lcT  r....tst.,cks.  and  hramhinK' 
stt-nis   that   art«   scaly   |,d..w   and   leafy  almve.      It    nsnally 
J^n.us  ni  the  dense  w.....is  and  attains  an  averaj^e  liei-ht  of 
tu..  feet.      The  leaves,  which  s..niewhat  rescni,!^     ,,..se  oi 
Slrctt,>pusnmth:yif,>lius.  are  ..\al  and  stn.n-lv  nerve.I.  very 
pointed  at  the  apex  and  n.nn.Jed  at  the  l.ase.'    The  iL.wers 
nsnally  -n.w  in  tw..s  ..r  threes  at  the  en.ls  <.f  the  slender 
uand-like    hranches,    where    they    han-    pendent    on    their 
thready    stalks.      They    are   creamy    ,,r    -reenish-yell..w    in 
Ime.  an.l  have  a  fL.ral  cnp  that  is  cut  int..  six  e(|ual  narrow 
se,!,nnents  and  h.>l<ls  six  l..ujr  stamens,  tipped  hv  lar.i,a'  ohl..n}r 
anthers,  and  a  three-Iohcd  stvle. 

Disf^orinii  orcnamnu.  or   \\-(...lly   Disporum.  is  diffusely 
Ijraiiched.  the  stems  hcinj^^  wi...lly  alM.ve.     'Jhe  leaves  are 


ti' 


^r;- 


I'l.ATI    \IV 


WlIITK  TwiSTFn-STAI.K 

(  S'/r,-/'/. ./>(/,(•    tlilifli-xifolius) 


lOJ 


m^  .*-  ^  ^«f  mmsm.mmm^ 


^^mLM^r^^^^  m 


IM.A  I  F.  W 


^4 


WllllK     MniVA.MX     |-|,,UKK 

( (  y/'ii/^,;/iiii,i    f^iissri  Ilium  ) 
104 


^JV^ 


<    A 


m..:4t 


While  to   (incii  and  lirox.n   /-V^K.-rv 


">,'; 


-■III"!!-  i...imnl  aii.I  lK-art->Ii;ipnl  at  tin-  l,.,,r.  tlu'  rrvam- 
o.l.miv.I  ll,,urr>  arc  luiiiuli.,nii  aii.l  \\w  Ihtpicv  arc  c;^-- 
sliapcd. 

WKITE  TWISTED-STALK 


Sf.,!-,  ,M,     ,         ^       ,        ^/,.| 


l>       iMIIlllN 


Ki"it-i(H-K    -!, 


_  ''•   '■'■"'•    •    '•""ntal,   >■.->, I,.!    uiil,    tiiir',    lil.p.us    n,.,t. 

Stems:  ^lal,  ■  :-  '„.„.!, in.  h,I,,u  th..  n,„l,ll,.  Leaves:  ,„  „nn,;a„  ;u 
titr  .-M'.N.  runlatt-.-la^p,,,^'  ,.,  iIk-  l.a^. ,  uI,,,,.  ,  „,.  i„„....ti,.  Flowers"  ,„„. 
tn  tu,.,  .vncn.h-ulntc-.     Fruit:  icl  nxal  lurry.  niany-M  olr.l. 

'i'liis  'lui.inl-Malk  i.  a  lai-v  plant  with  inaiiv  rl:,spin- 
IKMiiIc-d  k'avr.  -TMuin-  all  the  uay  iii.  .,ii  l„,il,  m.K..  ,,,■  j^ 
li.n-  hramhiii-  Mnii-.  with  mu-  >,~huuy  lr;it  at  the  apex. 
Tho^f  leaves  are  liaii.Isnnie.  -reeii  an,r,-l,,>sv  ,  „,  the  t.,p. 
with  sti-on-ly  iiLuked  vem..  aiul  are  mvered  with  a  uhiti.li 
l'l""iii  on  the  ini(Ier>ide.  I..M,kin-  at  the  plant  iV,,,,,  aln.ve 
It  appear,  in  hear  u>>  flower,  at  ;dl.  Init  turn  ..ver  it.  stems 
and  y..ii  ^\  ill  (ii„l  heneath  eaeh  le;il'  ,me  -r  tu^  linv  -reeiiish- 
uhite  hells,  han-in.ii  "H  sharply  hem  lhre;i.l  like  Malks  that 
spriti-  l-n.ni  the  axils  ni  the  leaves;  tlu-e  H.-uers  in  time 
turn  into  hri-ht  nd  n\al  iierries. 

The  name  Tu  isted-stalk  is  derued  IrMin  its  ahniptiv  hent 
llower  stems. 


ii 


•f: 


m 


WHITE    MOCCASIN    FLOWER 

I'yf:  it>'/'iiiii  p.i.^.uri.iitiil.     <in-|ii,l   l'".!inily 
Stems:  -tnnt,  !raly.     Leaves:  n.,,,tc.  -.u-imw^av.     Flowers:  >..lii,-,ry  nr 
tun;  |„.,al^  an.l  -r,.aN  pal.  yrru,  ;  1„,  ,1„11  uhilo.  mmiu-cI.  an.l  wul,  l.ri^.l.t 
rc,\    .,,n.s:    aiillKT    nvau-trian,L,r,,Iaie,    ycl!,,w    with    ml    s,„,ts.     Fruit: 
capsule  (Inxipinjj:. 

This  is  the  small  white  I.adv's  Slipper,  anrl  its  diso.vcrv 
111  the  ni..untains  is  ni"  suftleientlv  rare  <HTiirrenee  tn  he 
(juitc  an  event    in  the  history  nf  the  dav  to  the  ordinary 


i  ! 


\lk:.. 


i()6 


fr/,Hr  to   Green  and  Broun  Flouers 


n 


'  ■  i 


n.vdlcr  It  's  usually  i„  shady  places,  where  the  soil  is 
'"St  an,!  nd,.  that  these  little  velvety  orchids  are  fn„„d 
lie  (hdl  uh.te  sacs,  hairy  inside  and  spotted  with  hri^ht 
ml.  are  ,,n,te  unnnstakahle :  the  stalks  are  leafv  an.l  nsn.-dlv 
1-ar  only  a  single  ternnnal  .lower,  though  occasionallv  twr 
slK  1-hke  l.loon.s  adorn  the  fat  jnicv  stem,  one  at  its' apex 
a>id  the  other  a  couple  of  inches  lower  down 

I  licre  is  a  rich  tn.pical  beauty  al.out  orchitis  stron-lv  suir- 
Kcstue  of  the  Orient.  They  do  not  seem  to  he  at  home  m 
tlie  northern  monnta.n  fastnesses,  hut  rather  to  helon-^  to  a 
world  ot  cloudless  skies  an<l  riotous  folia,n-.  where  exotic 
l"wcrs  are  set  like  jewels  in  the  lavish  luxuriance  of  the 
torrid  zone. 

WHITE  REIN  ORCHIS 

Ihibcnaria    ,lilu!^:.„.     OrJii,!    Family 

To  walk  throu.t^h  the  ^.oods.  deep  and  dark,  where  the 
trees  and  shrubs  ,^tow  densely  side  l,v  side  and  (lowers  are 
h'^^  and  tar  between  ;  .-uul  then  to  suddenlv  emer.^e  into  the 
open,  where  the  sun's  li.^ht  is  tloo.lin,.  a'cross  the  marsh- 
'-•nuls.  carpete.l  by  myria<ls  of  tall  White  Rein  Ordus  is  -, 
pleas,u-e  so  da.zlin.i,^  that,  once  experienced,  it  will  never  be 
tor_^otten. 

l-Va.i^Tant  as  hyacinths,  these*  exquisite  snowv  orchids 
J^Tow  to  a  o^reat  hei.^ht  in  the  mountain  marshe;.  and  so 
I.caut,ful  and  wonderfully  .k-licate  are  their  blossoms  that 
travellers  lon-^  to  transplant  them  to  .some  lowland  .warden 
"1  order  to  see  their  vdvety  spikes  c^row  and  ^race  civiliza- 
tion with  a  woodland  loveliness.     But  as  a  rule  this  e.xperi- 


m 


1 


i'i.\  1 1-  \vr 


WlllTK    KlIN    ()K(  HIS 

ijlalh-iuiiij  (liliitiila) 
107 


♦ 


ill 

n 

n 


K^:  ^^,.^.i53i^. 


I'l-ATK  XVF[ 


ifc*!i-?-' 


i 


XdKTlIEK.N-    Reix    Ukclll^ 

(llabc)iaria  obtusata) 
io8 


'k  "^Mw 


//  ////<'   /rj   Grct'ii  and  Broun   I'/rjuw 


rs 


109 


nicnt  is  tried  in  vain,  for  tVw  of  the  ..rclii(l>  will  llonrisli 
so  far  from  tiieir  native  soil. 

\\onl>   fail  to  truly  desorihe  thc<e  plants  of  almost  un- 
earthly heauty.      h'roni  their  daintv  petals 

"  O'loiirs  ;i<i'(.'ni|, 
Spmidin^;  tliciiiM'lvc^  throimli  •.„■  sfnniT  :iir 
\\lirri-  jzcntli-  lirci/cs  strive  t.i  lik-^. 
And  all   (\n,\\  \\(,rM   k;ii.\v~  li;iii|iiiR'-s." 

Thnsc  who  hn.l  ilu.n,  will  always  l..ve  and  treasure  them. 

//uhcnarlci  An;, /,■,;/„,  or  Lonj^-hraeted  Reii;  Orchis,  is  one 
<'t  the  conspicuous  -reen  orchids  which  -row  in  ,i,Teat  pn- 
liNinu  in  the  niountaui  re-ion>.  It  lia>  a  stout  juicv  stem. 
l)road  leaves,  and  many  Ion-  pointed  l.racts  0,1  its  tlower- 
spike.  I  'sually  found  in  wet  jilaces,  this  ( )rchis  mav  ahvavs 
I'c  distin,^ui>he<l  l.y  the  Ion-  hracts.  from  which  it  derives 
its  name. 

//ahnniriii  ohtnsata,  or  Xorther,  Rein  Drchis  is  a  deli- 
cate ,^reen  and  white  ()rchi>  that  may  alwavs  he  ...town  l.y 
it>  sin-le  hasal  leaf.  It  is  very  like  a  white'and  ,!,m'en  I.ilv- 
of-theA'allev.  and  its  flowers  -row  widely  separate.l  on  the 
slender  stalks. 

llahciHvia  Itypcrborca.  or  Leafy  Rein  Orchis,  .somewhat 
reseml.les  //.  obtusata.  hut  may  easily  he  distinguished  hy 
tlic  fact  that  it  has  several  leaves  -rowin-  up  on  and  cla>p- 
nig  its  stem,  which  is  also  decidedly  stouter  than  the 
stem  of  the  i.recedin-  species.  The  Leafy  Rein  Orchis 
grows  in  the  open  woods,  preferring  a  moi^t  spot.  It  ha> 
many  tlowers  on  each  stalk,  and  they  grow  closely  set 
together. 

Ifahaiaria  (/racilis.  or  Graceful  Rein  Orchis,  has  a  tall 
slender  stem  and  long  narrow  leaves  which  are  gradually 
reduced  as  they  grow  upwards  and  eventually  pass  into  the 


♦  < 


.■...•^^I 


,-..*■»•■■ 


MO        White  to  Green  and  liroun  r/r,,,rr. 

I'racts  of  tiK.  narrow  sparsdy-.luu.rcl  spike.     The  .lower, 
arc  sn,all.  .^rcc-nish-ydlow.  an.I  have  a  short  .p„r 

rcachl^  he    eco.n,.e.l  hy  us  two  very  lar^e  ,Ii.,eni,K,  orhic^ 
r  I     ves  that  .prea.I  out  nat  upon  the  ,ron„,I.  ami  which 

K   lar.;e  ,M-een,sh-whue   llouers  of  this  han.I.'onu.  plant 

.-  „,  a  lo..se  n.ceu,e  on  the  slen.ier  ..ape-lil<e  .ten.   a 
■uc  a  s,...n>un.,ed„,,H.r.epal  an.,  spreading  ^ 

t"t  cntne  ohtuse  uhue  hp  hein,Mon,,a.r  than  the  petal.. 
HOODED  LADIES'  TRESSES 

Sr^-ant/irs   Komauroffiaua.     Ordii.l   Family 

Ro'lt       IiiIkTuUs.       Stems-        ..l-|l,r,,n  I        .-  <      , 

I.CR:m>  1..  «■,■„,..     1,  ,s  a  lH..„„,if„,  ir  „„„ 

..  .Icnse  s„,„v,  spikes,  an,l  has  1,„„  „,,-„,„  i,,,;,^" "    ,^ 
s..lern„j  ,I,a,  or.hi.ls  .to  rccl<„„c,l  as  a,„„„,s,  ,„;.  „r    , 
.•.n.i.-,cl,cs,  treasures  .„•  X„„„,,   i,   is  s,ra„;.  I,,;    [    , 
spcc,cs„f,,e„,on,„    „i,.lin  ,l,e„„„„„ai„:     n    e 
hoy  are  al!  ,erres,r,ai  „,„■<;  we  have  „„„e  of  ,|,e  k    J 
"Ineh  gr„„  „„  ,rees  a,„l  .level,,,,  false  l„,ll,s. 

STOUT  RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN 

lltih-lis  J,;ifi.„s.     Ordii.l   Family 


■ir-T" 


iM.\rK  win 


I  (i. 


.1.1 


IfiionKi)  I,\iiiKs'  Tkk.~>ks 
I  -^r-'f  utiles  Kumanzofftana  ) 


III 


■  if 


fl 


112 


IV kite  *o  Green  and  Brown  Flowers 


Ih.s  plant  Ims  a  cluster  of  leaves  at  the  l>ase  only;  these 
are  covere.l  with  a  network  of  white  veins  and  frequently 
also  have  white  blotches  on  then.  The  Howers  grow  in  a 
Imicted  spike,  are  greenish-white,  and  have  a  very  hairy 

Epipactis  repcns,  or  Small  Rattlesnake  Plantain,  has  also 
pecuhar  wh.te-veined  leaves,  hut  in  this  species  they  .^n.w 
"1>  'c  stalk  as  well  as  at  its  base.  The  whole  plant  is 
smaller  than  E.  dccipicns.  and  its  insi^niHcant  .lowers  ijrow 
only  on  one  side  of  the  stem,  which  is  much  hracted  and 
ha.ry.  1  he  name  "  Rattlesnake  "  applies  to  the  resem- 
blance between  the  airiously  veined  leaves  and  the  body  of 
a  snake.     This  plant  frequently  grows  in  decaying  wm^d. 

HEART-LEAVED  TWAYBLADE 

Listera  cordata.    Orchiil    Family 
Root:  fleshy-fihrons.    Stems:  very  slen.ler.    Leaves:  sessile  cord.te 
ov.-.,e,  „„,cronate.    Flowers:  in  racemes.  n,in„te  pedice K  bra  tl    laU 
and  petals  oblong-linear,  -ip  narrow,  the  segments'setaceou;  i-lnd  dliXe 

A  small  orchid  with  two  large  leaves  growing  midwav  up 
.ts  slender  sten.  by  which  it  n,ay  always  be  readily  recog- 
n.^ed.  1  he  flowers  are  purplish-green,  very  tinv.  and  are 
set  m  a  small  raceme  at  the  top  of  the  stalk.  It  grows  in 
the  cool  woods.  ^ 

Listera  convaUarioidcs.  or  Broad-lipped  Twavblade.  also 
has  the  same  two  distinguishing  stem-leaves,  which,  how- 
ever, are  rounder  than  in  the  foregoing  species,  while  its 
flowers  are  yellowish-green,  fairly  large,  and  possess  a 
broad  lip  with  two  lobes  at  the  delicate  apex. 

The  Twayblades  present  a  strong  contrast  to  the  Coral 
Koots.     fhey  are  conspicuously  groen  and  hcalthv  of  leaf 


frhite  to  Green  and  Broun  F I  on- 


ers 


"3 


EARLY  CORAL  ROOT 

Corallorhha   trifida.    Orchid    Family 
Root:  coralloid,  l.ranclMiiK.     Stems:  Rlal.roiis.  clothed  with  closdv 
^hcathiiiK  scales.     Flowers:  in  I.mir  racemes  on  short  minutely  hracted 
pedicels ;  sepals  and  petals  narrow,  lip  short ;  spur  a  sac  adnate  to  the 
summit  of  the  ovary.    Fruit:  capsule  ..j.Iomr. 

A  plant  ijiipossihlc  to  mistake,  for  its  roots  arc  exactly 
like  hr.nciies  of  coral,  cotnposefl  of  thick,  white,  hhint  f-hres. 
and  ina>  he  found  in  moist  shady  places.  The  (lowers  jjrow 
in  a  raceme  on  sinj-le.  thick,  fleshy  stems,  that  are  clothed 
with  closely  sheathed  hracts  and  are  of  a  queer  ptirplish- 
^M-een  colour.  fre(|iiently  marked  with  white.  It  has  no 
leaves. 

The  Coral  Root  is  a  sa/^ro/y/iytc:  that  is  to  say.  it  lives 
upon  the  dead  and  decomposing^  forms  of  other  plants,  and 
this  explains  why  it  is  such  a  vejjetahle  dej;enerate  of  the 
beautiful  fam.ly  of  orchids.  It  has  lost  its  leaves,  also  its 
chlorophyll,  or  honest  ^aeen  colourinjj  matter.  throuj,di  its 
had  habits,  and  to-day  belongs  to  that  pirate  tribe  which 
feeds  upon  food  already  a.ssimilated  by  another,  and  thereby 
incurs  the  displeasure  of  Xature.  whose  laws  demand  hone.st 
conduct  in  her  kinj,'dom  as  sternly  as  do  those  of  man:  and 
so.  wheii  he  Coral  Root  refused  to  manufacture  its  own 
upbuilding  materials  out  of  the  carbon  dio.xide  of  the  atmos- 
phere, and  proceeded  to  prey  upon  decaying  matter.  Xature 
took  away  its  leaves  and  chlorophyll  and  only  left  it  suffi- 
cient branching  extensions  at  the  base  to  secure  it  in  the  soil. 

Corallorhha  maculata.  or  Large  Coral  Root,  grows  as 
high  as  twenty  inches  and  has  purplish-green  flower-.stalks 
clothed  with  scales.  The  numerous  flowers  are  purplish- 
brown,  and  the  lip  white-spotted  and  lined  with  purple,  the 


ii  ' 
?! 


it 


1  ' 

i 

1 


1  ii 


•.laL^a^-  .isr .. 


•> 


*,  L  -1  i 


tiirvtd.       I  Ik-  >|,ur  is  \  tll,.u  jsh, 

CoraMica   sIru.U,'.   .„•    Stnpo.l    C.ral    K„.„.    1,,,    ,.,rV 

rnnj.^^^^^^^  ^_,,_^__-;; 

C-.r<,//.rA/,r<,   .l/.-,-/r„.v/.,„.,,   or   Spnrrc!   C.ral    l^,.„     1,.. 

m»ner..ns  r.Idi.i.,r..n  n.u.rs  n.-allv  :M.onJ    ,,   \^^ 
•••^vc.i  to  a  clau  an.I  a  utv  n,arkc-l  .pnr. 

COMMON  NETTLE 


f''li.,i  /.y,ilui,      Wtil 


atnilv 


Flowers-  in  I  .  ^"^«s.  M\;,(c.    u-iito.  o.;ir-(lv   sor.-;itc 

^.     VU.i.hu^.  ,U.,„1..,    panirlr..      Fruit:  ;n,  arlur.r, 

'""-■    ^■""1111.  .11    \,.,,K.    j,    „    1 

...  1         v.iii    Kill. Wit    ji.   rrniiirf   .•iiiv 

'''■"^", '    """    "^    I-K-l-   .'f   -mall    „v,.„i,„'  „„„ 

WHITE  COMANDRA 

C..;«„;/,/,„  /,„//„/„      S.ni,|;,lu,„„|    |-,n„ily 

.c'r'Fiorr;.:,';;:'"'  ~"'r';-  "■'""'"  ■-""- 1™»-  ^ -■ 

»n„„i,.,!;z"::i;;:;,  ""■"'" ""■  '■'■'■™' ••■  "■'""■•>  ■ .■ 

The  C„M,an,lra  is  parasMic  ,.„  ,hc  r„„,s  „f  „il,,,.  ph,,,, 

1 1-  P-cuy  ii„.c  „i,i,is,,-,a.,„  „„„„,  „i,i,,,;,,;™' , 

.su-rs  a,„l  arc  l,„lh-shapul  a,  ,l,e  Lasc.  spn.a.HnJ,,,,    „ 
t  ve  l„l,cs  a,  ,l,c  ,„p.     The  loaves  are  verv  „arr„„  ^...l  ,.     " 

J..sc.o.a„,,,all,he„ay,,p,|,es,afca,,;i,lK.fn,i,isa™- 
lilse^herry.  „|„eh  re.ai,.  a.  i,s  tip  ,|,e  ,,„„  sh„r,  par,  of 

Cmmuln,  Ihhla.  or  Swan.p  G.,„a„,lra.  .iiffers  frn„,  ,he 

orcg,„„(r  ,pec,e.,  i„  ,l,a,  i,  has  wi.lcr  leaves,  eael,  „„e  -ro  ! 

"W  "n  „s  ,.„„  „„y  slalk  a„aehe,l  ,„  ,|,e  ,„.„„  s,e,„    Zl 


;-!3«Njra.2. 


ri.MK  \\K 


Maki.y  Coral  Rikit 
(Ctirallorlu-ii  tiifidnj 


ij.  j 


m 


>i 


Il6       ir/iitr  to   Grrrn  ami  lir'n.n   llouc 


rs 


wiurt-as  iIk'  !l..\vtrs  i.f  tliv  W  liitf  ('..m;m<lra  k'"^\  m  iln^- 
tfis  at  thr  inp  of  tin-  stfin>.  tliMsf  ,,f  till-  Swamp  (  omaiidra 
k'r"u  ill  till-  a\ils  ..t  tin-  U-.u,.,  l.^it  ,|,,\\ii  ,,n  \\w  sirtiis. 
and  its  iViiii  i^  a  r.iiiii(||,h  rnl  and  r.lil.Ir  Lcrrv.  It  i>.  a 
|)arasitf  on  tin-  r.H.ts  ..f  (  oruiis  anuhlnisis. 

L  oiiiiiiiiira  h'uliiirilsiiiiiii.  nr  (iiv.ii  (■..maiidia.  Iia>  vt-rv 
li-afy  hraiu-liol  slniis.  ..|,I,,ii-  pMinlcd  lia\f>  and  -rtrnisli- 
wlntc  or  pinplish  iloutr,  -rouin-,'  in  llal-topind  iln^tcrrd 
hi-ads  and  aNo  in  flu-  a\iK  of  tin.  Umvi-s.  Tli,.  f,,,,,  j.  .., 
nmnd  Irmtv  o.niainin-  a  sionc.  Ihis  plant  is  nMiallv 
I'nnnd  in  dry  opin  plaiis. 


WITCH'S   BROOM 

Jit.-ulli.'l'iuiii  ■mil  li,  ,1111(111.      Mi^lktMi-   I'.,inil\ 

Stems:  ^U-n.l.r,  imuli  ImmiuIk-.I,  Flowers:  i!i,  -timn.ai.-  .,n.l  pis. 
I'll.nr  .>n  sciMralc  plain,.  |„,nic  ,.■  i.Tiniiia!  poImh.  I,-  l,k,.  |,„i,t..  Fruit: 
a  n(-|,\.  ilaiui.ol  lii-rry   l.-nn'  <m  a   ~1im,i   r.viiivoi   poIiiikK-. 


ir. 


'Ilii^    lU'-liy    plant    i>   parasitic   on    /V///(.v   c,>nt,n-ta   ;■< 
Miinayoua.      It  has  t.mr-an-lrd  niiKli-jointnl  l.randu-s.  an 
small  srak-s  in  the  pKirc  o|    Uavcs.       Mu-  imv  llou^rs  arc 
ydlouish-rccn  and  tin-  Irnit   is  a  pnriijish  Iiroun  I-i-rrv. 


TALL  ERIOGONUM 

liri,uio,unn   uwh.ll,ilin„    ,-,;/■.    iiuiw         I'.iirkulual    |-amily 
Stems:  .|fpri--o|  and  sL-    ;,l,y  Ini.-w.  mmk-Ii  l,r.,  .,  1k-.1.     Leaves:  ..!,- 
Innu.  wliili'  tnnu-nP.M-  Ld-  u  .  khvii   ai.-l   Jain..,,-   al>  -v  :   p,,lniu-lr"    mx 
t..   tifu-1,1   iiulu's    IhkIi.   naki.l.  I.iariim   a   >nni.li-   iimlui   ,,f  tlircr   p,   umi 
rays,  sulii ended  i)y  a  wiiorl  df  Icaxo. 

A  MMm'what  rare  ami  most  cnrions  plant.  In  dry  sfnny 
places  and  on  rocky  slopes  y,  will  fin.l  the  lon-stalkcd 
l)lns.^()ms  of  the  Tall  l-.rioL;' .num.  with  its  h;m,iM.me  llat- 
topped  clii.ster.  of  cream-ououred  lloweis,  tijiiKd  and  tin.i,a<l 


^^wnki^^tPMiP.  ym.  j^mmtmmt 


t '  *j 


ri  ■,,.ij;;(;;-     iiii.r,    i.i'uui    ;  /r.    r:,;/(..) 


M 


4 


h ! 


E 


C-  rnXMHtU:  .*' 


k=f      V    M 


J  J' hilt'  to   Grciii  and  liroun   Fl'jui-rs        Wj 

with  vivid  n.-^e  pitik,  that  have  a  iKvnliar  Imiuli  <>i'  tiiiv 
iiarmw  Icaxcs  set  just  uIhtc  tlif  littk-  stems  of  the  indi- 
\i(hial  tloucr-innhcls  spring,'  from  the  top  t^i  the  main  stalk. 

It  is  also  a  iiKKt  faseinatiiii,'-  plant,  hoth  hv  reason  'if  the 
laet  that  its  fine  eream  and  rose  hl(»s<.nK  L,n<i\\  in  barren 
localities,  and  also  because  its  lea\es  (  which  are  ;^reen  ;iIio\e 
and  siKery  beneath)  ,t;ro\v  near  to  the  j^round,  on  slender, 
branchinj,',  wnody  stems,  while  the  l1o\ver-stalks  ;ire  ex- 
tremely lo^L,^  often  reachinj,'  a  height  of  over  tuehe  inches. 

I:n(>(/()uiiiii  oralifuliiiiii  or  Silverv  I'Tio^onnm,  is  n 
densely  woolly  and  silvery  plant  with  very  short  stems  and 
oval  lea\es  crowded  on  the  ninnerous  branches.  The  flow- 
ers are  yellowish-white,  tinj^^'d  with  rose-colotn-,  and  .qrow 
in  a  sinj^de  head  on  e.acli  stalk. 

Iinix/niiiiiii  audrosacctnii.  or  Dwarf  l'>io<r, iniiin,  is  the 
alpine  species,  and  almost  an  exact  reproduction  in  mima- 
ture  of  its  "  Tall  "  relation.  The  chief  difference  between 
the  two  plants  is  th;it  the  Dwarf  I'.rio-.i'oinim  is  more  hairy 
;tnd  woolly,  and  i^enerally  has  cre.am-c.iloured  dowers  with- 
out any  tin.i^eint,^  of  pink.  It  only  j^rows  about  three  inches 
hii,di.  and  is  found  at  7,500  feet. 

MOUNTAIN  SORREL 

Oxyria  di:J.\ihi.     Biickw  luat   I'.iniily 

.\  Ii)\v  fli'shy  Iiert).  Stems:  >lcn<lir.  cicot,  siniplc.  Leaves:  rfnifunn, 
iiiiclul.itc,  till'  l)asril  lims-ptiiiikMl.  Flowers:  in  torniin.il  i.,ini^-'c.l  ra- 
cciiic-..  Fruit:  an  achcnc,  [xiintcd,  smootli,  siirronn(K(l  liy  a  hmail  nuni- 
branous  winjj. 

A  perennial  herb  with  mostly  basal  kidney-shaped  leaxes 
on  lont^-  stalks  and  clusters  of  small  green  tluwers.  The 
leaves  are  acid. 


i| 


Ii8       White  to  Green  and  Broun  Flowers 

WILLOW-LEAVED  DOCK 

Rumex  salkifolius.    Buckwheat  Family 

A  large  coarse  plant  growing  several  feet  high  with  a 
-ronely  grooved  stem,  huge  long-shaped  bluish-gr  nT  te^ 
that  are  po.nted  at  both  ends,  and  panicles  of  green  flowers 
set  ,n  loose  whorls  near  the  apex  of  ,he  stalks.  These  flmv 
rs  have  no  petals,  bu,  only  a  green  si.x-parted  "he 
three  outer  d,v,s,ons  of  which  remain  unchanged  in  fruit 
wh,,e^.he^.hree  inner  sepals  develop  into  wings'  Vhe  t:!^ 

Plam'alidht'""'''  °;'=°™"'™  Sorrel,  is  a  much  smaller 
wUh  n?  '■7  77-^''=l«J  >^«ves,  and  green  flowers  tinged 
».th  red  wh,ch  dce,>en  in  colour  to  a  purple-red  as  The 
sea  on  advances.     The  leaves  and  juicy  stems  are  sligtai; 

rea  d>e.     Ihis  is  an  introduced  plant 

Rumex  Acetosella,  or  Field  Sorrel,  has  a  creeping  root- 
tock.  and  halberd-shaped  leaves  which  are  pointed 'at  X 

raceme  Th'T  T""'  "''  ^'"^  ^"^'  ^"■^^  '"  ^  ^o^se 
TTlu  I  P''"'  ^^""'^^^  '"  '^'  P°°'-^^t  soil,  and  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  summer  turns  a  rich  red  colour.  TWs 
IS  an  introduced  plant. 


ALPINE  BISTORT 

Polygonum  z-izifarum.    Buckwheat  Family 

dense,  «„.„e<,,  ...j^r^^  j':7:-/— x,rL^.  21'r- 


'^  in—trwwf  •i^inrrr  timuti  •  ii"TriiT-"r ^n  ^iC' 


PLATE  XX 


Alpine  Bistort  {Polygonum  zivifarum) 
Glutinous  Asphodel  (  Tofieldia   glutinosa) 


iig 


m 


^.-j?»^^,=fi'^;*4^X^  A^ 


'f 


I20       White  to  Green  and  lirrmn  Flouu-rs 

The  „anK"  roly.jonum  oo.nes  fn.n,  the  (Jrcek.  its  nicaninir 
.e.n,.  .nany-kncc.,1.-  a.ul  refns  t..  the  nilar.e.l  joints  ui 
t  a-  stems,  uh.ch  are  >heathecl  hy  the  stalks  of  the  lo.u.- 
shape,l  leaves.  The  flowers  are  verv  .nunerons  in  the 
""••'"tarns,  are  white  to  rose  colo„r.  a.nl  .^row  in  dense  nar- 
rnu-  sp.kes.  which  have  several  little  hulhs  below  the  full- 
l.lown  hlossonis.      The  seeds  are  red. 

roly<io,wm  historloulcs,  or  Heart-leaved  P.istort  is  ccn- 
eml  with  a  white  l.looni  throu-diot.t.  The  root  leaves  are 
o  ''"".^  and  the  sten,  ,>nes  narrow  and  son,ewhat  heart- 
shaped,  a  w.th  rolled-hack  nvar^ins  an<l  conspicuouslv 
"cTvcl.  I  he  don,^-ae.l  tlower-clnsters  are  nsnallv  nhite 
rarely  pnik ;  they  are  very  dense  a.ul  are  not  l.nlhlet-hearins 


_    t  J  -     'I 


LAMB'S   QUARTERS 

ChiVio/'otliuw  album,     r.oo.cfnnt  Rmiily 
Stems:  sle.uKr,  erect,  cn,„mnnly  „„kI>  I,ra,ul,c.l.     Leaves-  rlmmhic- 
ovate    the  upper  ones  lancenlate.  ol.tu.e  or  acute.     Flowers    1    "  t      s 
k^Z  '  't:^'  ■"  Y"";.-n.l  paniclcl  ,.i.e;  cah.  seine's  :^;:^^ 
Keeled.     Fruit:  sce.i  hnnly  attached  t,.  the  pericarp. 

A  weed  that  abounds  near  habitation,  even  in  the  nionn- 
ta.n  re.t,nons.  A  commonplace  plant,  and  vet  one  that  is  not 
altogether  witlmut  beauty,  since  its  foliage  is  of  an  ,m- 
iisiially  dehcate  tender  green.  The  white  tlowers  which 
.£jrow  m  dense  spikes,  are  inconspicuous.  This  is  an  intro- 
tliiced  plant. 

ChcnoMunn  capitatiiw,  or  Strawberry  Blite  is  a  very 
appropriate  name  for  this  plant,  which  "flourishes  best  in 
newly  up-turned  or  half-cultivated  soil,  where  its  pale  green 
foliage  and  bright  red  fruit  render  it  con.spicuous  >he 
leaves  are  halbert-.shaped.  thin,  and  pointed  both  at  the  apex 
and  at  the  ends  of  the  basal  lobes,  the  margins  being  more 


wm 


If /lift'  to   Green  nntl  Hroun  f  lowers        \Z\ 

or  less  indented.  'I'lie  tlowcrs  ire  small  and  t,aeenisli.  hut 
the  (le\el<)|)ed  fruit  is  extremely  attractive  in  appearance, 
rcsemhlimj  a  strawherry  and  coiisistini,'  m'  a  hrilhant  red 
pulpy  herry,  which  has  numerous  -^eeds  emhedded  in  its 
wrinkled  >urface.  siniilar  to  those  which  cover  the  exterior 
of  the  Garden  Strawberry. 

BLUNT-LEAVED   SANDWORT 

.hi-iuiriii  Ui!,-rithi),i.     I'iiik   I'';miily 

Stems:  tTi'ct,  >I(.ii(1it,  sinii>lc  ..r  hr.unlnd.  Leaves:  thin,  oMdhij, 
nlitiise,  piiiu-tatc,  li.iiry  mi  tlif  iii.iri,'iii  ami  iiiidnli.  Flowers:  |>t.tals 
()l)li>ni;.  cilitn^c,  twite  lc>;ij,Hr   tlian   tin-   ^i'|ial>.     Fruit:   a   capsule. 

The  S;uid worts  are  rather  insi,!,Miiticant  plants  with  more 
or  less  riii'u]  leaves  and  small  white  llowers  j.rrowin<j[  in  com- 
pound clusters  or  llat  heads.  The  I'liuit-leaved  Sandwort 
is  rather  hairy  and  has  ohloni,'  dotted  leaxes  w  hich  terminate 
in  a  rounded  apex,  and  a  si)herical  capsule  containinj,^  larj^^e 
smooth  seeds. 

.Irciiariii  ail^illaris  ivr.  iwrdifolia,  or  Xarrowdeaved 
Sandwort,  has  sharp-poimed  leaves  s,^rouped  in  dense  clus- 
ters at  the  base  of  the  plant,  the  few  stem  leaxes  heint;-  mtich 
reduced. 

.Ircihtria  I'crua  xar.  propUujiia,  or  X'ernal  San<hvort,  has 
densely-tufted  li.  "j:  stems  i)earin,!.,f  pairs  of  tinv  leaves 

all  the  w;iy  up  them. 

Arcnaria  sajanouis.  or  One-nf)wcre(l  Sandwort,  has 
slender  one-tloucred  stems  and  narrow  lea\es. 

LONG-STALKED  STITCHWORT 

Stcllavia   loiif^ifcs.     Fink    Family 

Stems:  stnontli.  Leaves:  asccii<liiii;,  liiie.ir-lanceolatc.  Flowers: 
few.  (Ill  Iniix  slender  pedieeU;  petals  tuo-clet't;  sepaK  o\ati..  Fruit: 
capsule  ovoid.     Seeds   smooth. 


I  m 


n 


122       It'll  it  I'  to  Green  and  Hroun  Floiiers 


,)l 


m^' 


erv 


A    pretly    little   plant,    with    uhili^h-irrccn    leaves     v 
Po-nted  at  the  ends,  and  tiny  while  ll-.wers  jjrowin-'at  7hc 
apex  of  the  Ion-,'  slender  stalks.  "" 

Strlhiria    Ixnralis.    ur    Xorthern    Stitchwcrt.    has    weak 
nnich-hranched  stems  and  a  terminal  leafy  lluwcr-head. 

FIELD  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED 

Ccrastium  ancnsc.     I'ink  r.-miily 

-n^li-    h.Kh.     Leaves:    Um-.n-nhUnv^,    acute.    claspi„„:    l.r.K't.    Muall 
Flowers:  cymo...  fcw-lluwcrd ;  pcals  fu .,  nl.cor.Lc 

This  is  qnite  the  prettiest  and  most  attractive  of  all  the 
(hukueeds.  an.I   will   he   found  ^mwinj^^  in  profusion  on 
many  a  sunny  hank  and  dry  meadow  durin-  the  months  of 
l""e  and  Ji,Iy.      U  is   frerp.ently  called  "Star  of  P.ethle- 
iH'm.     and   has   hve  snow-ulute  petals,   each  of  which   is 
^  >v.<ied  at  the  edf,^..     All  the  C'hickweeds  are  white.     Like 
the  meek  they  certai.ily  inherit  the  earth.     In  almost  every 
part  of  the  world  their  varyin-  metho.js  of  cross  and  self- 
fertd.sation  have  resulted   in  these  little  plants   followinj; 
closely  m  th^  footsteps  of  man's  civilization.     The  follow- 
in,!,^  story  ,s  told  l.y  Sir  Joseph  Hooker;  he  ,savs :     "  L'pon 
<.ne  occasion  landin-  on  a  small  uninhahited  island  nearlv 
at  the  .Antipodes,  the  first  evidence  I  met  with  of  its  havin- 
heen  i.rev.ously  visited  l.y  man  was  the  Kn-lish  Chickweed" 
and  this  I  traced  to  a  mound  that  marked  the  i,^rave  of  a 
Bnt.sh  sador.  and  that  was  covered  with  the  plant,  douhtless 
tiie  offsprmg  of  seed  that  had  adhered  to  the  spade  or  mat- 
tock with  which  the  grave  had  heen  iUvr/' 

Ccrastium  alf^lnum.  or  Alpine  Mouse-ear  duckweed  is 
a  silky-haire.l  species.  \n  ith  whitish  leaves,  and  large  white 
tlowers.     When   Dr.   Sutherland   went  to  Baffin's  Bay  in 


»jftS^' 


ff'liiti-  to   Green  atul  Broun  Flouers        12^ 

1S51  to  search  f..r  Sir  J..|,n  I>anklin.  he  foiiii.I  this  tinv 
plant  j^nmini,'  close  to  the  iceherj;s.  Ik-  says  in  his  J..ur- 
nal:  "  liiitton  Pc^int  looked  as  j^reen  as  any  Kn-lisli 
meadow,  and  the  <-rass  iiix.n  it  was  not  one  whit  less  liix- 
nriant.  Tlie  hoxtail  Cra.s  and  the  Chickweed  {Ccrastium 
iill^imim),  and  hcsts  of  other  f,'rasses  and  herl)aceous  plants. 
,i(row  anion.t;  the  hones  of  animals,  and  are  stimulated  hy 
the  oil  and  animal  matter  which  they  contain,  and  hy  the 
filth  which  is  inseparahle  fn.in  Ks<piimanx  hahitations.  t(.  a 
de.t,'ree  of  luxuriance  which  no  one  would  he  willin^r  to 
assi-n  t,i  the  .-^rd  de,i,'ree  ..f  north  latitude."  The  suen- 
tihc  name  is  derived  from  (eras,  a  horn,  in  reference  to 
the  shape  of  the  seed-pods  of  some  of  the  species. 

NODDING   PINK 

Lychnis  iifilala.     Tiiik  F.iinily 
Stems:    oiu-tlowi-rcl.    Leaves:    linear,    sc.silc.     Flowers:    n<.<l.linK 
IK'tals  n.-.rr.nv.  t«.. -cleft.  i„clii.lc,l  i„  tin-  calyx,  calyx  intlatc.l,  its  tcclli 
triaiiKtilar-ovafe.  acute.     Fruit:  a  capsule. 

J  his  I'ink  is  an  arctic-alpine  [)lant  with  very  narrow 
leaves  growing  j,,  pairs  up  the  stem,  and  nodding  white 
ilowers  which  hecome  erect  in  fruit.  The  five  petals  are 
enclosed  and  almost  hidden  within  the  green  inflated  calyx 
wiiich  is  strongly  purple-veined,  tuhular.  and  sharjily 
toothed. 

Lychnis  Dniininoi.dii,  or  Drummond's  Pink,  is  a  hairy, 
sticky,  tall  plant  with  numerous  erect  white,  or  rarely  pur- 
plish flowers. 

WHITE  CAMPION 

Silcnc  Macouini.    Pink  Family 

Stems:    slender,    fn.ni    a    hranchin«    root>t()ck,    minutely    pubescent 
Leaves:  linear-oblanceolate.    Flowers:  feu,  on  pedicels;  caly.x  intlated, 


"■     f 


124       If  lute  to  Green  and  liroun  I'loicrrs 


witli  >linrt  nlituM-  tci'th;  \,vU\U  little  cxmtUmI,  with  a  l.ma.ll\ -.-mrirl.  .1 
i-law,  aixl  lar^;i'.  thin  .|iia<lratf  appciidaKi-,  the  llai.illatc  l.itid  liladi-  with 
a  liinar  ti"ith  on  i^aili  side. 

I.iisc  ni.'itiy  i>f  the  Caiiipiims.  ilii>  om-  is  \  it\  >tickv.  and 
is  iharartcrizod.  in  omim. .n  with  ntluT  iiifiiilitTs  of  tlic  Pink 
l-ainily.  Iiy  its  sk-tnliT  sti-nis  ln-iiii^^  juintetl  and  iIk-  loaves  set 
in  pairs  at  tlie  joints.  It  ;,n\es  imt  a  laiiil  sweet  -xlour.  and 
IS  usually  found  t,'ro\vin},'  ainonjn  the  stunes  on  steep  hill- 
sides. 

.S7/<'»<-  l.ynllii,  ur  Lyall's  Catehlly.  has  >po(.n-haped  ha^al 
leaves  and  loiii;  narn.w  stein  leaves.  'Ilie  while  llowers 
j^Tow  on  si  rt  stalks  in  loo»e  terminal  heads;  the  inHated 
calyx  has  pnrple-tii)ped  teeth  and  the  petals  arc  sj)  read  in;.,' 
and  two-kihed.      The  tlowers  are  soinelinies  i)nrpli>h. 

LANCE-LEAVED  SPRING  BEAUTY 

Cliytov.ui    ltini\-,<hihi.     Pnr-I.nii'    l-'.-iniily 

Stems:     w-.ik,     I'lMin    a    tnlnr.    Leaves;     tew.    opposite,    ol>lon>r. 

Flowers:  in  ;i  I e  raceme  in  -Kiider  pedieeN.  nodding,  white  or  pale 

pink;    veins    rose:   eal\  \   of  two  i.v.il.    vep.iK ;    pii;ils   ti\e;    style   tliree- 
eleft    at    apex. 

Close  to  the  snow,  in  warm  wet  valleys,  when  the  |nne 
sunshine  has  awakened  the  alpine  world  from  its  winter 
sleep,  yon  will  find  the  .Sprin.o;  lieanty,  and  as  \on  stoop  to 
j^ather  it  the  whole  plant  (  consist ini^'  of  a  tuherons  root  and 
one  stalk  with  two  leaves  upon  it  and  a  clnstcr  of  hlossonis 
at  the  to]))  will  inevitably  come  nj)  in  your  hand,  so  ca>ilv 
does  it  leave  the  ,!.,fronnd.  Xo  sooner  does  this  happen  than 
the  petals  he.oin  to  close,  the  leaves  to  droop,  and  the  stem 
to  .ij^row  limp.  Ten  mintites  afterwards  the  tlower  is  hope- 
lessly wilted.  Whether  white  or  delicate  pink,  the  Sprint,' 
r.eanty  is  always  veined  with  hritjjht  rose  colonr.  There 
are  few  tnore  exquisite  wild  blossoms  on  this  continent  than 


<^.-  I!. 


//  /iitr  to  (imn  /in J  lir'mn  I'/oiim       12; 

1  lii'^i-  littli'   ilrr.iiii  iliWifs   fi'iiitil   ill   S|iriiiu," 
of  uliiili  I...ii-lVI!..\\    umtc  in  "  I  liauatli.'i  " : 

"While  till-  tin-  li.id  miimK,-,!  ,,ii,|  -in..nl(ltri'i|, 
S.iw   tlU'  latlii-t  iImuii-  ,,[   Spiiiiu  Iiiiu, 
Saw   llic  I'.r.inty  i<\   the  Sprii  i:  itiiu-, 
Saw     till-    .Misk..(l,-c,|    ill    l,l,,.s.,iii." 

.l//.s7,('(/('i-(/  i^  t!ir   liiili.iii  ii;iiiH-   I'l  .r  ilu'  Siniiii;-   I'.r.intv. 

ilaytnnia  iih-'ninlii ::,i.  .,r  \I]m'iu'  Sprnii;  I'-iantv,  ha^ 
iiiiiiKT'iiN  \W(l!4\-.-Ii,i|)C(l  lia>al  li-a\i'>  r.  miikUmI  at  the  aprx 
and  willi  a  dilatfd  Iia-c:  tlic  ^tfiii-  in.t  cM-iT.liii-  tlusi.  Umm's 
in  Ifiit^tli.  'Ilic  sti'iii  It.'a\(.s  aic  iiarn.u  and  tlu-  white  t<> 
|iiiil<i-Ii  and  wlln\vi>li  llnuriv  ^rn\\  in  a  onr-sidcd  cluster, 
and  haw  iMiivpii-n, m,  !)raits.  I'hi^  plant  ha>  a  \rr\  larj^c 
tap-riMit  wliirh  iiciii'trati's  to  a  ^reat  depth  in  the  ere\  iees 
anion-  the  roek>  at  hi-h  altitude-. 

Cluytdiiia  piirujol'hi.  ><v  Sinalldcaved  Spriti,-;  I'.eautv,  has 
tiny  llesliy  (.\al  leaves,  and  white  to  pinl<i>h  looselv-lldwered 
clusters  III  liliissi.nis  at  the  ends  ..f  the  numerous  steins.  It 
propa-ates  freel\-  hy  hulhlets  in  the  axils  of  the  stem  leaves, 
as  well  as  hv  seed. 

WESTERN  MEADOW  RUE 

Tluiliclnan    .■(,((/,•/;/,;/,•.     ('v\\i"i,\    I'aniiiv 
Stems:  -Ifniltr.  oin-  1m  time  i\>t  liivh      Leaves:  irrn.iH'.  tlu-  lowc 
ones  iRlink'il.     Flowers:  niHliliiii;  <in  ■  ..'icr  i.cdii-el-.  in  an  ainplf 

oiicn  iianiile:  tilanu-nts  inupli-li-urci  n  .  .i.itlKT  linear,  en^iiiil.ite;  calvN 
of  fuur  1(1  eJKlit  sepals  that  fall  early.  F.uit:  achcne.-,  one  to  ten  \n  each 
head,  rihhed,  lanceolate. 

.\  dainty  plant,  with  delicate  fohatre  closelv  resemhlin" 
rohust  -Maidenhair  hern.  The  eye  of  the  traveller  is  at  once 
cau<.,dit  hy  its  pretty  tas.sels.  which  hani,^  in  clusters  and  are 
of  a  pale  j^reen  colour,  tipped   with  reddish-purple.      It  is 


I  . 


I 


126       U'hiti-  to  (Jrcrr.  and  lirrjun  I'loia- 


rs 


frnim-iitly  fotiiui  ;il..n;,'  the  mar;,'iiis  of  .ilpinc  Mrraiiis.  I>cm« 
iiiiRli  adinind  in  fruit,  wlini  it  ^liow^  miiikrnii,  >cc(l-lKai- 
in;^'  stars,  tipped  uitli  tlin  .id-likc  points. 

'J'luilictniin  nic(nuarf>uin.  or  \  c-iiiy  Meadow  I>:iu'.  lias 
[utrplish  stems,  tcrnati-  Um\cs.  imrplisli-t-rmi  tlowi-rs  and 
\\cd,i,T-sI<ai)fd  aclinu-s  tapcrini:  int..  a  sl„,rt  Leak.  'Ilir  lil.i- 
incnts  arc  not  s.,  \i,\Y^  .is  in  tlic  prrocdiiii,'  -pt-ries. 


M> 


L^ 


CHALICE  CUP 

.hhiih'iir  luiiilriiliilis.     Cn.uf,,(,t   I'.nnily 

Stems:  ir.it,  m\  i..  i-inlilii-ii  iiu-l,/^  lilt;!).  Leaves:  lar-c,  I^uk- 
prlinli-,1,  l,iiirii;.tr  ainl  piim.iti-.  Flowers:  larur.  M,lit:,ry;  ).it,^|s  ii.,iu-; 
sqcils  li\f  t..  Mvi'ii.  Fruit:  cirpiK  with  Inii^  filii,,rm  >t.vlcs  that  hc- 
coiiie    plumusf    talk   to   the    achiiu  ^. 

The  {halice  Clip  is  one  of  the  most  heautifnl  of  the  early 
.sprin<,r  monntain  Mowers.  Its  liandsome  white  blossoms. 
inirple-shaded  on  the  ontside.  may  he  found  },'rowinf,'  dose 
to  the  retreatinjj  line  of  snow  dnrin.i,'  the  months  of  May 
and  June,  and  later  on  in  the  season  its  hij,r  tlnffy  seed-heads 
are  cajj^erly  j^'athered  hy  those  who  deli,t,dit  in  artistic  thin,;,'s. 
This  i)lant.  like  many  oth-rs  of  the  Crowfoot  I'amily,  has 
no  petals,  only  a  lovely  caly.x  fashioned  into  aho  six  sepals, 
which  do  duty  instead. 

Anemone  muUifida,  or  Wind  Flower.  ;is  thi  delicate  little 
Anemone  is  called,  appears  on  the  dry  meadows  in  the 
si)rini,'time  in  a  vast  \ariety  of  hues,  with  many  blossoms 
and  much  fruit.  Its  colours  rant;e  from  white  to  red.  witii 
many  intermediate  shades  of  yellow,  pink,  and  purplc-hhie. 
It  is  to  Pliny,  the  fan  ous  ancient  philosopher,  that  it  owes 
its  name,  for  he  declared  that  only  the  wind  would  cause 
Anemones  1  open;  while  a  later  poet  has  sun.tj  how  \'enus 
in  her  grief  <ner  the  death  of  Adonis  "  poured  out  tears 


I'l.Aii:  N\i 

-1 


:  '.J  IJ 


Wind  I'uiw  i:r 
(.liuinuiu-  muitifida) 


jB.  i 


¥ 


12S       If  hi/i    n  (Jri'i-n  ami  /iroii'4  I' lowers 


amain."  and  hmx    "  ^rt.,,t|(.  (1,,\vits  "  won-  Ix-ni  (•    liloum  at 
every  (Imp  ihat    -  '    from  her  h,\vW  cm-s: 

"Will  'f  sin.  UK  1,1,  Mu.kI,  tin  re  lilii>liiiiK  ^itriiiK,  flic  rii>{:, 
Aii-1  wIrtc  .1  I.  u    lias  .Imppcd.  ;,   Wind    M(,NMr  Mnw,/* 

TIicv  art,'  shi 
and   wafts  t. 
tiiiinl>lc-lil<e  li 
lain  many  wli; 
ck'ir. 

.hitiiKiiir  1 1) 
llowiT  and  til    ,  . 
hi^dicr  np  on  tiu  i.icui 


r  .  . 

.iW  .1" 


tlfiwiTs;  tlu-  winrl  Muu-,  tluin  ..pen 
Uapidly   the   fruit  is   f.»rmeil   in  a 
•  ill  h  presently  hur-ts  and  is  seen  U,  emi 
see(l>.     The  lt-a\es  are  very  deepK 


Ui  " 


/;  /// 


petnal  snow. 


'I  ! 


lea 


about  two  inehi  ^  below  the 


'  ,  ,.ie  AnemcMe.  has  a  lar,v:iT 
m  ./.  iiiiillifuhi;  it  alxo  j^rows 
may  be  fotind  close  to  j)er- 
set  in  a  circle  round  thi  >talk, 
lossoin,  and  also  ;;row  up  ironi 
the  base  of  tlu  plant.  They  are  not  so  delicate  or  deepb. 
cut  as  those  of  . /.  iiiiiltifhhi.  '|"he  tlower  is  rather  like  a 
white  buttercup,  and  is  tisuallv  sh.ided  with  pale  bine  on  the 
outside.     The  centre  i>  yellow  and  ^reen. 

.hu'iiioiii'  p.iriitlora,  or  b"ew-tlowered  .\nemone,  the 
smallest  and  most  delicate  of  all  the  nionntain  .\nemones. 
i.s  usually  found  {^'rowin-  in  the  thick  forests,  sin.yle  and 
•solitary.  The  tlowers  are  white,  veine<l  and  shaded  with 
l)lue  at  the  base  of  the  sepals. 

WHITE    CLEMATIS 

Cli'iihitis  li<;iisliiif,'!iii.     Crowfoot   I'.iniily 

Stems:  somcwlKit  ptthesccnt.  Leaves:  (niiint.'  m  (Hiinatc-tcrn.it<- 
Icallcts  ohloMK.  acute,  iiK-i.sciy  lohcl  ami  triful.  Flowers:  in  p.niail.itc 
corymbs.     Fruit:  acliencs  pulicscciit. 

The  White  Clematis  has  open  clusters  of  rather  small 
flowers  composed  of  live  thin  .ilky  petaloid  sepals,  oblong 
lobed    leaves,    and    handsome    plumose    seed-heads.     This 


<    li  \i  :i  I    1 


p 


¥ 


J- 

i. 

J: 


■i^^K^^m^mm^^^  ^: 


White  to   Green  and  Broun  Flouers 


I2Q 


climhin-  plant  is  usually  l-mnd  alon-  the  hanks  ,,t  tiic  alpine 
streams. 

ALPINE  MARSH-MARIGOLD 

C\}ltlla    Icflosi-Cjl,,.     frowl'w.a    I';„„ily 

FllTrl:   ""7-     Leaves:   nI,I.,„R-conIa,c.   irrc.nh.rly   cTu,atc-,o,.,h...l. 
Mowers:  >q,als  i>ctal,.i(l,  lanceolate,  acute. 

This  plant  is  f.niml  chieny  in  moist  l-.calities.  and  often 
^Tows  ahundantly  in  the  wet  alpine  meadows  at  hij,di  eleva- 
tions nhere  its  white  flowers,  whose  petaloid  sepals  are 
deeply  tni-ed  with  inirple-l.lue  on  the  outside,  a-e  extremely 
heautitul  set  amon^r  their  rich  large-leaved  f..liai,^e  The 
stems  hear  one  or  two  llowers.  the  lower  of  which  is  sub- 
tended by  a  noticeable  leaf-like  bract. 

WHITE  GLOBE  FLOWER 

Trollius  !a.rus  zar.  albitJorus.    Crowfoot   Family 
Stems:  weak,  ascen.li;,^.    Leaves:  palmately  .livi.le.l.  the  seRments 
"J.ny-cleft.     Flowers:       litary;  sepals  five  ,o  six,  white    w-M,  a ^r  e 
.^h     n,«e  outsule;   petal>   fifteen   to  twenty-five,  hriRht     ellow    n'in 
much  shorter  than  the  mnncrons  stamen  ' 

The  White  Globe  Flower  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
ot  all  the  early  spring  mountain  plants  that  grow  at  verv 
lii«h  altitudes.  Close  to  the  borders  of  alj-ine  lakes  and 
streams,  and  m  marshy  places  where  the  snow  has  recently 
melted,  beds  of  this  beautind  la.-e  white  flower  may  be 
found.  ,ts  brilliant  gol.le..  centre  gleaming  in  the  sunshine 
and  ,ts  rich,  glossy  foliage  fonmng  a  superb  settmg  for  its 
perfect  purity. 

Do  not  confuse  it  with  one  of  the  .Anemones.  Note  that 
Its  centre  is  far  larger  and  more  golden  in  hue:  also  that  the 
fohage  ,s  coarser  and  thicker.  There  is  a  bushy  circle  of 
leaves  set  on  the  stalk  about  one  inch  below  the  blossom 


it] 


im 


PLATE  XXII 


!U 


4) 


White  Globe  Flowkr 

(Trollius  laxus  var.  albifiorus) 

130 


IVhite  to  Green  and  Broun  Floiiers       i^i 


The  White  G|„he  Flower  is  frer|ucntly  f.miul  ifr.nvinir 


throu^'h  the  snow. 


iig  up 


RED    BANEBERRY 

./rtoj    rubra.     Crowfoot    Family 

L,!*T';""'  '^  t  ^f"!'^'"'  '^""'  '-^  ^••'^^■i^-'^-  «f  simrt  I.ranchinR  roots. 
Leaves,  tcrnate.  the  ,lu,s.o„.  pi„„.,te.  with  the  lower  ultimate  lea.lets 

toi'I    r'V'""    "'.'"■";""■'•    -•■''^•'    -'-H'tinu-.    „l„ct.rely    three-loi.e.l. 
oo  he,       Flowers:  ,n  ohl,,,.^  ter„,i„al  ra.enus.  >,.,netinH.s  divicle.l  to- 

m^litecded"'  '  '''''''  """""'  "'''''''■    ^™"=  ''^^^^  -'•  "-'• 

The  Red  Baneherry  is  a  perennial  herh.  not  a  shrul)  and 
arrows  to  the  height  of  six  feet,  heing  a  very  lari,^o  hitshv 
plant.  1  he  f()haj,re  is  abundant  and  coarsely  ycincd.  and 
the  tiny  flowers,  which  -row  in  ..hlon-.  dose-set.  terminal 
racemes,  are  feathery  and  delicate  in  appearance.  Thi. 
plant  iisnally  tl<nirishes  in  the  dense  forest  glades,  where  the 
damty  white  blos.soms  and  clusters  of  bright  red  berries 
adorning  its  slender  stalks  render  it  b..th  attractive  and  con- 
spicuous. 

Actcca  rubra  forma  mujlccta.  or  White  P.anebern-  is 
rather  difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  iireceding  species 
until  the  fruit  ripens,  when  its  berries  will  be  found  to  be 
uuich  larger  than  those  of  Actcca  rubra,  a  pure.  waxv.  china- 
white  tinged  with  purple  at  the  end.  and  growing  ,.n  lon<-- 
slender  green  pedicels:  whereas  th.-se  of  the  Red  P.aneberr.v 
are,  as  its  name  denotes,  a  bright  scarlet.  The  leaves  of  the 
W  Inte  P.aneberry  are  more  pointed  and  more  deeply  cut  than 
those  of  Its  sister  plant,  the  white  petals  are  square  at  the 
ends,  and  the  flowers  grow  in  long-shaped  clusters.  This 
plant  is  the  Actcca  churvca  o{  Rydberg. 


mm- 


PI.ATF.  XX in 


•11 


1^' 

1^ 


Red    n.iNEIiERRY 

(./r/a\;  rtil'ia) 
132 


^.■^'^m^^-d^m^^: 


JVIiite  to  GtiU-n  and  Broun  Floucrs 


'--^S 


WHITE  WHITLOW  GRASS 

Pi\iba  iihiiiui.     Mii^i.ird  l-.nuily 

Stems:  lioary.  pulH-ciMit.  Leaves:  nl,lun«-I,i,u-t.'..I;itc.  iK-.irIy  cntiri' 
Flowers:  iHt.-.l^nMuiir.l;  Myk-  tninuir.  Fruit:  ix..!-  aciito.  tvvKU.l  wIkm 
ripi',  on   -liMrt  irirt   pnlittls. 

A  plant  partakiii;^'  of  tlic  a])poaraiuT  of  a  weed,  and 
closely  rfsc'nil)lin<(  a  white  mustard.  It  has  lance-shaped, 
tootlied  leaves,  and  the  i)etals  are  notched  at  the  apex. 

Druhii  l(>ihluH\tr[^a.  or  l.onj^^-podded  Whitlow  Crass,  may 
he  recojrnized  hy  its  lon.s,^  smooth  pods,  uhieh  are  very  nar- 
row, and  more  or  les.  twisted.  It  is  a  hairy  plant  and  -row- 
on  rock  led.i^es  at  {(reat  altitudes. 

Ihaba  f^ra-alla.  or  Spruij,'  Whitlow  Crass,  is  a  common 
species  which  <.(rows  ahundantly  hetwecn  four  and  six  thou- 
sand feet. 


I 


PENNY  CRESS 

Tltlasti  arxi-iisi-.     .Mustard  Family 

Stems:  erect.  Klabnnis.  Leaves:  petioleil,  ulilaiu-f.late.  dentate; 
sten,-leave.s  ohL.ns.  Flowers:  uliitc,  pedia-ls  >|,rea,liiiK  ..r  curved  up- 
ward. Fruit:  pi.ds  nearly  orl.icular  when  ripe,  hroad.  very  ll.it.  notched 
at  the  ai)eN.  in  Iomr  raceme-:  seed-  rngose.     N'ot  iudiijenou-. 

I'enny  Cress  very  nearly  resemhies  Shepherd's  Purse,  and 
the  easiest  way  to  distinj^uish  hetween  the  two  plants  is  t(» 
note  that  while  the  seed-pods  of  the  l.ittcr  arc  trianf,M  ■  r  in 
shape,  those  of  the  I'enny  Cress  are  nearly  round,  hotli  in.t; 
notched  at  the  top.  Then.  also,  the  leaves  differ:  tho,>e  of 
the  Shepherd's  Purse  are  deeply  eut,  and  those  of  the  Penny 
Cress  are  only  sli,i;htly  toothed.  This  is  an  inlnxluced 
plant. 


EJ»n^:^' 


134       White  to  Green  and  Broun  Flow 


ers 


¥ 


PEPPER  GRASS 

Lepidium  apctalum.    Mustard  Family 

Stems:  glabrous,  wiry^   Leaves:  the  basal  ,.„cs  pinnatifid.  the  upper 

Urv  inT  r*    T"'"\  f'""'"''  '"  '""«  """^"-    F'uit:  seeds    ol  - 
tary  m  each  cell,  pendulous. 

This  plant  is  nearly  scentless,  and  has  compound  basal 
leaves  and  small-toothed  upper  ones.  The  white  flowers 
grow  m  long-shaped  clusters,  and  the  .seed-pods  are  circular 
and  mmutely  wing-margined  at  the  top. 

SHEPHERD'S  PURSE 

Capsella  Bursa-pastoris.    Mustard  Family 

JiT'"''  '''f  f '"?•  L*«J"=  '"^^''y  runcinate-pinnatifid.  cauline.  lan- 
ceolate, aur.cled  at  base.  Flowers:  small,  white.  i„  long  loose  racemes  • 
petals  four:  sepals  four.  Fruit:  pods  cuneate-triangular.  trunca  e 
above;  seeds  ten  or  twelve  in  each  cell.     Not  indigenous. 

This  common  little  white-flowered  plant  grows  all  over' 
the  world  in  temperate  zones  and  at  various  altitudes.     Its 
tmy  heart-shaped  seed-purses  have  amused  the  children  of 
many   countries.     It   is   closely   related   to   Candvtuft.    to 
which  It  bears  a  strong  resemblance.     Sir  Joseph  Hooker 
once  stated  that  in  his  opinion  of  all  the  weeds  which  cling 
to  the  skirts  of  husbandry.  Shepherd's  Purse  would  be  the 
first  to  disappear  if  the  soil  were  suddenly  to  be  left  unfilled 
and   deserted   by  man   and   beast.     The  quaint   name   of 
"  Pickpocket  "  frequently  applied  to  this  plant  betokens  the 
suspicion  that  it  steals  the  nutriment  the  farmer  distributes 
to  his  crops.     Shepherd's  Purse  has  no  scent  or  honey,  and 
It  fertilizes  itself.     This  is  an  introduced  plant. 


White  to  Green  and  Broun  Floue 


rs 


'35 


NORTHERN  ROCK  CRESS 

Braya   liuiiiilis.     Mustard    lamily 
Stems:  erect,  l.ranclii.iK  I.elow.    Leaves:   si-atulate.   tlie   1,.w.t   ..1,- 
tuse,  shari.ly  ,lcntat<,  the  iii-per  Miialler  an.l  narruuir.  acute      Flowers- 
on  asceiKling  pedicels.     Fruit:  i-.mK  terete.  Klal.n.us.  linear. 

This  plant  closely  rcsciiihk's  the  T.iiisy  Mn-tanls.  It  has 
white,  rarely  i)inkisli  flowers,  and  a  l.a>;il  rosette  of  coarsely 
toothed  leaves,  the  upper  leaves  hein-  narrow  and  even- 
margined. 

WATER  CRESS 

RiUiicula  Xasturtiiim-ai]uatituiii.  Mustard  Family 
Aquatic.  Klal.rous;  root  fil.rous.  Stems:  sio„t.  hull.nv.  moiipn  -.t  the 
decumbent  base.  Leaves:  pinnate,  kalleis  rounded  or  el.m.^aie.l  the 
ternunal  ones  larRest.  Flowers:  petals  white:  sepals  f.-ur.  early- .-.diniK' • 
stamei.s  six;  style  slu.rt,  thick.  Fruit:  p„ds  divaricately  spr.admK 
seeds  in  two  rows.     Not  indigenous. 

Surely  it  is  a  libel  to  call  this  plant  Xashirtiitin.  which 
.si«nities  "  twisted  nose.""  and  is  given  to  Water  Cress  simply 
because  we  are  supposed  to  turn  up  our  noses  when  we  eat 
Its  acrid  leaves.  Tho.se  who  go  out  to  gather  flowers  will 
seldoiu  pause  to  pick  this  insignificant  plant,  who.se  clusters 
of  .small  white  flowers  grow  cl.>se  beside.  ..r  actuallv  in,  the 
streams  and  ponds,  and  whose  only  claim  upon  our  attention 
lies  in  the  pleasant  pungent  flavour  of  its  leaves.  This  is 
an  introduced  plant. 


WHITE  BITTER  CRESS 

Cardaminc  f'i-iinsyliaitua.     Mustard   Family 
Stems:  gKibrous,  erect,  ratiier  stout.    Leaves:  pinnatcly  divide.l    the 
terminal  segment  oval  and  narrowed  at  the  base,  all  toothed      Flowers- 
in  corymbose  racemes.     Fruit:  pods  narrowly  linear,  erect  when   ma- 
ture. 


¥ 


12^       JVhite  to  Green  and  Broun  Flowers 


llus  White  I'.itter  Cress  grows  in  wet  places,  and  some- 
tunes  attains  a  height  of  two  feet.  It  is  a  coarse  plant  with 
coniiKHind  leaves,  small  white  (lowers,  and  very  long  narrow 
seed-pods  which  hecome  erect  at  maturity. 

Cardaminc  hcllidifolia,  or  .Alpine  Hitter  Cross,  is  a  small 
plant  two  to  five  inches  in  height,  which  is  found  on  the 
alpine  summits.  It  has  fihn.us  roots,  little  oval  leaves 
growing  on  long  slender  stalks  which  branch  out  from  the 
main  stems,  and  terminal  clusters  of  inconspicuous  white 
flowers. 


STONY  ROCK  CRESS 

Arabis   IJolbwllii.     Mustard    Family 

Stems:  erect,  simple.  Leaves:  spatulatc.  petiokd.  entire  or  spari.iRly 
toothed:  stcm-lcavcs  erect.  daspiuK.  Flowers:  white  or  pinki^h 
Fruit:  pods  linear,  drooping. 

Crowing  out  of  a  cluster  of  long-shaped  leaves,  the  Stonv 
Rock  Cress  has  a  tall  stalk,  ui)  which  manv  tinv  narrow 
leaves  cling.  The  flo.vers  are  small  white,  mauve',  or  pink- 
ish hells,  growing  in  a  raceme.  This  plant,  as  its  name 
indicates,  is  generally  found  in  very  drv  stonv  places.  It 
grows  from  eight  to  eighteen  inches  'high',  and  has  very  long 
narrow  .seed-pods,  which  droop  downwards. 

Arabis  hirsuta,  or  Hairy  Rock  Cress,  is  easily  distin- 
guished from  the  other  Rock  Cresses  hy  its  hairy  stalks  and 
leaves. 

Arabis  Driimviondii,  or  Drurimond's  Rock  Cress,  is  a 
handsome  leafy  species,  with  erect  tlat  seed-pods. 

Arabis  glabra,  or  Smooth  Rock  Cress,  has  long  tMothed 
basal  leaves,  and  even-margined  stem  leaves  whi  '  are 
arrow-shaped  at  the  base.  The  flowers  are  deej)  c.  im- 
colour. 


White  to  Gri'i-n  and  liroiiti  Flouwrs 


'.^7 


ROUND-LEAVED  SUNDEW 

Ihoscra   r,ilniidif,<li,i.     Siiinlcw    l'';iiiiily 
Stems:    slin.lir,    nl.il.niii>.    Leaves:    .irtpivul.n,    sprtMiliiiK    "ii    tlu- 
Kn.iin.l.     Flowers:    in    :,    ..,R-.i.U,l    r.unm-,    f,.ur    u,   iw.lvi-    tluwi-rcl. 
Fruit:  stnK  fn-ifcirin,  poinii'd  at  Ih.iIi  imkU. 

'I'his  lM.j,r-lu.rl)  lias  a  (|iKmtity  nf  siii;,II  p.tin.l  k-a\c-s  that 
.irrou  on  Hat  stalks,  and  arc  n.vciid  with  rc-ddisli  j,'lan(Inlar 
liairs  wliicli  sirrt'tc  a  llm'd  that  entraps  insirts.  rhi>  thiid 
is  cxudi'd  in  tiny  (hops  at  thi-  tii)s  ..t  tin-  hairs,  so  that  tlic 
I)Iant  always  appears  t(.  he  covered  with  dew  and  is  very 
sticky.  The  white  flowers  ijrow  in  a  one-sided  duster,  and 
open  nsually  in  sunshine,  luit  only  dnriiiLr  a  very  few  honrs 
of  the  day.  sometimes  not  openinj,'  at  all  for  several  days  in 
succession.  The  Sundews  ,i,rr(nv  chietly  in  wet  places,  pref- 
erahly  in  sphaj,Mn)m  !)<)},'>. 

"  \\li;it'>  tlii.s  I  Iic.-ir 
Almiit  till-  new  carniviira  .^ 
Can   link-   |)lallt^ 
I'.at  ltnK>   and    ants 
.\n<l  Knats  and  tlics? 
.\  siirt  I  if  rfinp^radin^  ; 
Surely  llii'  fare 
Of  tlnwers  is  ;iir. 
Or  snnsliine  ■-wect ; 
They  sliDuldnt  eat, 
Or  do  anxlit  so  degradinK." 

It  is  perfectly  true  that  the  Sundew  not  only  catches  in- 
sects with  its  sticky  fluid,  so  like  a  liquid  <.,rum,  hut  also 
actually  digests  and  ahsorhs  the  nutriment  thus  derived 
from  the  soft  parts  of  its  victims.  When  a  fly  caufjht  hy 
the  i,dutinous  .t;lo)iiiles  touches  one  of  the  glandular  hairs, 
or  we  might  almost  call  them  tentacles,  an  irritation  is  set 
up  communicahle  through  the  leaf  substance  to  the  other 


¥ 


i.^H       if/lite  to  Grvi'n  and  liroun  Fioice 


rs 


hairs  .)r  tcntailcs.  which  at  (.ncc  hi-^nn  t..  bend  in  over  tlie 
nil  fortunate  insirt  and  inipriv.n  it  within  a  notwork  from 
which  escape  is  iniposMl.Ie.      'Ilien  the  -lands  hej^'in  to  exnde 
an  acid  (h^estive  llnid.  and  the  Sundew  proceeds  to  hatten 
and   fatten   upon  the  meat   in  its  larder      Inorj,Mnic   sub- 
stances (with  the  exception  of  those  which  are  re(|uired  hv 
plants  for  their  sustenance,  siich  as  phosph;,ie  of  ammom.i. 
carbonate  of  ammonia   and   nitrate  of  ammonia)    do  not 
affect  the  Sundew,  which  p(.sse'^sc.s  such  extremely  delicate 
.sensibilities  that   it    instantly   reco-nizes  the  difference  be- 
tween   orj,'anic    and    inor<janic    matter.      Darwin's    esperi- 
ments    with    this   jjlant    have   shown    us    tli.it    inlinitesimal 
particles  of  ve^'etable  or  animal   substanc-e   will  cause  the 
hairs  to  bend  o\er.  while  a  j,'rain  of  sand  leaves  them  unin- 
fluencecl. 

Droscra  loti(/ifolia.  or  Loiifj-Ieaved  Sundew,  has  erect 
elonj^'ated  spatulate  leaves  narrowed  into  a  lonjr  stalk,  which 
are  covered  with  {,dandular  hairs  like  the  precedinj;  species. 
The  white  llowers  ^'ruw  in  a  terminal  cluster. 


LEPTARRHENA 

Lcftiinlu-na  lunfli-xifoUa.     SaxifraRc  Family 

Stems:  six  to  fifU'i-n  iiulics  IhkIi.  riRid.  with  one  or  two  sniail  leaves 
with  sheatliiiiK  petioles.  Leaves:  oliovate  coarsely  serrate  almve  the 
niidillc,  attenuate  below  to  a  short-winRed  petiole,  which  is  dilated  and 
sheathing  at  the  hase.  Flowers:  nitnurons,  in  hr.icted  paniculate  ra- 
cemes: petals  (he.  entire,  linear,  white;  calyx  canipanulate.  Fruit:  car- 
pels iinrple-red,  diver^jent. 

A  very  handsome  plant,  with  closely  clustered  tlowcr- 
heads  and  thick  jjlossy  leaves.  In  seed  it  is  remarkable  for 
its  rich  purple-red  appearance.  It  grows  in  quantities  near 
many  alpine  streams. 


wm^ 


IW' 


JThite  to  Gr,rn  and  liroun  F/ou,rs 


'.^9 


WESTERN  BOYKINIA 

/'.'v/i'»ii,/  .',  .(./.•)i/.(/i.s.     S.ixifraKi'  Family 
Stem.:   .I.iHl.r.  cr.rt  .,r  .l.vlinni   fr.m,  a  ,rf.-,.in«  s,.„H-w!,al   w.^nly 
can.U.v     Leaves:  r.n,n,l-.-..r.|.m,  „.  isdy  I.,l..,l.  .,„  .Un.kr  ,u.,i,.K.,  ...h 
.I.I.m.l  l.,.sc.    Flower,:  ,„  .|.-„Ka...|  ,...nin.latc  cyrao.     Fruit:  a  ca,>. 

I  Ins  plant  has  a  cmi  in-  uoo.ly  rctstork.  and  altfrnatc 
liaves   ulnVh   an-   roun.lnl   and   lK-art->lia|K-.|   -.t   the     msc 
rhc  flowers  prow  in  hranchin^  tlat-toppcl  chiMors.  have  a 
l.c-n-shaiK-d   calyx.    an<l    f.vc    white   earlv   decidnous   ,a'tals 
which  narrow  below  to  a  lun<r  claw. 

COMMON  SAXIFRAGE 

Saxifrojia  hronchialis.     Saxifrage  Family 
Stems:  one  to  >ix  :.,cIms  h.^'l,.  asccn.IinK.  slc.ulcr.  pro.l.innK   .I.ort 
branchcts.     Leaves:  onaccnns.  lanculatc.  n,„crn„ate.  sessile.  «i.l,  a 
b  oa.l  l,ase  f.ncly  al>ate.     Flowers:  f.w.  in  an  .,„cn  a.ryn,b  ..„   ,U.„,ler 
pctlKfls;  petals  ol)lonK.  wl.ilc,  nvirkcd  with  red  spots. 

I-re(|uently  the  traveller  will  f.nd  immense  rocky  slopes 
literally  covered  with  the  pretty  little  l.lossoms  of  th'is  Saxi- 
frajre.  which  may  easily  he  recoc:ni/c,l  I)v  the  hri^'ht  red 
spots  that  mark  its  the  white  petals.     It  is  a  low-prowinjj 
species,   the   flower-stalks   seld<.m   exceeding  six   inches   in 
iK-ijrht,  and  being  much  branched  and  re.ldish  in  colour. 
I  he  tiny  narrow  leaves  are  very  stifY.— indeed,  a  noticea- 
l>!e  characteristic  of  the   whole   plant   is   its  rigid   nature. 
The  name  is  derived  from  saxwn,  "  a  rock."  and  franqo, 
"  I  break."  and  the  Germans  call  it  StcUihrcch.  because  it 
grows  so  thickly  in  the  crevices  of  the  rocks  '"    t  it  is  sup- 
ixjsed  to  disintegrate  them  by  its  growth.     .\\\  the  Saxi- 
frages are  much  visited  by  flies  and  bees,  and 


! 


rb 


140       fi'fiilt'  t'j  (iti'in  (inJ  lit'txin  ihriit-rs 


i't' 


"Scatic  t«'»s  llic-  cKll  lii.rii  wild  llri\v,r  -tints  Im  iiij.iy 
I''\i-lr.l-i  .    ill. Ill    till'    willj,'iMl    lijlllldtTlT 

1  ii.it    Mil  k-    it"    "wril'.." 

Scxifnuni  (rninti,  ..r  Xnddini,'  S.ixifrat^i-,  is  a  iTfainy- 
wliili-  lloutr.  more  rait-  (liati  iiian\-  -if  il«.  sistcT  Sa\irra;;«'s, 
ail. I  .i^Towitit,'  If.  .Ill  f.iiir  I.,  fi-lii  iiicIuN  In-i,  iin.  tra\i-IUT 
will  al  ..nil-  I.V  sfrti.  k  l.y  tlu-  liillc  I.ri-^Iit  rnl  Imllw  iliat  -n.u- 
ill  tlu-  a\il>.  ulu'iv  i.nli  iippcT  li-af  i>  atlarlinl  1.,  thr  -talk; 
and  l.y  lliis  rliara 'liTisfic.  as  ui-ll  a>  l.v  its  1..u«.t  p  liiii-liki' 
leaves,  ilie  \...Miiii,'  Sa\il'raj;i'  may  l.e  rea<li!y  kiMuii.  It 
Kn.v\s  am. .111;  the  miks  a!  \ify  hiv'Ii  altitudes. 

Sd.vif  1(1^/11  l.yallii,  ..r  Lyall's  Sa\itia-e.  lias  a  rreei.iiiij 
caiideN  aiid  is  spariii.i,dy  hraiulied.  Tliere  are  tw,.  tall  \erv 
l.ram-liiii','  while  Sa\ifra,t,'^es  wliicli  1..  the  ..nliiian  oye 
eL.sely  resemhle  oik-  aiu.ther,  namelv.  l.yalTs  Sa\itrai;e  ami 
Tall  Saxit'raL'e.  and  a  careful  refen-iue  t.i  the  de-tripti..ns 
(»t  ea.  li  sli. .:ild  lie  made  in  determiiiiivr  a  partienlar  plant. 

I.vall's  Sa.xifraure  is  the  smaller  <'t  the  two  jilants,  ami  is 
less  hr  ineliiiii,':  its  leaves  <^Ti\\\  in  a  elnster  at  the  hase.  are 
nmnded.  deeply  toothed,  and  often  tiiii^ed  and  streakol  with 
red.  'llu'  (lowers,  wliieli  are  very  niinieroiis,  are  white 
.\  special  distin,iniisliini,'  feature  is  the  seed-jiods,  three  or 
four  in  num'ier,  whiih  dexeioi)  in  the  eeiitre  of  each  (lower 
in  a  cluster,  and  are  red,  with  very  pointed  ere'.t  heaks. 

Sa.vifnuia  niitkana,  or  Tall  .Saxifra.tjc.  j,tows  erect  from 
a  (lesliy  candex.  The  Tall  Saxifra<.;e  is  a  larger  and  hand 
soiner  |)lant  than  L\  all's  species.  It  is  also  more  !)ranchin,i,^ 
{,'rowinj,'  from  six  t..  ei,!L,diteen  inches  h.ijjjh.  and  covered  with 
many  tiny  white  hlossoms.  each  with  a  liriirht  oranj^^e  or  reel 
spot  at  the  hase  of  the  lih.de.  The  leaves  .l;iow  in  a  cluster 
at   the  hase.    fr..m   the  centre  of   which   the    (lower-stalks 


^t^tjluv  -.-.I***  *r»' 


■■ni£r«s»AB 


#«^ 


Vl.MV  \W 


Vll'IVK    S  \XII  l(\'  F 

(  Sa.vifr.ii:,!  iiizvlis) 
141 


"9.9i^»x&  imi'SiXmMvr.r'M.ixwmtnar -T 


^:    mT.  lar^'jmBttf'jfM'mjr  if,»?*r'KiB^^.-»fK.T^'-' 


142       Jf'liitc  to  Green  and  Broun  Flowers 


m. 


r 


spriiif,-  they  are  hairy,  l()n--shai)e(I.  and  sharply  toothed. 
Noil  can  hest  (hstinguisli  tlie  Tall  Saxifrage  from  Lyall's 
species  hy  the  leaves,  which  in  the  former  are  spatulate  and 
Ionf,-shaped  and  in  the  latter  rounded.     The  Tall  Saxifra^'e 
also  f,a-nerally  has  small  hulhlcts  growinj,'  helow  the  Houcns. 
Saxifraija  niiMlis,  or  .Alpine  Saxifra^t.  is  a  plant  which 
grows  at  extremely  high  altitudes,  as  well  as  on  the  lower 
motmtain  slopes.     It,  too,  has  a  cluster  of  leaves  at  the  hase, 
rounded  and  toothed  at  the  top  and  narrowing  down  sharply 
towards  the  ro(,t.     The  Howers  grow  in  handsome  compact 
heads,  and  the  stalks,  usually  quite  hare  of  leaves,  are  red- 
dish and  n<.t  straight.     The  seed-pods  are  purple-red  and 
spreading. 

Sa.xifra(/aMcrtcnsitma,  or  Spotted  Saxifrage,  has  a  hulb- 
like  rootstuck.  and  jmipagates  hy  hulhlets  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves  which  latter  are  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the 
hase.  lohed  and  toothed,  being  very  large  and  broad.  The 
white  petals  of  the  (lowers  have  two  yell.nv  spots  near  the 
base  and  the  capsule  is  oval  and  inflated. 

Saxifraya  ccstivalis,  or  Purple-bract ed  Saxifrage,  has 
kulney-shaped  leaves  which  are  deepK  cordate  at  the  base 
and  coarsely  toothed.  The  white  flowers  grow  in  a  l(>ose 
open  panicle,  and  the  bracts  on  the  stalks  are  .|uite  purplish. 

Saxifnuja  acsfilosa.  or  Tufted  Saxifrage,  has  slender 
running  stems  and  short  branchlcts.  It  f.,nns  den^e  tufts 
as  large  as  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  on  the  ground.  The 
leaves  are  pale  yellowish-green,  thin,  fan-shapcl  and  deeply 
tliree-to-five  cleft.  The  white  (lowers  are  large  in  compari- 
son with  the  sixe  of  the  plant  and  the  narrow  entire  bracts 
and  three-lobed  leaves  grow  on  the  (lowering  stalks. 

Saxifnuja  adscciulcns,  or  Wedge-leaved  Saxifrage,  has 
wedge-shai)ed  three-toothed  leaves  growing  in  basal  rosettes, 


ri.ATK  XXV 


X.\.\(  ^  -(i\KK-TllK-(,K(U\D 

( 1  Htrclla  uiiifoliiit,,) 
1-13 


V, 

'I 


:  '  I 


■.   .    :.^'^V 


[f 


144       Jl'hiti'  to  Green  atifi  liroun  Flouers 

and  Ijranchini^  stalks.     'Ilic   wliitc  petals  are  also  wcdj^e- 
shaped. 

Sii.vifnu/a  rhiilnris.  or  Alpine  I'rook  Sa\ifra!j:e,  has  kid- 
ney-shaped hasal  leaves  which  are  three-lo-five  lohed,  and 
narrow  upper  leaves.  The  llouers  which  term  nate  the 
slender  stalk.,  are  erect.  This  plant  is  found  on  the  alpine 
suniniil>  and  near  rnnniiiL;  water. 

NANCY-OVER-THE-GROUND 

liiiicUa    iiiiiloluita.     S,i\ifr:ij,'i'    I-'.miily 

Stems:  ^UiuKr,  >i)ri;iiIiiiK  frnni  rnnniiiK  n '(it--t"ok>,  Leaves:  -impk-, 
cord.iti',  .K-iiti-,  iili^curtlv  hM,-tc>->o\tii  IdIjoI  un  lim^  tine  pcliuli-^. 
Flowers:  iimiR'mns,  in  .i  n.-irmu  panicle;  calyx  cleft  t(i  near  the  l>a>e; 
petals  five,  tilil'drni;  stanteii^  ten. 

The  tiny  feathery  flowers  of  this  ])lant  are  fotnid  in  ^'reat 
(piantities  in  the  mountains.  Their  lar.^e  heart-shaped 
leaves  appear  to  carpet  the  f,'roiind  ahout  three  inches  alio\e 
the  soil  in  the  localities  where  they  ahound.  and  their  white 
masses  of  delicate  hloom  have  earned  for  then;  the  name  of 
"  l'\irun-ITower."  The  Latin  name  Tiarclhi  means  "a  lit- 
tle tiara,"  and  refers  to  the  shape  of  the  capstile,  while 
unifoliaia  refers  to  the  one  leaf  on  the  llower-stalk. 


OVAL-LEAVED  ALUM  ROOT 

llcuihtia  o:tilif(iliii.     S.-ixitra^c   l";iinily 

Stems:  six  to  ei^liteen  inclii^  liiuli,  liMlle^s.  Leaves:  ii\ate,  cordate, 
crenaie.  Flowers:  a  Kr<-'i""i-l'-i^'ii';iiii,  >ni,ill,  in  terniinai  panicle-,  spike- 
like, cylinilricil,  two  to  t(nir  inches  lonj^ ;  calyx  cainpaiuilate ;  petals 
tiliforin  or  none.     Fruit:  seeds  hi-pid. 

This  plant  is  usually  found  in  very  dry  stony  ])laces, 
among  the  rocks  or  on  gravelly  slopes.  It  is  remarkahle  for 
its  tall  stiff  stalks,  which  are  leafless  and  end  in  a  dense 
spike  of  closely-set  creamy  flowers.     The  leaves  are  green 


ri.ATi:  xxvr 


OVAI  -1  KAVKII    Ar  I    M     KiNiT 

(He III- In- ra  oialiioHa  ) 


145 


?''5?^5^^^!^^^^ 


146       White  to  Green  and  Broun  Floucrs 


r 


\iL. 
w 


and  reddish,  round,  and  with  wavy  inarf;in>  It  is  a  pc- 
cuhar  but  not  an  attractive  plant. 

UcHchcra  glabra,  or  Smooth  Ahini  Root,  has  roundish 
lotted  leaves  which  are  douhly  toothed;  the  cream-coloured 
Howers  f,'row  in  a  loose  hranchinj,'  cluster  and  the  style  is 
much  exserted. 

Hciichcra  (jlq^h-lla,  or  P.ristly  Alum  Root,  differs  from 
the  fore.ijoinjj  species  in  havint,'  leathery  round-toothed 
leaves,  the  teeth  of  which  are  bristly  at  the  apex  and  have 
marginal  hairs.  The  white  Mowers  are  small  and  -row  in 
a  loose  branching,'  spike,  each  branch  beiny  subtended  by  a 
hairy  bristly  bract. 

TELLIMA 

Tcllima  iirandill,iia.     .'^axitrriKc  I'aniily 

Stems:  liispid-piihc-sccnt,  fmin  >liiin  tiiftiil  nmtstdcks.  Leaves: 
romul-cdrdate,  tlircf-to-iiinc  lohed,  cnarsi'ly  tn(.tlic<l.  on  li.nu  in'tiolc^. 
Flowers:  crcain-colonr,  with  ro^c-piiik  margins,  on  very  slmrt  nlKxcd 
pi'diccls;  calyx  thick,  cyhndracfoiis,  with  tiirliinali-  lulic  and  shurt, 
trianKtilnr,  erect  1<iI)l's,  iiillattd;  petals  laciiiiately  cut  into  tilif(7rni  seg- 
ments, narrowed  helow  to  a  short  claw. 

\  plant  that  is  easily  recoj^nized  i)y  means  of  its  lon.^- 
stalks,  bearinjj  numerous  nmnd  cream-coloured  or  <,'reen 
blossoms,  which  are  set  closely  ajjainst  it,  their  edt^es  rose 
colour  and  deeply  frinj^ed.  It  throws  from  one  to  two  feel 
hif,di  and  has  (piantities  of  folia,i;e,  the  leaves  beini^-  larjje, 
rounded,  and  lobed,  with  fine  white  hairs  standini;  up  all 
over  them. 

MITREWORT 

MitcUii  Brci^'cii.     SaxifrnRe  Family 

Stems:  pnhcscent  with  hrownisli  hairs.  Leaves:  ronnd-oordate, 
ihree-to-fivo  lohed,  toothed.  Flowers:  small,  .urocn,  in  simple  spic.ite 
racemes;  calyx  short,  campanulate ;  petals  pectinately  i)innatc,  with  lili- 
forni  pinn.i'a. 


ri.Ari-:  xw  n 


Teli.ima 

(  TcUima  graiidiriora  ) 


M7 


If  I 


^f'* 


148        IVhite  to  Green  and  Brown  Flouers 

The  Mitrewort  is  one  of  the  few  absoUitcly  green  flowers 
that  grow  in  the  mountains;  it  derives  its  name  of  Mitclla. 
or  P>ishop's  Cap,  fnjni  the  form  of  the  seed-ixul.  It  (hffers 
from  \aney-(ner-the-groun(l.  first,  in  that  its  Ijlossoms  are 
much  more  fragile  and  green,  and  secondly,  in  that  it  is 
more  leafy  and  is  covered  with  tiny  hairs. 

Mitclla  Hilda,  or  Bishop's  Cap,  has  a  stolonifernus  stem. 
The  leaves  are  circular  and  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  bluntly 
toothed  at  the  edi^e,  and  covered  on  both  sides  with  scat- 
tered hairs.  The  greenish  flowers  are  similar  to  those  of 
the  preceding  species. 

M  it  Ala  pcntaiulra,  or  Fivc-stamencd  Mitrewort,  has 
leaves  which  are  circular  in  outline,  but  usually  thrce-to-five 
lobed  and  unecpially  toothed  at  the  ii<\^Q.  The  flowers  have 
a  bell-shaped  calyx  with  very  short  lobes  and  compound 
petals.     The  five  stamens  are  placed  opposite  the  petals. 

Mitclla  trifnia,  or  Alpine  Mitrewort.  is  sparingly  covered 
with  coarse  white  hairs,  and  the  flowers  grow  in  a  one-sided 
cluster,  each  tiny  stalk  being  subtended  by  a  white  bract. 
Both  the  bell-shaped  calyx  and  the  three-toothed  petals  are 
white. 


li 


MARSH  GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS 

Paniassiii  montancu.  is.     Saxifrage  Family 

Stems:  l)eariiiR  one  claspinj;  ovate  leaf.  Leaves:  ovate,  petioled. 
olitnse  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base.  Flowers:  elliptic,  few-veiiied ; 
petrds  five ;  stamens  mmieroiis,  in  clusters  at  the  base  of  each  petal. 

Why  "Grass,"  and  why  "of  Parnassus"?  Assuredly 
the  traveller  will  be  surprised  when  he  finds  what  kind  of 
flower  bears  this  exceedingly  unstutable  name,  for  the  (irass 
of  Parnassus  is  like  a  delicate  while  buttercup,  the  veins  in 
its  petals  being  .strongly  marked,  and  numerous  stamens 


ir/ilti'  to   Green  and  Hro-un   llo\icrs        149 

j,a()\vin}j^  at  the  ha'^c  <>f  t-vory  Made.  ICacli  -talk  i>  i-laspe<l 
In  a  sins^ie  little  rmind  leaf,  and  a  in.'i--  i>l"  smnotli  <jlii>sv 
foliaj^e  ,i,'r()\\s  close  tn  the  i^ronnd.  Tlie-e  ha-al  leaves  are 
much  curled  up.  and  in  I(p\\-1\  iut,^  niar-lus  and  other  wn 
|ilaees  yon  will  tind  iheni  in  |.r<>fn-.inn  dnrini;  the  nionth  ot 
jnly.  Perhaps  it  was  the  vehety  petals  i)\  the  (lra~-  of 
Parnassus  that  cau-ed  Pnierson  to  ask: 

■■  W'liy    N'ltnre    Ii'M'S    tlio    nuinln'r    five. 
And   why  till'  >lar-tiiriii   ^hc   ic';iial>  ?  " 

I'or  in  this  ])artic)ilar  nicuntain  wild  tlnwer  tlie  (ne  petals 
and  the  star-torni  are  h.ith  cspeciallv  C()nsi)icunu>. 

I'anuissin  fniihriiihi.  or  i-'rin^ed  ( lras>  of  i'aina>sus.  is 
also  very  cnniinon  in  nmist  ])laces  aiunni;"  die  mountain-.  It 
closely  resemhlcs  the  plant  already  descrihed,  hut  may  he 
clearly  distin.i;uished  t'roin  it,  hecau-e  the  petal-  are  con- 
spicuously t'rinj^red  toward-  the  lia-e  and  h;i\e  tiin'  marginal 
hairs. 

Pdrmissia  parritlnra,  or  Small  (Ira-s  ot'  Parna-stis,  re- 
semhles  the  mountain  species,  hut  has  sm.aller  tlowcrs,  and 
may  always  he  di-tin,miislu'(l  hy  the  tact  that  the  ha-al  leave- 
are  oval,  and  iu>l  heart--haped,  luit  narrowed  into  a  slen<ler 
stalk. 

/'(inia.s'sia  Kot'^ebiwi.  or  Aipine  (ira-s  of  Parna^sn-,  is  a 
tiny  species,  only  a  few  iiiclio  hi,i;h,  and  i>  found  at  j.;reat 
altitudes. 

BRISTLY  GOOSEBERRY 

h'ihrs  srtiisiiiii.     S.ixitra'-;*.'  I'aniily 

Stems:  with  iiifra-axillary  >iiiiu-.  -KihIim,  ^pri^ailiiiL;,  -nnu'timfs 
none;  'iri^tk-s  n>!ial1>  ninnirnns.  scaitcn  ■!.  Leaves:  -IcikKt  |ifti"li<l, 
t)ri>;i<lly  (uatr  in  niithiii.'.  t'i\  r-lnin'il,  tlie  I. .In-  inci-i-il-ili-nlalf.  Flowers: 
>4rtcni>h-wliitt ;    i-;ily\-lii!.c    i>Iin.lrif.    I^'iiucr    tli.in    tlie    hMmIij;    l.ilic-; 


iii'l 


r^ 


'J?"        White  to  Green  rnu/  liroun  Flouers 


ii;i 


st.-.n.rns  „.,t  cxs.rtol.     Fruit:  a  kI,,I,.,.c-  pnr,,U.  l,.r,v.  ,M,l,,y,  the  .alyx 
piTMstfiit  ..n   lis  Minimii,  >|,.,riii^;Iy  l,ristly  ,,r  miii,   Kl;,l,rMi.^. 

'i'hc  Inish  on  wliiih  this  P.ri.tly  (iMosclK-rry  ^nou  >  i.  found 
m  the  shady  \v..ods.  and  attains  an  avcra,i(f  hci,i,dit  of  three 
left.  The  tlouer>  are  ,i,'reenish-uhite  and  verv  inM^r„j(K.;i„t. 
and  the  frnit  consists  of  a  Mnall  purple  pulpy  herrv.  which  is 
sweet  to  the  taste. 

Kibes  hatstre.  or  Swamp  Cooschorry.  has  l.ranclies  cov- 
ered with  slender  spines.  The  leaves  are  nearlv  eireular  in 
'-ntline.  hear.  !iai.ed.  (leei)ly  five-to-scven  lol,i,l.';uid  toothed 
at  the  e<l,ue>:  while  the  -reen  or  purplisj,  Unwers  -row  in 
l<.<.se  raeeines.  The  fruit  is  a  pnrpu.li-hlaek  I.errv  covered 
with  weak  hristles. 

Kibes  hutlsonimmw.  or  IMark  Currant,  has  sino.,th  erect 
l.ranches.  and  leaves  which  ;ire  ronnd-cordate,  tliree-to-(ive 
lohed.  coarsely  toothed,  and  resinous-dotted  heneath.  '{"Ik- 
racemes  of  white  llowers  are  dense,  and  the  fruit  is  a  smooth 
hlack  herrv. 


•  i^~-  T-i"i' 


BIRCH-LEAVED  SPIR^ffiA 

Sfira-ii  lihidii.     Kdsc   F.imilv 
Stems:  erect,  rcd.lisli.  \v,>,„|y.  nne  i„  two  t\r,  |)ii.|,.    Leaves:  lower 
ones  small,  obnvale;  upper  .mcs  „val,  .•icuti-li.  nnc(|iKil!v  >erratc  en  ^Imrt 
pitK.Ks.     Flowers:    crcani-o.|,,nr    in    coinpoini.l    o.rvnil)-    petals    f.v.- 
rounded. 

.\  small  hushy  shruh  with  woody  stems  hcarin,;,^  lari^e 
showy,  tluffy  llower-heads.  llattened  on  the  lop  and  formed 
of  numerous  tiny  cream-coloured  blossoms  tin<;ed  with  pink. 

It  frequently  jjrows  hy  the  side  of  mountain  roads  rmd  at 
the  edge  of  trails,  where  the  hri-ht  sunshine  hrin-s  i;  out  to 
perfection.  The  red  woody  stems  hreak  off  with  a  sharp 
snap,  and  the  scent  of  the  llowers  is  extremely  sweet. 


S<S^*i^ 


ri.ATi  Nwni 


I'ikril-I  KWr:)    Sl'IW  1   \ 

(  >/•//(.■(;  Ill,  ilia  ) 


HJ 


i 


1^1 


.^.' 


r  I 


i> 


152       Jriiile  to  Green  and  Hroun  Flouers 

GOATS  BEARD 

.Ini-hiis  syliisti-r,     Kd^t    [•'aiiiiiy 

Stems:  cn-ct,  l.raiiMl.  Leaves:  l..nK-pcti<>k'(l.  pinn.iti'.  tliroc-tn- 
scvctl  foli"l;.li-;  lialli'l>  <ivati',  laiH\i!aU'.  I,iin.  aiiitc  at  tlii'  apex. 
n.iiiKlid  at  i!i>-  h.isc,  sliarply  .|..,  i.ly  siTr.,tc.  Flowers:  in  Iouk,  -IciKk-r. 
paiiirlcd  spikc^,  <Tii-l  (jr  ■-piiailins^. 

'I'liis  tall,  slirul)-likc'.  piTcitiiial  herh  i^  (|iiitc  niimi-lal<al)K 
a^  It  ;^r()\\s  t'n.ni  three  t<.  i-ii  foot  hii^'Ii  iti  the  rich  «^n,|  ..f 
tho  Wit  vaUcvs.  and  hear^  lUI^kMl.tl•^  1>U'^  >ho\\  \  |ihiiiifs  of 
closely  iliistercd.  niintitf,  creamy  llowers  n'Miij,'  aI)o\e  its 
masses  of  hixiiriaiit  strongly  veined  folia-e.  Thus  the 
float's  I'.eaid  is  both  decorative  aii('  conspici  .uis  The  tinv 
llo\ver>  arc  formed  of  a  fne-Iohed  i  al.\  \  and  live  i)etal-,  atid 
tile  seeds  are  \  cry  small  and  shiniiifj;. 

ALPINE   SPIR^A 

Lulkcii  f>i'itiiiiit(i.     Ro-c   Family 

Stems:  ccspito-o.  crupiiiK,  M-ry  leafy;  llowcriiiR  •^tcins  crctt. 
Leaves:  ttifolinlatc,  ptr-i-itnt :  liailrts  dirply  |mI,i-,1.  Flowers:  m 
slxirt  tiTiiiiiial  rati'iiU"- ;  caly\-Inl)i~  ovale,  aiMitc,  oinallini;  the  inhc: 
petals  oiiovate. 

A  lovely  trailin.i;-  pl.aiit,  it-  llowers  .tjrouinj^r  to  an  a\eraro 
heijL^ht  of  four  inches,  in  cloii-ated  hcuK,  each  individual 
tiny  Iilossoin  havinjj  six  white  petals  ;ind  ;i  ninnhcr  of  vellow 
stamens.  The  leaves  .t,To\v  close  to  the  .ijround.  resemhlinfj 
a  larL;e  moss,  and  arc  (leei)ly  frin.^cd  and  fern-like.  The 
shoots  of  the  plant  run  aloni,'  the  "ground:  the  stems  of  ilie 
llowers  .arc  hritlle  an<l  woodv. 

COMMON  SERVICEBERRx 

.'nu-hiihliii-r  fJ.>ri,lii.      U,i>t-    I'amily 

A  slirnli  tliree  to  six  feet  liiyii,  mnre  or  K^s  tonientosc-piihcsceiit  when 
yotniK,  at  len,i;!h  Klalir.ite  tliiniigltoMi  and  sonu'uli   |  i^lancous.     Leaves: 


ri.ATK  XX f\ 


Goat's  Beaku 

[.h-uncus  s\I:rsti'i) 

153 


il 


W!FT< 


MICROCOPY   RESOIUTION   TEST   CHART 

ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHAP^  No    2i 


A  APPLIED  irvMGE     Ir 

^^  '653    Tist    Ma.r^    Street 

'—  ■■^'6)    -■■^^'  -  0300  -  Phone 

^SS  ■  ?16)   288  ~  5989  -  Fo» 


154       Ifhite  to  Green  and  liroiin  Flowers 


.1 


thick.  I.rna.ly  elliptic  ..r  orl.icniar,  very  ol.t„.se.  an.l  ..f.en  truncate  at  tl.e 
apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  tl.e  i.ase.  coarsely  .letUate  al.uve  the  ntid- 
<llf  Flowers:  white,  in  short  racemes,  rather  den>e ;  petals  f^ve.  ohlan- 
ccolate,  cuneate.     Fruit:  a  glohose  i.ome,  purple  with  a  hloo.n.  >weet. 

This  is  the  low  pcarly-fl.nvtTc'd  shnih  which  -n.ws  on  the 
sandy  I.anks  and  Hats,  an.l  w!iidi  the  huh-ans  call  Sas/catoon 
for  Its  sweet  pnrple  berries  form  a  staple  article  ..f  foo.I 
with  them  during  the  months  of  Julv  and  Augnst.  It  >.-  ne- 
what  resembles  the  Western  Choke  Cherrv.  but  Us  -r-enish- 
white  blossoms  arc  larj-er  and  have  long  narrou  petals ;  also 
Its  leaves  are  oval,  with  flattened  ends,  and  are  very  coarsely 
toothed  above  the  middle,  wh.ereas  those  of  the  Western 
Choke  Cherry  are  oblong,  pointed,  and  finelv  totalled  all 
round  the  edges.  The  bark  of  the  little  branches  of  the 
Serviceberry  is  reddish,  and  the  young  leaves  are  ,,uile  pale 
and  downy  underneath. 

Amelaiichicr  Ciisic/cii,  or  Thick-leaved  Scrviceberrv 
grows  on  stony  hillsides,  and  has.  as  its  name  denotes! 
thicker  leaves  than  the  preceding  species. 

WILD  STRAWBERRY 

Fragaria  'ghnua.  Rose  Family 
Stems:  running,  and  forming  new  plants.  Leaves:  tuftcl  from  the 
root  v.llous-p.ihescent  «ith  spreading  hairs.  ln„g-pe,ioled,  pahuately- 
tnfohate:  leallets  oval,  ol.tuse.  .lentate,  the  ter.ninal  one  cnneate 
Flowers:  of  five  petals,  cytuose;  scape  with  apprised  pnl.escent  and 
generally  glaucous  lea\es.     Fruit:  red.  ovoi.i. 

Nearly  every  one  will  easily  recognize  the  blossoms  of  the 
W'dd  Strawberry  plant.  "  Doubtless  God  could  have  made 
a  better  berry,  but  doubtless  God  never  did."  This  is 
equally  true  of  the  fragrant  scarlet  fnnts  on  the  mountain 
side  as  of  their  cultivated  cousins  in  the  garden. 

Fragaria   bractcata,   or   Wood   Strawberrv.    is   a    small 


>-f'\ 


■Ar .  ikMmn  "^  >«!  : 


PLATI-.  \\X 


CoMM  SeRVK  EIJERRV 

(Aiiuiaih    icr  Horida) 
155 


liii 


11 " 


s|n'cii'>,  iiiarkvil  liy  C'iiis|)ituiui-«  l)r;ift>,  wliicli  jj^rnu^  i.n  i!ic 
forested  hillsides. 


t 


TALL  CINQUEFOIL 

/'(>!i-n!il!,i  ari^iihi.      l\">f  l-'.'iniity 

Stems:  nn-i,  -tuni,  -iniiilt.-  lnh.w.  Leaves:  ■-i.M.n-t'i-clc\cn  luIinLiti-; 
lc'.ilkl>  Mvati',  .ilitii-i.'  at  lilt'  ,i|K'\,  -iIr'  trrniiii,;!  um  iiiiK-alf,  llic  otlicr-- 
roiiiuliMl  al  tlio  liasc.  Flowers:  c.Mnc  .-trict.  cln^c ;  calyx  dcn-cly 
inihi'^i'iiu. 

t  iii(|iK-l()i!s  an-  \t'n-  minieroiiN  in  the  mountain  rc'j:[ions. 
and  somewhat  rescniljic  hnttercups.  I'lic  'I'al!  l'in(|ucfoil  is 
a  line  >lio\\ y  plant,  its  white  ilowers  L;ro\vint,;'  in  a  elu>ter 
and  liaxini;'  i"i\e  jjctals:  the  stalks  are  hairy  and  ha\e  many 
leaves  j^^nowini^-  up  them.  All  the  other  ("in(|uefoil>  have 
yellow  llower^  exeept  /'.  f^aliisfris   whieh  has  purple  ones. 

CAPBERRY 

l\'ul'us    fiii;itlitis.      R<i-r    I'.iniily 

I-'rt-it,  hraiK-licil,  very  sli^liily  lui^tly.  Leaves:  |)(.tii>li'il.  si.nplc,  cor- 
(lati.-  at  ilk-  i).iM',  iliruf-tii-tui.'  l(il)i'(l.  tlic  li.ln-  acute,  ilif  inidilk-  one 
■-lii^litly  |(in,m.-r  than  tliu  ntluTS.  ;ill  coarsely  and  inRM|ii.illy  scrr.'ite. 
Flowers:  uiiitc.  feu,  corymlid-o,  terminal;  caly\-li)!if>  lipjicd  with  a 
l^n'-:  -k'nder  aiipcnda.nc.  Fruit:  (kiJre-sed-lieini^plKric,  edililc,  red 
wlieii   ripe. 

The  ii\e  snow-white  crinkled  petals  of  the  Capherry 
look  very  trail  and  prettv  when  seen  amid  the  den^e  coarse 
foliai.;e  of  this  lar<;e  bushy  shruh.  The  tlower  is  formed 
like  ;i  miniature  white  rose,  and  has  numerous  tinv  stamens 
set  around  the  convex  receptacle  in  which  arc  inserted  the 
car])els  th.it  ultimately  ripen  into  drupelets  an  'rn  an 
at;',L;ret;ate  red   fruit. 

Ihe  Capherry  throws  abundantly  in  the 

"  Hitrh-wooded  hollows,  where   serenely   rc=t 
The   lazy   cl'Uids,   like  giants   in   repose." 


m^mi^mrm 


XXXl 


1 


(_".\l'l!KkK 

157 


158        Jl'liite  to  Green  and  liroun  I'loiiers 


i  ,3 


Ktibus  strit/nsus,  or  Red  Raspberry,  has  slirubhy  stems 
usually  densely  covered  with  weak  glandular  bristles,  the 
older  ones  bearing  small  hooked  prickles.  The  leaves  are 
three-to-five  lobcd,  rounded  at  the  base  and  sharply  toothed. 
The  white  flowers  grow  in  a  loose  raceme  and  the  fruit  is 
sweet,  red  and  very  juicy. 

Riihiis  triflonts,  or  Dwarf  Rasi)bcrry.  has  spineless  stems 
growing  from  six  to  eighteen  inches  high,  and  trifoliate 
leaves  the  segments  of  which  are  nearly  smooth  and 
pointed,  the  terminal  one  being  wedge-shaped.  The  white 
tlowers  usually  grow  in  clusters  of  three  on  a  slender  stalk 
and  the  fruit  is  a  purplish-red  berry. 

Riibiis  pcdattis,  or  Creeping  Raspberry,  is  a  charming 
little  vine  that  trails  over  the  rocks  and  creeps  along  the 
ground,  gemming  the  moss  with  its  starry  five-petalled  white 
flowers,  in  the  centre  of  each  of  which  grow  many  fine  yel- 
low-tipped stamens.  The  leaves  are  divided  into  three  (or 
very  rarely  five)  leaflets,  which  are  coarsely  toothed  at  the 
edges.  The  fruit  consists  of  a  cluster  of  from  three  to  six 
red  juicy  globules,  pressed  together  and  held  in  a  cup  of 
tiny  green  leaves.  The  long  lithe  strands  of  this  pretty, 
delicate  vine  are  most  decorative,  as  many  white  flowers  and 
scarlet  fruits  may  be  gathered  at  the  same  time  upon  a  single 
trailing  branch. 

WOOD  NYMPH 

Pryas  ocl^'tctala.     Rose   Family 

Stems:  prostrate,  woody  at  the  base,  branched.  Leaves:  obiong- 
ovate,  coarsely  creiiate-toothed,  obtuse  at  each  end,  green  and  glabrous 
.ibove,  densely  vvhite-canescent  beneath,  the  veins  prominent.  F'owers: 
white.    Fruit:  plumose,  conspicuous. 

These  beautiful  white-cupped  flowers  grow  close  to  the 
ground,  generally  in  dry  sandy  or  rocky  places.     They  do 


\sati^  i.'asiL 


FM.MK  WXFI 


159 


:£Mm -..,-..- 


Jtli.-^'-^Tjt 


f        I 


i6(^        n/iitr  to  Green  and  liroun  Flouers 

not  always  have  ci^ht  petals,  as  tlu-ir  ti;inie  would  indicate, 
bnt  m.'iy  lie  foinid  with  from  six  t-.  tweKe  on  a  sinj^de 
flower.  The  name  Pryas  is  from  the  Latin,  sipiifyinj;  "a 
wood-nvnipii,"  and  certainly  the  velvety  petals  of  this 
dainty  plant,  j^rowinf,'  amid  a  mass  of  silver-hacked  leaves, 
are  surficiently  extpiisite  to  warrant  the  appellation. 

WHITE   CLOVER 


Tiift'liiiiit  ii/'iiis.     I'ci  I' 


PtTcmiiril, 


.  v.x ...,,,.,,  liraiH-Iiiiin  at  tlif  lia-c,  ruuijnji  at  the  imdo.  Leaves: 
loiiK-pftinlfcl ;  stipiik's  narrow,  laiu-i'<il;iti' :  IcalU-ts  iibotnlati',  ilfiiticiilatf. 
Flowers:  wliitr  or  I'.inl.i^li,  in  loost>,  j.;!  iliosc  lon«  pfiliiiukil  licacl^; 
calyx  tci'tli  aciiniiiiatc.     Fruit:  pods  foiir-sccilcd.     Not  iniliKctioii^. 

This  Common  or  honeysuckle  Clover  is  widely  dis- 
trihnted.  It  may  he  (piickly  reco<,'nized  hy  the  fact  that  the 
leaves  all  t^^row  on  long  stalks  directly  fro!n  the  root.  This 
is  an  introduced  plant. 

Trifolium  hxhridum,  or  Alsatian  Clover,  is  much  taller 
and  has  ininierous  leaves  growing  up  on  its  tlower-stalks. 
The  latter  species  is  frtHpiently  pinkish  in  hue. 

Clovers  have  a  very  close  association  with  our  childhood, 
those  ha])py  hygone  days  when  we  plucked  out  si''gle  Howers 
from  the  rounded  heads  and  sucked  the  sic  ?s  of 

nectar;  and  always  the  sweet  scent  of  the  C'  •\< 
recalls  to  us  the  well-remenihered  fields  wher. 

"  South    winds    jcstli-    them, 
Runililc-hct's  come. 
Hover,  liesitate. 
Drink,  and  are  koiic." 

This  is  an  introduced  plant. 


'ssorns 


"ir*.k.i.'  ti  Jc" 


n     4d^jcwj(yiM 


I'lKli  I     I  il  M-  \Kr\!       I  //,-i/v.>  '.  mil    I'.T,   iL-  I 
\\'lllli.    lli:Mi~\i;i    M        i  ll,'tl\..,iri,iii    Mi!;-lntrcsr,  IIS  ) 


r 


H'/ii'i-  to   (itiun  tinJ  Ht'iwn   /'loxit'ts        i^i 


INDIAN  MILK  VETCH 

.  litiii^iiliif      '••'!  i^iiii'i  iiiit.      I'lM    |-.iiiiily 

Stems:  t'lnclv  i;l.,lir,it«-.  <f.-.-i  '  cuulu'l  Leaves:  li.iilrt^  Imc.ir,  i.li 
ti'M  ;  -tiimlo  ii\.ih  .iiiiti-.  tiili,inii:i«.  Flowcrs:  uiiiti-.  tinm.  with 
iii.tnw  111  !.•.-(■  r.i.niu-.  '.t  iImh. 'is  1..  •  r  tli.ni  llu-  lent--,  im1_\  \  hlafk- 
i-h  IMiln -..III.  it-  iii'ii  Mil."!  ill.     Fruit;  i—'N  -i'iiiiilli|itii-. 

<  )iic  Ml'  the  Ira-t  atir.utiu'  i>i'  tl:r  W'tilu ■^  ll  lias  ,1  \iiu-^ 
U'lliiu  ri  M  .1  \\li,ili  is  t  ..lliiii'd  ill  till-  NjjfiiiL;  liv  tlir  St'iiiy 
ami  ('lai'  lii(liaii>  a>  an  articU'  <>i  i'>i<A.  Mir  U'a\f>  an- 
uiiitisli  aii«I  ratiur  silUy,  ainl  tlir  llnurr-.  arr  rliifth  ii^tici'- 
alilc  li\-  rrasiiii  oi'  tlirir  (lark-lnuti  hairy  r;iiyx. 

.  Istrtii/iiliis  Inii'lhis,  or  I.imim.-  tlnwiTi'd  Milk  W-iili,  lias 
asci'tidiiii^  sti'iiis  and  thin  olilcnj^r  |,;di  i^wlu  Irallrts,  uliiili 
arc  lilniit  at  llu'  aprx  and  iiarr^iwcd  ;tt  l!u-  liasc.  TIk-  llnu- 
iTs  arc  \cllii\\  ish-uhitc,  sKinctimcs  tinned  with  |iinl<,  and 
^mw  in  liHisf  >j)ikc-lik(  rarciiKs.  The  pod  i>  >t;ilkc(l, 
papery  and  puintcij  at  Imth  ends. 


! , 

i 
I    , 

I' 


LENTIL  VETCH 

/'liih  ll   tiiii,-i  I,  iiii.i       I'c.i    I'.iinily 

Stems:  vrvct,  iu';irl>  simiilr.  1.1II.  Kmi">.  »nlii;!,i'ir.iM..  Leaves:  Ii-i'" 
lets  -(•vfii-tii-niiH'  liaiicil,  ii\.ilf,  .nicl  i'lli;itii--i>l.|i  iiii;;  |ni|iiiMli>  c'CKi'i- 
liHH  till'  IraMs.  Flowers:  wliiti-.  in  ;i  liM.^c-  r,K-i-iin-.  Fruit:  \tn,\-.  .|i 
Idiivr,  ariiti'  ;it   cacli  I'lul,  hlai-k-liairy. 

A   handxdiic  plant,   L;r()\\inL[  mx'   m  tun   fed   hiL;h.   wit' 
many  lca\es,  ;nid  Ini;'  uhite-tloucred  licads.      It  has  ni.  ten- 
drils, hilt  j.,Tii\\s  \ery  stil'lly  with  thi^'k  iiprit;ht  stalks. 


WHITE   HEDYSARUM 

I Irily.i'iniiii   M(l,>-!n(r,'s,\-ii.';.     pea    I'".iinily 

This  is  a  white  species  nf  //.  Juircalc,  a   I'lill  descriiitiMH 
I'f  wliieh  will  he  found  in  the  lUuc  In  I'lrplc  Section. 


1; 


rsm:^ww\i^ 


PIATK  xxxiir 


45'  PI 

IMC*  In 


■ 


MS   ! 


Lentil  Vetch 
(PItaca  americatia) 

162 


.  -JK^;.--:  imfi;^i^PC»ii]iKiir'-£^~irjPr4 


Il'hite  to  Grci'n  <in<J  liroun  /*7o«,  rj        i6^ 


WiliTE   VETCHLINO 

l.iithyms  luliruli-iiiui.     IVa  Fa"iily 

Stemi:    -Uiulrr,    ir.nlitiK.     Leaves:    UatlctN    m    thrto    ■      lunr    p  ir-, 
I'V.ilf,  lll^IilK■ll>  iii-ii"il(i!    sii;iiilc>  >fmi  innl.ilf,  ciiiirr      Flc^cri:    t  \    i- 
l>'-tuii   li'>v\frii|,  ."iliruliiirii^ ;   ttinlriU  liraiu lii<l.     Fruit:   |'"<is     .ii.hi', 
linear.  m-xIU',  kI-iIiiiiii--. 

Nil  oiic  .xaiKliTiiij,'  ill  t!if  suniiiU'r  wimuU  van  inisiaki-  tlii> 
dainty,  dt-liiatc  W  Into  \  i-trliliii},'.  ulmli  tr:iiK  aloii-  tlir 
<4ntim(l,  olinili^  omt  lallcii  trtT>,  I  twiiu^  it  <  imy  hranih- 
mj,'  ti-ndnls  almut  tin-  >liriil)s  1  .1  which  it  .L;r'>\\>.  |  lie 
li<)Ufr>  rcscnihlc  those  of  the  i«  ..i.noii  j,'ardeii  ^jririi  pea. 

WHITE   GERANIUM 

(icranium   Ruhiirdsonii.     {Kraniiiin   I'aniily 

Stems:  erect  w.ili  ".IcikIit  lirataliis,  i>ii>-  to  tlirtc  ftet  l)iv;li.  Leaves: 
<I»',i)l>  tuc-to-,evfii-cli-ft.  I()l.ts  Jiarply  iiici>c<l.  Flowers:  pitals  intiri, 
liirsiite  at  liase;  Mpals  glandular,  pilii,e. 

This  (icraiiium  is  ahiiost  iiuarial)ly  N\hitc.  !)iit  viry  oioa- 
sionally  it  is  ptirplc-rcd.  The  plant  is  a  li;iiidsonie  one.  tall, 
with  rich  tolia}.^e  and  line  tlowcrs. 

WATEk    FENNEL 

Ciillilriilie  f>aluslris.     Water  Starwurt   I'.imily 

An  aquatic  herb.  Stems:  snbnierKeil  ones  linear,  liitid  at  tlie  apex  ; 
tloatinjf  ones  ()l)osate,  ..lituse,  <luttcil  witli  stellate  scales.  Fruit:  cmmi- 
pressed,  lohed,  wiiiRed  ■iily  towards  the  apex,  separated  \>y  a  .kep 
groove. 

This  plant  is  found  chiefly  in  running,'  water,  or  j^rowini; 
in  the  mud.  It  Ik'.s  minute  (lowers  and  a  lohet'  winijed 
fruit. 


:£M&k\. 


^%~^-'>lLW- 


'^M^miKf..m'mk'i\i^hS& 


164       Jr/iite  to  Green  nnd  Broun  Flowers 


ft 


'-\i 


MOUNTAIN    LOVER 

railiisliuia  Myrsiiiilcs.     Staff  Tree  Family 

Stems:  (Icnsely  braiu-licd.  Leaves:  ()pi)(i>iif,  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
ciineate  at  the  liase,  the  tipper  half  >errate.     Flowers:  in  axillary  cymes. 

A  low  evergreen  shrub  with  niinieroiis  branches  and  verv 
pretty  ti)ha,yt'.  The  leaves  are  smooth  and  oblon-j;,  and  tlie 
tiny  greenisli-brown  flowers  j,'row  in  the  axils  o\  the  leaves. 

CANADA   VIOLET 

I'idla  liiiiiidi-nsis.     \'i<ikt   l'"amily 

Stems:  Rlahrous,  six  inches  to  two  feet  liinli.  Leaves:  cordate, 
pointed,  serrate;  stipules  entire.  Flowers:  pet.iis  white,  tinned  and 
veined  with  purple,  sometimes  nearly  manve-pirk ;  si)iir  very  slmrt : 
stigma  heakless. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  many  violets  which  ^row 
in  the  mountains,  its  lovely  w '  'te  petals,  ])urple-sha(le(l  on 
the  back,  givinjj  forth  a  delicate  frai^rancc,  and  its  tall  leafy 
stems  bearing  aloft  many  blossoms.  L'sually  it  is  found  in 
the  moist  mossy  woods,  where  it  llourishes  luxuriantly:  but 
it  also  grows  on  the  open  al])ine  meadows,  though  here  its 
stalks  are  not  so  tall,  nor  its  flowers  so  large,  as  thev  are  in 
the  shade  of  the  pines  and  firs.  The  Canada  X'iolet  con- 
tinues to  bloom  from  June  until  September. 

ALPINE  WILLOW-HERB 

IlpiloJ'lum  iilf^iiiuin.     I'lveniiiR  Primo-e  Family 

Stems:  erect  with  elongated  internodes.  Leaves:  ellii>ical.  petioled, 
slightly  repand-denticnlate,  ohtnse.  Flowers:  terminal  in  the  ni)per 
axils.     Fruit:  a  slender  many-seeded  capsule. 

This  small  Willow-herb,  which  grows  at  the  high  alti- 
tudes, is  almost  invarial)ly  white,  though  very  rarely  it  has 
pinkish  flowers.     The  leaves  are  pale  green  and  the  green 


PLATF.  XXXIV 


Canada  X'hukt 
(  J  "u<hi  rnihidi'iisis) 


165 


i6d        White  to  Green  and  Brown  Flowers 


seed-pixls  arc  tinged  with  red,  while  the  smooth  seeds  are 
tufted  with  long  hairs  at  the  ends. 

PACIFIC  ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE 

Circfca  pacifica.     EvcniiiR  Primrose  Family 

Stems:  Rlahrous,  simple.  Leaves:  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  acute,  repandly-denticnlatc.  Flowers:  calyx  vvitli  a  very  short 
tube.  Fruit:  capsule  obovate,  wo-va!ved,  with  a  simple  erect  seed  in 
each  cell. 

This  Pacific  Coast  species  of  Circ.xa  is  a  perennial  herb, 
and  grows  from  six  to  twelve  inches  high  from  a  .small 
tuber.  It  has  thin,  broad  leaves,  and  the  small  white  flow- 
ers grow  in  racemes  without  bracts.  The  seeds  are  hispid 
with  hooked  hairs. 

Ciraca  aipitia,  or  Small  Enchanter's  Nightshade,  has 
weak,  branching  stems,  and  small  white  or  reddish  flowers 
growing  in  a  slender  raceme  subtended  by  minute  bracts. 
The  leaves  are  heart-shaped,  shining  and  coarsely  toothed, 
and  the  bur-like  fruit  is  covered  with  weak  hooked  hairs. 
The  names  of  these  plants  are  somewhat  misleading;  they 
neither  resemble  the  Nightshades,  nor  do  they  suggest  en- 
chantment. Many  hundred  years  ago  Dioscorides  de- 
scribed a  plant  named  after  Circe,  the  enchantress  so  skilled 
in  the  use  of  poisonous  herbs,  and  that  name  was  accidentally 
transferred  to  the.se  rather  insignificant  little  flowers  which 
grow  in  the  dense  forests. 


SPIKED  WATER  MILFOIL 

Myriol^liylliiin  s/'icatiun.     Water  Milfoil  Family 

Submerged  leaves:  in  whorls  of  fours  and  fives,  dissected  into  capil- 
lary divisions.  Floral  leaves:  ovate,  entire  or  serrate,  usually  shorter 
than  the  flowers,  or  sometimes  none.  F'owers:  white,  in  spikes;  petals 
four;  stamens  eight.    Fruit:  splitt.iig  at  maturity  into  four  bony,  one- 


IJliite  to   Green  and  Broun  F loiters        \f)j 

sec'dc.I,  iiululiisiTtit  carptls,  wliicli  are  rounded  on  tlic  liack.  with  a  diep 
wide  groove  between  thcin,  smootli.  «r  very  rarely  slightly  ruKo^e. 

This  is  an  aquatic  hcrl).  with  siibnicrj,'C('  sprcadin^ij. 
thready  leaves  set  in  wlmrls  of  four  or  five  round  the  thick 
stems.  Sometimes  it  has  floral  leaves  that  are  verv  small 
and  usually  shorter  than  the  blossoms.  The  name  Myrin- 
phyllum  is  from  the  Creek  and  means  "myriad-leaved." 
The  Mowers  are  minute  and  white-petalled  and  grow  in  tiny 
interrupted  spikes. 

BOTTLE  BRUSH 

Hitt<iiiis  ztiluaris.     Water  Milfoil  Family 

Stems:  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves:  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  ses- 
sile, in  crowded  verlicks  of  si.\  to  twelve,  more  or  Kss  >|)liacilate  at  tlie 
apex.  Flowers:  small,  a.xillary;  calyx-limb  minute,  entire:  petals  none  ; 
stamen  one,  with  a  sbort  tliick  fdament  and  comparatively  large  two- 
celled  anther  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits.  Fruit:  a  small,  one-celled,  one- 
seeded  drupe. 

This  is  also  an  aquatic  herb,  with  slender  erect  stems, 
bearing  circles  of  from  six  to  twelve  narrow  leaves  in  the 
axils,  and  curious  tiny  flowers  which  liave  no  petals  and  only 
one  stamen  inserted  on  the  mart,nn  of  the  calyx.  The  plant 
grows  from  "ight  to  twenty  inches  high. 

mppuris  montana,  or  Mountain  ^f are's  Tail,  is  a  tiny 
species  growing  only  two  to  four  inches  high,  and  has  nar- 
row pointed  leaves  in  whorls  and  an  oval  fruit. 

WILD  SARSAPARILLA 

AraVhi    iiudl.auUs.     Ginseng    Family 

Stems:   scarcely   ri-ing  out   of  the   ground,   smooth.     Leaves:  com- 
pound, leatlets  ohloiig-ovate,  pointed,  -errate.     Flowers:  in  uml)els. 

The  somewhat  woody  stems  of  this  plant  arc  extremely 
short  and  have  a  single  long-stalked  compound  leaf,  and  a 


,  «*- 


»  i 


ifi 


ii 


l68       Jf'hite  to   Gri-t'fi  and  Broun   Flouers 

shorter  naked  tlower-stalk  I)earin^'  usually  three  itmhels  of 
numerous  little  {greenish  flowers.  The  lonj^^  horizontal  root 
is  \ery  aromatic,  and  is  often  sold  as  a  suhstitnte  for  the 
{.genuine  Sarsaparilla ;  while  the  fruit  is  dark  jnirple  and 
herry-like. 

DEVIL'S  CLUB 

Fdlsiii    lunrida.     r,insi'nj,'    Family 

Stems:  stout,  two  tn  t,vclve  ft-i't  liit;li,  (lii-uml>cm  at  the  ha^e, 
k-aly  at  the  Mininiit,  \  iry  prickly  tliroiislunit.  Leaves:  paliiiately  lnhed. 
Flowers:  the  Krecni^li-w  liitc  capitate  lunliels  in  a  l>'n^  diii-f  raceme; 
calyx-teetli  (ibsulele:  ])eta]^  live,  vaKate  in  the  liud  :  stanKii>  five,  alter- 
nate with  the  petals;  lilameiits  filifi)rm.     Fruit:  drupaceutis. 

A  tall  shrul)  cciusistinj^  of  a  sin.tjle  stout  stem  covered,  with 
lonj^  sharp  spines,  which  are  extremely  jioisonous.  It 
usually  t,'rows  ahout  six  or  ei;.,dn  feet  hifjh,  and  has  hus^e 
palm-like  leaves,  which  are  also  prickly.  'I'iic  tlowers  !j;ro\v 
in  a  dense  cluster  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  and  in  time  turn 
into  hrij^ht  red  herries. 

This  jjlant  should  he  carefully  avoided  in  the  forests.  It 
has  heen  rij,ditly  named  "  Devil's  Chih,"  since  no  human 
beinj,'  may  touch  it  with  impunity. 

CRISP-LEAVED  SWEET  CICELY 

Osmoyliiza    ohtusa.     Parsley    I-'amily 

Stems:  frlalirniis.  Leaves:  ternately  compound,  leatlets  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, tlie  teeth  mucronate.  Flowers:  in  few-rayed  umhels.  Fruit: 
with  prominent  caudate  attenuatiim  at  l)ase,  rihs  e(Hial. 

This  plant  has  pretty  fern-like  leaves,  thick  am'sc-scented 
roots  which  are  edible,  and  very  e])hemeral  tlowers,  whose 
white  wistful  faces  look  up  at  one  from  the  flat-topped 
clusters. 

Osiiiorhisa  dizvricata,   or   Western   Sweet   Cicelv,    is   a 


I'LATI-:  WW 


4 


IP^^., 

^ 

^K^/'^I^^HHI 

'M 

mm        ;4^^ 

1 

■J' 

.•r 

1 

iV- 

^1 

^HJt-                 .   ^       Jr'*^-k       -         f    -.J^                           "i 

^^^^^Hh           ^^^HIK«S]s\C34iHi^^^^^^H 

i^^B 

"  ^  ^^^-'^  ..^•;- 

■# 

Hi' 

I'kkn-i.kwkh  I.iiv  \(,f. 
( Li^iislittiiii  a('itfoHniH ) 


170       ll'hitc  to  Grii'ti  (inti  Proun  F/oin- 


rs 


»       :| 


'i* 


1     ? 


ii 


F 

I 

5 


!   I 


taller  plant   with  more  spreadinj,'  mnhcls.      i5otli   ut"  tlic.«' 
Sweet  Cicelys  jjrow  in  the  cnnifemus  forests. 


se 


FERN-LEAVED  LOVAGE 

I.i^iistiitiiii  iif^iif, ilium.     Tar^liy   I'amily 

Roots  larRo.  aromatic.  Stems:  tliick.  Leaves:  ra.lual,  tcrnate,  or 
l.itcriiafo,  tlun  once  or  twici'  pinnate,  the  segments  <.\ate,  lanniauly 
pinnat.txl.  Flowers:  in  umbels  uf  numerous  rays,  witii  involucre  o"f 
Imea.-  hracts;  calyx-lolies  obsolete. 

A  heautifiil  plant,  havino-  fine  white  llowcr-heads  and 
decorative  fern-like  foliage 

Liyusticmn  Gmyi,  or  Gray's  I.ovage,  has  leaves  which 
are  nearly  all  radical,  and  umbels  of  numerous  rays  with 
involucels  of  several  narrow  elongated  hractlets.  The  fruit 
is  ohh.njr,  with  short  conical  stylopodia,  and  narrow  promi- 
nent almost  winged  ribs. 

LARGE-SEEDED  PARSLEY 

Lomatium  iiiacnicarpuiii.     Parsley  Family 
Stems:   nearly  Memless.     Leaves:   compound,   leallets   i)innately   in- 
cised,  on    rather   short   petioles.     Flowers:    in   a   .somewhat    uncnually 
Ihree-to-ten-rayed    umbel.     Fruit:    tlattened    dorsally,   oblong,    laterally- 
winged. 

A  hairy  Parsley  much  branched  at  the  base  from  a  thick- 
elongated  root.  The  leaves  are  compound,  and  the  short 
stalks  of  the  leaflets  are  purplish  at  the  base.  The  white 
flowers  grow     1  flat  umbels. 

COW  PARSNIP 

UcracU-um  lanatum.     Parsley  Family 

Stems:  very  stout,  tomentose-pubcscent,  rigid  Leaves:  pctioled,  tcr- 
nately  divided,  the  .scgnv.-nts  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  stalked,  lobed'  and 
sharply  serrate;  petioles  much  inilated.  Flowers:  umbels  many- 
rayed. 


PLATE  X\XVI 


!lta«»-.-;-!' 


Cow     r'.VKSNIl' 

(llcnicliuin   Iciialtiin) 
171 


il 


»■»      -    "■naa"^  *<»oir 


oe^Pii 


172 


H'/iitc  to  (ht-rn  (inJ  liroi^n  Floufts 


Ifcnuli'iiiii.  fr..tn  the  (Imk  name  of  llorcuk's,  is  an  e\- 
eellnit  deHKuati-.n  fnr  this  hu.ue  C'v  V:\-^u\\k  wliii'h  amnn- 
plants  is  certainly  a  verital.le  hen.  f..r  stren-th  and  size. 
IreMuentlv  -n.win.i,'  t«.  :.  hei.ulit  of  ei.s^ht  feet,  its  hnue 
leave>  and  threat  clusters  ..I  white  tluwers.  ofien  measuring' 
a  f.H.t  acn.>>.  are  very  sh.-uy.  and  -mce  seen  will  :dways  he 
reniemhered.     The  plant  has  an  extremely  na>ty  smell. 


'  :j 


BUNCHBERRY 


M 


Ci'i-iiiis  i;}ihhln:si.s.     Douw.mhI   I'.unily 
,rtct.     Lea  js:    virluill.Uc    at    the    snnnnit    <.f    tin-    stem, 


Stems 

si-mU',    oval,    piiiiiati'ly    \ciiici!. 
\i)liKral,  wliil 


!,     Hi    c    at    i.u'li    111(1,    iiitirf;    hrait-    m- 
Flowers:  ^imui-Ii,  cai.itatc.    Fruit:  r.  .1,  Kln|)<)si'. 


A  slender  t..UK'^i  stem  hearin-  a  circle  of  f-.ur  .-r  five  oval. 
,,ointe<l  leaves  at  its  summit,  ont  of  the  midst  of  which 
j,rn.ws  a  duster  of  inc..n>i)iciions  tiny  .^reen  llowers,  sur- 
rounded hv  f<.ur  heautiful  white  hracts  —  such  is  the  I'.unch- 
herry.  or '  I'i-eonherry.  whicli  we  tmd  everywhere  in  the 
forests.  It  will  surprise  many  travellers  t<.  learn  that  the 
l„vely  white  leaves  are  not  the  i.etals.  hut  only  the  bracts 
cncirclinj,'  the  wee  tureen  llowers  in  the  centre. 

When  these  white  bracts  have  '.alien  off.  each  tL-wer-head 
develops  int..  a  bunch  of  smrdl  scarlet  berries,  from  which 
the  species  derives  its  common  name. 

Conius  slolomfcra,  .-r  Ked-osier  Do^^nvood.  is  a  han<l- 
some  shrub,  with  bri.nht  red  stems  and  numerous  ilat-topped 
clusters  of  prettv  little  -reemsh-white  iLwers.  wluch  have 
a  vcrv  fragrant  odour.  The  Western  In.liaus  call  it  Kwm- 
h-i„ic'  an.l  d.-v  and  use  the  inner  bark  in  place  ot  tobacco; 
uhile  the  haif-bree,ls  of  the  plains  call  it  Ifannujc.  s,|,Mn- 
fyin-  "  a  red  switch."  The  fruit  is  a  cluster  of  round  dark 
blue  berries. 


'.W-Jt  ^BSKJTB^CSSUri 


-t-'j.i- 


-.-tvvj?. 


>^s»«Li;::ji«jSMk^"«iaK:,&x3SBC^:t:}.:  %^t 


PI. All;  WWII 


IUnciiukrkv 
(C  I'liius  iiiiuidrnsis ) 

'73 


* 


&asEirfVjap?'.k:' 


174        White  to  Green  and  liroun  Flowers 


;  -^ 


iV  1 


ONE-FLOWERED  WINTERGREEN 

M mil's,  .<   uniriiiiii.     Heath    Family 

Stemi:  luarinR  thnc  vli<>rl>  nf  kaves  at  tlic  liasc,  coiitimi'-l  above 
into  a  hraitfil  scape.  Leaves:  orliicular,  petiuled,  serrulate.  Flowers: 
solitary,  (Ironpiii^; ;  petal-,  five,  widely  ^preailinn,  sessile;  style  straiglit; 
stiKiiw  peltate,  larsje,  conspicuous    with  five  narrow  lobes. 

Asa  Ciray  has  called  tliis  frajjraiit  flower  a  "  sin^l*-*  <lc- 
li},'hl,"  aiul  certainly  it  is  a  joy  to  the  traveller  to  find  its 
solitary  droopinjj  blossoms  bent  close  down  tipon  the  soft 
jjrrcn  carpet  of  the  July  woods  In  the  deep  shade  of  the 
coniiers  beds  of  these  e.\(|iiisite  wa.<cn  Winterjjreens  prow 
in  profusion,  each  flower  hanj^iiijj  its  head  and  reseinblinjj^  a 
shininj;  star.  'I'lirn  its  face  upwards,  however,  and  you 
will  find  its  white  petals  have  tvti  yellow-tipped  stamens 
placed  at  their  ba.se,  and  that  the  style,  which  is  veiy  larjje 
and  lo.ifj,  projecting  froni  a  conspicuous  round  green  ovary, 
is  crowned  by  a  flve-lobed  stigma.  The  Uaves  are  set  in 
three  circles  on  the  stem,  close  to  the  ground,  and  are  dark 
green,  smooth-surfaced,  and  liave  serrated  margins. 

The  ( )ne-tlowered  Wintergrcen  is  a  dweller  in  the  dark- 
est corners  of  the  woods,  where 

'  That  delicate   forest  flower, 
With  scented  breath,  and  look  so  like  a  smile. 
Seems,  as  it  issues  from  the  shapeless  mould, 
An  emanation  from  the  indw-.-lling  life." 


I 


GREEN-FLOWERED  WINTERGREEN 

Pyrola    cliloraiitlia.     Heath    Family 

Stems:  three-to-ten  flowered.  Leaves:  small,  orbicular,  coriaceous, 
not  shininR.  Flowers:  noddinp;;  calyx-lohos  short,  ovate,  acute:  petals 
very  obtuse;  stamens  declined;  anthers  distinctly  contracted  beli>\v  the 
openings,  with  beaked  tips ;  style  declined,  and  curved  upwards  to- 
wards the  apex,  longer  than  the  petals. 


:  fs^^  -I  •^j^imae::i«s.jf;nK^s^:ixc'-  ix-fAd.  jri^f.  '^^m^xw::amLi^<s^iiB^i^^^^iinximi^  ~ij£^.:!n 


ff'/tite  to  Green  and  liroun  Flowers 


'7'; 


I  his  IJIy-(.f-thc-Vallcy-Iikc  plant  is  f.>un.|  in  the  dry 
wcmhIs  am..n^'  the  nioss.  an.l  always  in  the  shade.  On  a  tall, 
slender,  sin^'le-hrancl  stalk  ^'n.w  nunitr.nts  little  n.xldinfj 
greenish-white  k-lls.  r.ve-lol,e,l.  with  vellow-l.n.wn  stamens 
and  a  lon^'.  pn.tnulinj,'.  green  style  that  is  curved  ui.war.ls 
at  the  aiK'x  and  tipped  hy  a  large  five-parted  >tigina.  The 
leaves,  n.und  and  small,  grow  in  a  cluster  at  the  hase  of  the 
plant,  which  springs  from  running  nH)ts.  It  has  a  slight 
sweet  odour,  and.  in  common  with  all  the  Pyrolas.  is  an 
evergreen. 

Pyrola  sccunda,  or  One-sided  'Vintergre;-n.  has  erect 
.-■tenis  when  young,  hut  as  the  days  pa^s  and  the  little  Inids 
open,  the  weight  of  the  secund  raceme  hends  it  over  until  it 
droops  gracefully  downwards.  The  flowers,  vviiidi  all 
grow  on  one  side  of  tiie  stem,  arc  greenish-white  in  hue.  and 
the  long  style  protrudes  far  l)eyond  the  petals.  T!-  leaves 
grow-  at  the  hase  of  the  plant  and  are  oval,  their  m..rgii,.; 
heing  serrated ;  they  e.xtend  a  short  way  up  the  stem,  which 
is  frequently  hracted  ahove. 

Pyrola  minor,  or  Small  Wintcrgrecn,  is  a  smaller,  more 
delicate  species  found  i)rincii)a!ly  near  running  water,  and 
which  has  whiter  Iwlls  than  either  of  the  two  jjreceding 
forms.  It  may  always  be  distinguished  from  other  P-rolas. 
even  in  hud.  by  the  fact  that  it  has  a  short  style,  which  does 
not  protrude  beyond  the  petals  of  the  globular  blossoms.  A 
slight  fragrant  scent  emanates  from  its  waxen  bells.  The 
leaves  are  oval  with  small  rounded  teeth  and  the  flowers  are 
nodding. 

STRIPED  ALLOTROPA 

AUolro(<a   -irgata.     Heath    Family 
Stems:    several    from   a   deep-seated    perennial    rootstnck.     Leaves* 
none,  bracts  scaly.    Flowers:  corolla  none,  calyx  of  five  rounded  sepals, 


II  III    I   i"  III         III  I    III    ^IIH    llll|i||lllllll|i|lllllii|i  III   III!  (Ill 


,  ri>  »lV-1*  Vf* 


lj(t        iriiili-  lo  (iti'i'ti  nnil  liroun  il'tuvn 

vriix'l)  ili'iitaic.     Fruit:  i';i|iMtlc'  kIoImi^i-,  ^<•('lU  iiiiiiiitt',  kci>)>ilifiiriii,  lliv 
lijONf  coat  |>riHlttrttt  at  Ixitli  cDtU.  ' 

'I'Irtc  is  Diily  otic  ktiown  sptrics  of  this  curious  parasitic 
plant,  wliiili  i^  (Uip  cri.'aiii-*"l«>urc»l  with  r«'<l  ^triiK.^.  TIic 
miUK'tiius  tiny  llnu'.is  j^rnu  in  a  \\,in(l-^ha|)i'(l  spike,  an- 1 
the  ovate,  sialy  bracts  arc  closely  set  at  the  liaM'  of  the  thick 
stents.  Iiecoinin^j  I'euer  ahove.  and  ^'r.idually  passing  into 
the  n.irrow  lir.icts  ot  the  ni.my-tlouered  spike.  The  lit'le 
Iieilicels  are  erect  or  sprea<Iinj,'.  and  two-hracted,  while  tho 
several  steni>  j,'ro\v  fmni  six  to  twelve  -Mches  high  from  a 
(lecp-scated,  !>ereiinial  root>tock. 


J     t 

'     i 


f     H 


INDIAN   PIPE 

Moiiiiiofii  ui'ilhii'ii.     llcitli   I'iiinily 

Stems:  ^iiiuotli,  ilt-li>.  sc.il. .     Leaves:  tiunc.     Howers:  mIiI.mik,  Ik-II- 
sh,'i|ici|,    iinddiii^;,    i\\ii    lo    ii«\r    ^■■\niU. 
Fruit:  c.ipsiilc  crci'i,  many  si'i-i'rt!. 


ir    111    t'lM-    >i;ile-liki'    petals. 


This  waxy,  cold  and  clammy  plant  is  white  throughout  — 
stalks,  scales,  and  llowers  —  only  the  eight  or  ten  yellowish 
stamens  gi\ing  a  faint  touch  of  colour  to  its  ghost-like  ap- 
pearance. \'er\  rarely  the  Itidian  I'ipe  is  rose-colour,  and 
alw.iys  it  tiirn>  blackish  ulien  <lying.  <  )f  all  ghoulish  i)ara- 
sites  the  Monotropas  are  among  the  worst,  their  matted, 
brittle,  fibrous  roots  preying  on  the  juices  of  other  plants,  or 
on  dead  and  decaying  matter.  Tlie  single,  bell-sha|)ed 
flower  hangs  its  head  at  the  toj)  of  each  scaly  stalk,  but  when 
the  numerous  seeds  begin  to  form  it  raises  its  head  erect. 

Mouotrupa  llypof^itys.  or  I'inesap,  has  while,  tawny  or 
rose-coloured  tlowers  that  arc  very  fragrant,  and  oblong- 
bell  shapvd,  borne  in  a  one-sided,  terminal,  drooping  raceme. 
anil,  like  the  Indian  I'ipe.  becoming  erect  at  maturity.  The 
scalv-bracted  scapes  rise  in  clusters  from  a  mass  of  fleshy, 


i 

4 


Pi.ATr:  \\N\  HI 


Imiian  I'ii'k 
(.U.>)/,i//-i./i,;  uiiit!,:iun 

177 


I 


§. 


i 


ill 


_- 


lyS       White  to  Green  and  Brown  Flowers 

fibrous  roots,  the  bracts  very  densely  imbricated  at  the  base 
of  the  peduncles,  and,  together  with  the  preceding  species, 
the  Pinesap  is  branded  as  a  parasite  by  the  loaS  of  all  leaves 
and  chlorophyll. 

PINE  DROPS 

Ptcrospora  Andromedca.     Heath   Family 

Stems:  scape  bracted,  grooved,  densely  covered  with  viscid  hairs. 
Leaves:  none,  hracts  lanceolate  or  linear,  very  numerous,  crowded  at 
the  base.  Flowers:  numerous,  racemose.  Fruit:  capsule  globose- 
ovoid,  tapering,  with  a  reticulated  broad  wing. 

The  roots  of  this  parasitic  plant  are  extremely  astringent 
and  form  a  thick  fibrous  mass,  often  two  feet  in  diauieter. 
The  scape  is  brownish  or  purplish,  grooved,  and  thickly 
covered  with  sticky  hairs.  It  stands  from  six  inches  to  two 
feet  high,  and  the  white,  bell-shaiied,  nodding  flowers  grow 
in  a  long,  terminal,  bracted  raceme.  The  narrow  bracts 
are  very  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  scapes,  and  the  whole 
plant  is  clammy  and  glutinous. 


-Y^ 


n 


NEWBERRYA 

Nnvbcnya  coiij  ^sta.    Heath  Family 

Stems:  scapes  four  to  eight  inches  high.  Leaves:  none,  scales 
crowded  or  loosely  imbricated,  obtuse.  Flowers:  greenish,  brownish, 
reddish,  in  a  terminal  cluster.  Fruit:  ovary  ovate,  contracted  at  the 
apex   into  a   long   style,   stigma   depressed-capitate,   umbilicate. 

An  erect,  low,  fleshy,  parasitic  plant,  with  greenish, 
brownish  or  reddish  flowers  growing  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
The  calyx  is  incomplete,  of  two  bract-like,  entire  sepals,  and 
the  corolla  is  tubular-urceolate.  four  to  five  lobeu  and  per- 
sistent. The  whole  plant  is  brownish  and  stands  four  to 
eight  inches  high.     The  scales  are  thin,  with  slightly  erose 


Hii*— r:" 


ill 


.  jl 

i  V, 

ill 


Ei  '.':.. 


i»  ■■■•■i;l«'- 
ft       '-'■■' 


iii; 


ffhite  to   Green  and  Ihoun  Flouers 


'79 


niarj,Mns    the  nppor  ..no  iurnmv^  the  bracts  ot  the  <le.,selv- 
crowded.  eoniiiact  tlouer-clusters. 


f  I 


WOOLLY  LABRADOR  TEA 

l.idum   ./raiilatuiinim.     Heath    Family 
Stems:  erc.t  or  ascuulinK.  the  l.ractl.t,   r.,.tv-,„„K.,n.,se     Leaves^ 

h  ;:;f^  ';;:■;:•  r--  r"  '•^""^'  ^-"-  ■•'"'-■■  "->^'>  .■--" 

lowers.    nniLdlatc    nr    o,ry,„|„„^.     „„ni,-n,us,    ter.nin  .1  ■    ,.•,•,!.    .Iv,. 

This  l..vely  tl„uerin^r  shn.h  thrives  chielK   ..„  Inu-lvi„,^ 
flats  and  „,  uct  n.arshy  places,  where  its  lar-a-  terunt.al  chts'- 
ters  „t  snou-uhite  hl„.s.„„s  ,n.u-  al.n„dantlv  fn.n,  stiekv 
scaly  Inuls  on  ;I,e  lew  hushes.     The  tolia^e  nf  the  W.„.lh- 
Lahrador    lea  is  strictly  characteristic,    tor  the  leaves  arc 
lonj^-s^lKipcd.    with    revolnte    n,ar;,i,ts.    ;,reen    an,l    sli^htlv 
wnnkle,!  o„  the  top  and  densely  woolly  nnderneath.  the  wool 
"Uhe  developed  foha.oe  heino-  the  colour  of  inm  rn<t       This 
thick  woolly  ..rrowth  is  prohal.Iy  des,p,e.I    for  the  express 
purpose  of  protectin,^^  the  pores  of  the  leaNes  fr.,n,  heconnn.r 
cl..f,rged  1.    the  moist   vapours  that   ,nu>t   nece..arilv   rise 
round  ahont  them,  nwin,,-  to  the  extremelv  wet   .^nmnd  in 
which  the  shrubs  tl.ntri.h.     Plants  that  ,i;row  in  verv  .lamp 
locates  are  specially  .lepen.lent  ttpon  the  free  perspiration 
of  the.r  leaves  to  throw  oflf  the  vast  c.uantities  of  u,oisture 
they  absorb  thn.u.uh  their  roots  an.l   stems;  conse.n,entlv 
such  marsh  shntbs  as  the  Labra.lor  Teas  are  force.l  to  adopt 
a  regular  system  m  order  to  prevent  the  p..rcs  of  their  leaves 
from   becomitig  so  congeste.l   with  m..isture   from  ..utside 
that  they  cannot  perf..rm  their  legitimate  function  of  thn.a- 
ing  ofY  the  moisture  from  within.     The  small  branches  are 
alsoc.vere.l  with  re.l.  rusty,  wool-like  hairs 


ifi; 


;i 


i8o       If /lite  to  Green  n^d  Broim  Flowers 

The  ncjwcr-clustcrs  are  very  heaulifiil,  each  in(H\i(hial 
l)Ioss(jni  consistinj,'  of  five  pure  white  petals,  with  a  larjje 
green  ovary  set  in  the  centre;  the  style  and  numerous  long 
stamens  are  very  conspicuous.  I'.oth  the  llowers  and  leaves 
have  a  strong  aromatic  fragrance. 

Ledum  (/hnuliilostint,  or  SnioDth-leaved  Labrador  Tea, 
has  also  long-sliaped,  thick,  leathery  leaves  of  a  hrownish- 
green  hue,  hut  they  are  not  woolly  underneath,  heing  (|uite 
smooth  on  both  sides,  though  slightly  white  and  resinous 
helow.  The  llower-dusters  closely  reseinhle  those  <>f  /.. 
(/nnihuuliciiiii. 

The  name  Labrador  Tea  is  derived  from  the  fact  that 
many  old  settlers,  and  also  mjjcrs  and  lumbermen  in  the 
backwoods,  fi)rmerly  used  in  place  of  tea  a  decoction  brewed 
from  the  aromatic  leaves  of  this  shrub. 


MOUNTAIN  RHODODENDRON 

Rhodinicndron  ulbidonim.     Heath  I'aniily 

Leaves:  memhranaci'ous,  dbldiiji.  (iliscurdy  uiKlulati-.  Flowers:  from 
separate  oTie-t<i-tliree  lldwercd,  lateral,  scaly,  cone-like  Imds  helow  tlie 
leaves;  caly.x  five-parted,  the  divisions  more  or  le'->  foliaceons;  corolla 
fi\e-lohed;  filaments  hearded  at  the  l)asc,  opeii-camiiaiiulate ;  stamens 
ten ;    style   peltate,   five-lohed. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  tlowcring  shrubs  foimd 
grow.ng  on  the  highest  mountains. 

"Oh,  the  windinRS  up  ami   down 
That  the  diz/y  i)ath\vay  took  I 
N'ow   along  the   craggy   hed 
Of  a  sun-dried  mountain  hrorik  ; 
Now  along  a   ledge  tliat   led 
I?y  a  ch.a-^m's  crumhiing  hrink. 
Dropping    deep    and    sheer    away 
Througii  tlic  gf)l<len  Syrian  day 
To  the  dreamy  blur  of  pink 


n.ATF.  XXXIX 


1 


.\1(jLNT.\I.\    Rh()Ik)IiKMiRO\ 
(  Rhodudiiidron   iill>t/ii>ruiii ) 


I 


I 


I 


i8i 


'J     ,    ! 


M 


»^» 


182       fFhite  to  Green  and  Brown  Flowers 


That  the  oleanders  made- 
Here  in  sun,  and  there  in  shade. 
Up,  and   up,  and  up  we  went, 
While,  a  spacious  azure  tent, 
Arabesqued   with  morn,  the  sky 
Hung  above  us  radiantly." 

Had  the  poet  who  penned  these  lovely  lines  referred  to 

...  the    creatny   hUir   of   white 
That    the    rhododendrons   made, 

his  verses  would  as  fitly  have  described  the  findinfj  of  the 
exquisite  waxen  bells  of  the  Mountain  Rhododendron  as 
that  of 

"The  dreamy  blur  of  pink 
That  the  oleanders  made," 

for  it  is  on  the  most  inaccessible  ledfjes,  and  close  to  the 
great  slopes  of  eternal  snow,  that  the  oblong  glossy  green 
leaves  of  this  alpine  shrub  gleam  brightly  iti  the  sunshine  of 
the  July  days,  and  the  slim,  stiff,  brown  stems  bear  aloft 
clustering  circLr.  of  pure  white  flowers,  holding  within  their 
chalice-cups  the  ten  pale  yellow  stamens  and  the  style.  The 
edges  of  the  foliage  are  slightly  wavy,  the  calyx  is  five- 
parted,  each  division  resembling  a  small  leaf,  and  the  corolla 
is  bell-shaped  and  cut  into  five  rounded  lobes.  The  buds 
are  scaly  and  cone-like. 

WHITE  MOUNTAIN  HEATHER 

Bryanihus  glanduli/Jorus.     Heath    Family 
Stems:  rigid,  fastigiately  branched.    Leaves:  numerous,  crowded,  but 
somewha<:  spreading,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base  to  a 
short  petiole.     Flowers:  corolla  short-iobed,  glabrous. 

The  flowers  of  the  White  Mountain  Heather  are  like  little 
fat  cream-coloured  bulbs,  with  a  tiny  opening  that  is  lobed. 


White  to  Green  nnd  Broun  Flowers        183 

Its  leaves  are  lonj^^er  and  more  spreadiii};  than  those  of  the 
Heath,  near  which  it  usually  j,'ro\vs. 


i 


WHITE  HEATH 

Cassiopc  Mt-rli-nsiaihi.     Hcatli    Fatnily 

Stems:  ratlicr  stout,  risid,  ascending  with  fastini.itc  l.raiulic-,  low- 
grnwiiiK.  Leaves:  ulaljnuis.  cariiiati',  and  not  iiirn)wod  mi  tlic  luck, 
fmbricated  in  four  ranks;  c(.rolla  tivc-lolicd. 

Tlie  beautiful  white  mountain  Heath  .throws  ahinulantly  at 
high  altitudes  and  is  much  prized  hy  travellers.  Its 
branches  appear  four-sided  by  reason  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  tiny  leaves  j,tow  on  them,  and  from  these 
branches  slender  stalks  are  sent  for<h  bearint,'  at  their  ns 
waxen  mxhiinj,'  bells,  each  composed  of  a  five-lobed  coi-.i.i 
with  a  small  green  calyx. 

"Meek    dwcllirs    mid    yon    terror-stricken    clitTs, 
Witli  brows   so  pure,  and   inifn^o-hrcatliin^'   lips, 
Wlifnci'  arc  ye?     Did  some  wliitc-winntd  nii'^sinKt-r, 
On   Mercy's  missions,   (rust  your   timid   jjiTin. 
To  tile  cold  cradle  of  eternal  snows; 
Or,  hreatiiinjf  oti  the  callous  icicles, 
Bid  them  with  tear-drojjs  mirse  ye?" 

Cassiopc  tctragona,  or  Four-angled  Heath,  is  a  ver>'  rare 
plant.  It  has  a.scending  branches,  and  the  leaves  which  are 
closely  appressed  and  channeled  on  the  back  arc  imbricated 
in  four  rows  which  makes  the  branches  ajjpear  four-sided. 
The  flowers  greatly  resemble  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

RED-BERRIED  GAULTHERIA 

Gaulthi'iia  ovutifolui.     Heath   Family 

Stems:  depressed,  trailing,  with  ascending  brandies.  Leaves: 
broadly  ovate,  serrulate.  Flowers:  on  sho'-t  solitary  pedicels  in  the 
a.xils  of  the  leaves.     Fruit:  a  berry. 


:   III 


ti: 


I'l.A  IK  XL 


fM 


.* 


White  Heath 

(Cassiof'c  Mcrti'nsiana) 
184 


■i 

a 


f 
I 

I 


ff'hitc  to  Green  and  liroun  Floxurs        iS? 

TIic*  hriKlit  scarlc't  licrrii-s  t>i  tiii^  plant.  (". iiuk')!  "i  \hv 
calyx,  are  extremely  attractive  ami  aromatic.  The  v;iii- 
shaped  leaves  are  every;reeti.  dark  atid  slniiins;  aliove  ;ind  a 
lif^diter  culoiir  lieneath,  and  lia\e  lilunt-tMntln-d  inari;iii->. 
The  white  or  pale  pink  llouers  are  campanulate  with  re- 
curved lohes. 

Cuiiilllwria  Iniiiiifiisii.  nr  (reepiiii;  (iaultlu'ria,  is  a  tnl'ted 
species  with  tldweriiij^  hraiiches  mie  tc  live  iiulu'>  luii.i;  and 
small  ova!  leaves.  The  ])inkish-uhite  t1('Wer>  .ire  dt]ire»ed- 
catnpamilate.  little  exceeding'  the  calyx  in  kii>;th.  .nul  the 
fruit  resemhles  tli.it  of  the  preie<lin;;  >|)ecies.  'i"lie>e  plants 
;ire  named  .after  1  Intones  (i;inltier.  a  natur.alist  and  CMiirt- 
l)hvsician  at  <  'uehec  in  the  middle  of  tiie  iSth  centiirv. 

SWEET  ANDROSACE 

.hidrnsih  !•   i  liiiiiiifiiisiiir.      i'rimrn-t'    I'';miily 

Stems:  sli'tulcr.    Leaves:  in  nmrr  nr  lc~>  diumi  T'imiImic  tnit^,  nnf- 
lUTM'il.  (i\,itc.     Flowers:  in  i-.ipitatc  iimiiel'-. 

The  sweet  smell  of  these  delicate  little  clustered  hlo^^ums, 
that  },'row  from  one  to  three  inches  ;iho\(.'  the  ■^oil  ,in<l  fill  the 
air  with  fr;i},'rance,  is  most  attractive.  Their  primro>(.'-like 
petals,  of  creamy  or  |)inkish  hue.  look  up  with  yellow  eyes 
to  i^rt'ci  each  p;isser-l>y,  while  rosnlate  tufts  of  tiny  narrow 
leaves  are  set  .ahout  the  slender  stems. 

Amlrosacc  scpti-iitrioialis.  or  Alpine  .Xndrosace.  is  a  very 
different  s])ecies  from  the  fore.i^'oin^  one,  haxin.i,''  murh- 
hranched  thread-like  stems  hearint,'  mimcrous  tiny  white 
tlowcrs.     The  leaves  are  lance-shaped  and  rosnlate. 

Androsacc  diffiisn.  or  Si)readin<^  .\ndro-ace,  is  more  or 
less  hairv  and  has  narrow  msulate  le.ives  which  are  sp;ir- 
ingly  toothed.  The  scapes  are  erect,  s])readinj:;^  ;ind  ofte;i 
diffusely  branched,   and  the  pinkish-white   llouers  have  a 


I 


i 


^   s 


'cr,   -  v- 


1 86       ff'hitt'  to  Crri'vn  and  liroiin  Flouers 

ciirull.i  which  e(|nals  the  tips  ^>{  tlie  calyx  segments  in 
length. 

STAR-FLOWER 

Tricttttilis   ariiim.     IViniro-^c    Family 

R(K>tsti)ck  crt'cpinn,  sciulinK  ii|i  ni.iiiy  vtitn  lil.c  l)r.'inc!ics,  wliiili  arc 
naked  hftow,  tlu-  U'avfs  all  in  a  vtTticii  of  five  to  tin  at  the  simimit. 
Leaves:  intiiiliraiions,  lamiolatc,  acuminate  at  lioth  ends,  sissiie. 
Flowers:  solitary  or  few;  lalyx  usually  of  seven  sepals;  corolla  wheel- 
shaped,  of  seven  iietal-like  seRmcnts, 

T'le  pretty  blossoms  of  this  Star-flower  arc  jjenerally 
white,  thoii/,'h  soinetimcs  tinj^'cd  with  tnatnish-pink,  and  so 
•jfraccfiilly  are  they  poised  on  slender  stalks  al.ove  a  whorl  of 
pointed  leaves  that  every  pufT  of  wind  blows  them  {gently  t<i 
and  fro.  The  numher  seven  recurs  with  marked  freqiienc) 
in  this  particular  plant, —  the  caly.:  is  seven-parted,  the 
corolla  sej,mients  are  seven,  and  the  stamens  seven,  while  the 
leaves  of  the  whorl  also  are  usually  seven  in  number,  some 
being  large  and  some  small. 

Bryant  writes  of  the  alpine  meadows, 

"Where  star-flowers,  strew  the  rivulet's  side," 

but  as  a  matter  of  fact  it  is  generally  in  the  shady  woods, 
near  the  foot  of  some  large  forest  tree,  that  these  dainty 
little  flowers  are  found. 

MARSH  BUCKBEAN 

^[t•llyaltlllcs  trifoliata.     (ietitian   Family 

Rootstock:  thick,  scaly,  marked  l)y  the  scars  of  hascs  of  former  peti- 
oles. Leaves:  trifoliate,  leaflets  obloiiR.  entire,  ohtuse  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  the  sessile  liase.  Flowers:  in  a  raceme  home  on  a  long, 
scape-like,  naked  peduncle;  calyx  short;  corolla  funnel-form,  five-cleft, 
its  lobes  bearded  within. 

This  is  a  perennial  swamp  herb  whose  lovely  white  flow- 
ers and  triple  leaves  are  the  glory  of  many  a  secluded  moun- 


ff'hitt-  to  Green  and  Broun  Fl-jicers       187 

tain  marsh.  The  face  <.f  the  five  white  ..r  i)tiri)hsh-i)ink 
divisions  of  the  c.rolla  are  covered  with  soft  liairs,  which 
K'ive  the  (lowers  a  .lainty  feathery  apiK-arancc.  an<l  inside 
til"  tulK.'  are  placed  the  five  stamens,  while  the  style  is  lonj; 
and  projects  la-yond  tlu-m. 

MIST    MAIDENS 

RomanzoMa  silili.n.iis.     Wattr  k-af   F'.imily 
Stemi:  slciidir.  >.  i|K-likc.  a>o.n.li.  ;  „r  sprca.linK.     Leaves:  rotincl- 
remform.    thria-to-tvtn    lul.c!    .,,1    sic   \r    pitinks.     Flowera:    in    a 
loose  terminal  ract-nu' ;  o-rolla  ftmiul-fcrni,  tlie  l.roa.l  lul.,>s  m.in.lf.l. 

One  of  the  most  extiuisite  fra^'rant  alpine  i)lants.  that 

"  Where  the  stinliKlit  fills  the  hours, 
Dissolves  till-  cnist,  ili>|>I.iy>  the  tlowers." 

At  hij^h  altitudes,  when  the  warmth  of  July  has  melted 
the  snow  and  set  the  flowers  free,  yon  will  find  the  creamy 
blossoms  of  these  Mist  Maidens  in  many  a  nook  anionj^st 
the  forbiddin},'  rocks,  their  corollas  shimmerin-,'  like  pearls 
in  the  green  settinjj  of  their  round  scalloped  leaves.  The 
texture  of  these  tlowers  is  simply  marvellous,  for  they  have 
a  bloom  upon  them  so  beautiful  that  it  resembles  noth- 
ing less  than  richest  white  velvet,  while  in  their  centres  a 
few  pale  yelh.w  stamens  give  to  each  blossom  a  heart  of 
gold. 

Mist  Maidens  are  seldom  fomid  Mow  an  altitude  of 
fxxx)  feet,  and  where  the  cliffs  rise  bleak  and  barren,  where 
the  ways  arc  ice  hound  and  the  rocks  are  bare,  there  it  is  a 
joy  to  find  this  lovely  plant  snugly  ensconced  in  some  tiny 
cleft  that  is  watered  by  the  melting  snows.  Only  those  who 
have  toiled  and  climbed  in  search  of  it  can  know  the  full 
delight  of  its  discovery. 


0. 

1: 


IM.AIK  \l.l 


a  I 


1 


.  %.  J-;.. ; 


V,       M 


,i<^.-    "■.-;■';"»■ 


188 


'  ■..'fl. 


iriiitf  ft  ( 


ir,,n  iiiiil  liffjun   I' I 


'iu,'r\ 


i««; 


WHITE  LOUSEWORT 

Stem.:  L;l,,l,r.M,,.  i,.,,,-y  f.  il„-  ,,,,,  Le«v«:  .,11  >,.ul.i,r.  I.m,v,,l.„.  „„. 
■UM,  „.ul>  >.rrnl.,t.-.  Flowers:  i,u.  „,  s|„,r,  1,,.^  r.,,.,,,.-  .'.Kx 
-l'..|nr.  .|.r,..T  .  I.  It  !,..-,,r,-  ,l,.,„  MnuA.  ,1„.  |.,|,,,  „,,p,,„K   ,,,„;„„„,,. 

«al...  ,,n..|,u-.-.    m.,  an  ,.K„r...|  Lck.  luarly  ..,  1,,,,^'  ,,,  ,1,.  | .,|  |,,,,; 

li|i,  li.itn.(tt-i|(iU-M-l. 

Tlif  .lull  ulnir  or  vfiv  |.;,1,-  vdl..u  h^aknl  llnurr>  nf  the 
Wlntc  I..m«ru..rt  ;iic  set  j,,  a  .•!,,„•  dtistrr  at  li.r  t,,,,  .,t  tla- 
stalks.  aii.I  arc  I'nik-.l.lnl  am..,,;;.,  Miiall  .Urplv  ti„,Knl 
Ii"a\('s. 

'IIk-  ri-piIIiMit  o.min..!i  iiaim-  ..f  tliis  |,Iai,t  i>  <lrri\c.l  <li- 
rtrtly  tn.in  tin-  Latin  nw,  uhid,  was  I.c^t.-unl  „|h.„  i,  Ik- 
cause  ..tuv  upm,  a  time  farmer-*  Lelievi-.l  that  ul,e,i  their 
ll.-i-ks  ted  i,p.„,  these  tl.-uers  the  sheep  were  hal.le  to  l,c 
attacked  hy  certain  tiny  hee.  called  />,  lunliix. 

/VdiciiUiris  lontortii.  or  (■..iit-.rted  l...useu..rt.  is  very  like 
the  White  Lotisewort  hut  has  cream-col. .nred  Il..uers  set 
siii;(Iy  all  the  way  up  on  the  slender  stalks.  Its  t,.liaj:e  is 
fern-like  and  often  tin.-^^d  with  reddish-hn.wn :  l.,,,-  u.^^es 
^row  out  from  the  hase.  and  small  ..nes  arc  interspersed 
with  the  inimerous  l)l..-s. .ms  ..n  the  stems. 

The  Coinorte.I  l.ousewort  j^rous  at  very  hij^di  altitudes, 
heinj,'  usually  foi,,id  at  -fyn^  feet. 


COMMON  PLANTAIN 

I'liiiil,!,::,!   moj,',.     I'l.int.im    l'',-miily 

Root. took  .lu.rt.  ilnVk.  (Ti-.t.  Leaves:  -pn^."li"K.  ..v.itc,  iritirr  :  -pikt- 
<li>nsf.  ..l-tiisc  at  apex.  Flowers:  ptriVct.  iir.,tiT..i;yn..iis  ;  >,pal-  I  .-..a.lly 
ovate.  sr.-,ri.,iis  on  the  margins.  Fruit:  pyxis  seeded,  circmiiM  „le  near 
the  middle. 


.Hit 


^ 


•It', 


^'3^ 


j^^'^^^^wm. 


IH 


I  ■     i- 


w^^  ^   k 


i* 


r^ 


OlNTdKTEI)    LOUSF.WOKT 
{ f'ciliiiiliiris  i-(>iiti>rtii) 

100 


;"  :.Y 


-m':m^v  '^<^\mm 


■  ■:y:<:.. 


m  '■'-:r-*^ 


rrfiitc  to   Green  and  Broiin  Fiouwrs        191 

The  C\.,iimnn  I'lantain  is  so  familiar  t<»  travellers  that  it 
cal  s  for  n.)  special  .lescription.  It  I,as  -recnish  tluucr- 
spikes  and  reddish  seeds. 

Phintcu/o  major  var.  asintka,  or  Asiatic  Plantain  has 
oval  several-rihhed  leaves,  the  I.ase  al.ru,. Iv  contracted'  into 
a  petiole,  and  loni^a-r  less  dense  spikes  of  j^reenish  (lowers 
tlian  the  precedni-  species.  Kaln,  savs  that  in  the  I'nited 
States  Plantams  were  formerlv  called  "  luKdishman's 
Foot."  because  it  was  helieve.l  that  wherever  a^'.ritisher 
went  these  plants  always  followed  in  his  steps.  This  is  an 
introduced  j.Iant. 


I 

1 
I  i 


NORTHERN  BEDSTRAW 

CiiHum  borcah-.     .Madder  Family 
Stems:    s.noo.h,    l.ranchd.    leafy.     Leaves:    in    f.,urs    li.u-ar.    .u-„te 

The  Northern  Hedstraw  may  he  distin.i,Miished  hv  the  fact 
that  Its  tmy  narrow  leaves  grow  in  circles  of  fo'ur  roun.l 
the  .stems.  It  is  a  plant  hearin-  „,a„v  small  white  flowers 
m  clusters,  and  the  seeds  are  twin  burs,  covered  with  numer- 
ous hooked  bristles,  by  means  of  which  thev  clin-  to  the 
clothmj,'  of  the  passer-by  and  the  fur  of  anin'ials. 

Sir  J..hn  I-ranklin  in  his  book  The  I'olar  Seas  describes 
this  plant  as  being  used  by  the  Indi.uis  as  a  vej-etable  dye. 
They  call  it  Sa7<oyan.  and  after  boiliiifr  the  roots  they  mi.x 
the  licjuid  with  the  juice  ..f  strawberries  and  cranberries, 
and  thus  obtain  a  beautiful  scarlet  dye. 

Galitaii  trifJorum.  or  Sweet-scented  Hedstraw.  always 
grows  in  threes,  or  on  three-branched  stems,  as  might  be 
inferred  from  the  name  triflorum.  The  leaves  are  a  trifle 
broader  than  those  ..f  Q.  boreale,  but  the  flowers  of  lK.th 


1 


'.J  ^1 


1 11 

i 


-^Mt^ 


^>:  .mmmsm^.  wp^ 


ii 


«    !l 


192       iriiite  to  Green  and  Broun  Flowers 

have  a  four-lubcd  white  corolla.  At  all  times,  but  esi)e- 
cially  when  dried,  this  plant  has  a  sweet  odour  resi  nbling 
that  of  vanilla.  Its  seeds  are  two-lohed  and  are  covered 
with  tiny  hooked  hairs,  which  have  earned  for  '•  the  de- 
scriptive name  of  "  Cleaver,  for  verily  its  burs  cleave  fast 
to  anythin;^  with  which    hey  come  in  contact. 

Galiitm  trifiduui,  or  Small  Ik'dstraw,  has  slender  weak 
four-ans,ded  stems,  very  freely  intertanj^ded,  and  forms  dense 
mats  on  the  ground.  The  narrow  spatulate  primary  leaves 
are  usually  in  fours  and  the  pale  flowers  are  solitary  on 
lonjij  stalks  and  grow  in  pairs  at  the  nodes.  It  is  a  wet- 
loving  plant. 

SNOWBERRY 

Symfhor'uart'us   raccmosus  lar.   fmiciHorus.    Honeysuckle   Family- 
Leaves:   oiipo-ite,  broadly   oval,   entire,   softly  pubescent.     Flowers: 
solitary   in  the   upper  axils,  and   two  or  three  in  the  terminal  spike; 
corolla  cami)anulate,  five-lobcd,  bearded  within;  stamens  and  style  in- 
cluded.    Fruit:  a  white  berry. 

When  in  flower  this  low-  spreading  shrub  bears  its  small 
white  or  jjinkish  bells  in  tiny  clusters  at  the  ends  f 
numerous  upright  branches,  and  also  singly  in  the  t 
axils  of  the  leaves.  When  in  fruit  the  pretty,  white,  wa.\en 
berries  render  the  Sywphoricarpus  both  conspicuous  and  at- 
tractive. These  berries  are  oval  in  the  early  stages  of  de- 
velopment, when  with  their  .snowy  weight  they  l)end  down 
the  flexible  branches,  and  become  rounded  at  maturity. 
Thev  contain  two  brown  bony  seeds,  embedded  in  the  granu- 
lar cellular  pulp.  The  tlark  green  leaves  are  broadly  oval 
in  shape  and  have  smooth  margins. 

The  Snowberry  is  frequently  cultivated  in  gardens  as  an 
ornamental  shrub. 


^i 


W:smif^^'^tsW\^L:: 


JVhite  to  Green  and  Broun  Floicers 


'03 


ARROW-WOOD 

riburnum  l>aucifl.num.     I  lomysticklr  F.iniily 
Leaves:  broadly  oval.  ol,ovato.  with  three  rath.r  .hall..w  1,,1ks  ah<.\c 
the   niKhlle.  coarsely  an<l   iitie-mally   dentate,   ulal.roiis   al.nve    ni-r.^   or 
less  piihesccnt  l.enealh.     Flowers:  white,  in  eoni|.onn,l  cyme..  .-,11  ,Krt\et 
and    small:    c.roila    campaniilate.    fue-lokd.     Fruit:    <lrni,e.    Klnl.use 
brig)-       h1,  acid. 

A  straj,'j,^linnr  shnih  <,rrn\viti<:;^  from  two  to  six  tVct  lii«,'Ii 
and  hearing  many  small  clusters  of  tiny  wliitc  and  pinkish 
flowers,  whoso  hcll-shaiied  corollas  are  divided  into  five 
lol)es  above  the  middle  and  are  pointed  and  coarsely  tuotlied. 

RED-BERRIED  ELDER 

Samhiuus  ruccmosa.     I  buKyMukle    F'aniily 
Stems:  woody.     Leaves:  pinnately  c..inp,,un,l ;  Kail.t^  l.iiu-.  ..late   .lou- 
minate  at  the  apex,  sharply  >errate.     Flowers:  in  thyr.,.i,l  c\nies.  white 
to  yellowish.     Fruit:  small,  scarlet. 

This  shrill),  which  j^^rows  from  ten  to  thirty  feet  hi,-,di  and 
has  spreadinij  branches  and  ample  foliaj,^',  is  widely  dis- 
tributed over  the  continent.  In  ilelds  and  forests,  by  the 
roadsides  and  in  ne.t,dected  gardens,  yon  will  find  it  sp'riii}^- 
ing  up  and  thrivinjj  with  undaunted  hardihood  amid  the 
most  barren  surroundin.tjs.  It  also  <,'rows  at  many  eleva- 
tions. I)eing  seen  in  cpiantities  at  the  .sea  level  and  also 
flourishing  abundantly  at  an  altitude  of  6000  and  7000 
feet.  The  leaves  are  divided  into  from  five  to  seven  leaf- 
lets, and  the  creamy  fragrant  flowers  grow  in  elongated 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The  fruit  is  a  bright 
scarlet  drupe,  with  a  pungent  acid  flavour. 

Samhnciu  mchmocarpa,  or  P.lack-berried  Elder,  does  not 
grow  quite  .so  luxuriantly  as  the  preceding  species,  yet  its 
sweet-scented  misty  clusters  adorn  manv  -\  patch  and  thicket. 


i  U 


,i  f 


•1 

'i 

Hi 


m^i^EA^mmm^^  -  m^miSid^me:  ^'^  ^maewmm 


194       White  to  Grten  and  Bro-un  Flouers 


The  fruit,  as  the  name  denotes,  is  a  rich  hhie-hlaik  (.ohnir 
and  very  juicy.  It  is  fruni  this  shrulj  that  KIderl)erry  wine 
is  made. 


NORTHERN  HELIOTROPE 

Valeriana   St't'tciitrionalis.     Valerian    Family 

Stems:  erect  from  crccpiiiR  root^tdck'^.  Leaves:  l>asal,  olilong,  entire; 
stcm-lcavcs  pctinlol,  tliree-t<)-.se\ en  fnlinlatc,  tlie  divisions  entire.  Flow- 
ers: eyinnse,  i)aniciilate,  more  or  less  iliniorphotis ;  corolla  funnel-form, 
fne-lohed. 

So  sweet  is  the  smell  of  the  Northern  Ileh'otropc  that  few 
can  mistake  it.  The  flowers  are  very  handsome,  white 
tini,a'd  with  mauve  or  pink,  and  ^^row  in  his,'  clusters  on  the 
top  of  juicy  sta'ks  from  eij,dit  to  eit,Hifeen  inches  hii;h,  and 
in  two  .small  axillary  clusters  a  few  inches  helow  the  termi- 
nal cyme.  'J"he  f  iliaj^e  of  this  plant  is  handsome,  the  leaves 
l)einfj  strongly  veined,  glossy,  and  of  a  beautiful  bright 
green  colour. 

The  margins  of  these  leaves  are  entire. —  that  is,  not  cut 
or  toothed, —  and  herein  lies  the  difference  between  this 
plant  and  Valeriana  sitehcmis,  or  Wild  Heliotrope,  which 
can  only  be  readily  distinguished  from  it  by  the  fact  that 
the  latter's  leaves  are  coarsely  dentate,  the  ilowers  of  both 
species  being  almost  identical.  A  very  noticeable  feature  of 
the  Valerians  is  their  extremely  long  stamens,  and  their 
roots  have  a  very  strong  and  disagreeable  odour,  which  is 
a  curious  contrast  to  the  delicious  fragrance  of  the  flowers. 


1? 


WHITE  ASTER 

Aster  commutatus.     Composite  Family 

Stems:  bushy,  branched.  Leaves:  rigid,  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  sessile, 
uppermost  passing  into  involucral  bracts.  Flowers:  in  densely  crowded 
heads. 


]pv;^p,^ff. 


.^^ 


|ii 


W'n  i.   I  In  i.iKc  I'K 
(  /  'dlrrija.i  .,,/,  /j.-;;.v(.v  ) 


^itvl- 


>i*i2 


rM 


I  i 


Jl'hitc  to  Green  and  Broun  Floiiers       191; 

'I'licse  chariuiiif,'  little  AnIcts,  witli  their  white  rays  and 
yellow  centres,  are  quite  uiiiuistakahle,  and  thim<^di  eaili  in- 
dividual tlower  is  small,  yet  they  },^ri>\v  in  such  l.'ir},'e  densely- 
flowered  wands  that  they  present  a  very  handsome  appear- 
ance. The  stiff  narrow  leaves  !,'row  all  the  wav  up  the 
stalks  anion*,'  the  hlossctuis.  The  tlower  is  usually  found  in 
very  dry  sandy  places. 

Aster  alfinus.  or  Alpine  .\ster,  is  another  species  very 
ahundant  in  the  mount.iins.  It  utows  ;it  ;L,neat  .iltitudes  and 
has  tluffy  whitish  le;i\es  ;nid  white  or  p.alc  pink  llo-.w-rs. 


FERN-LEAVED  FLEABANE 

I'.ii^ciini   coiiif'i'siliis.     i'<><u\i'<^hi     I'';i'nily 

Stems:  sliort.  diiisi'ly  leafy.  Leaves:  t".in---li.i|i(.i!  in  mitlim-,  parti'd 
into  liiH-ar  spatulati'  loin-,  mi  Ihiijt  ]ntinlc^;  lu'rli,it;i'  t,,i-ntc  .iiii!  railicr 
viscidiiloiis.     Flowers:  rays  forty  tn  sixty,  wliitc;  ilisk-lliiwcr.s  yillnw. 

This  h'leahanc  is  very  like  a  lar^je  common  daisv,  for  it 
has  many  white  rays  and  a  hit,'  yellow  centre.  Most  of  its 
leaves  grow  out  from  the  base,  and  ;ire  much  cut  and  (piite 
fern-like.  It  is  found  at  an  altitude  of  -000  feet,  and  esjjc- 
cially  along  the  "dge  of  glacial  streams,  though  it  grows 
also  on  the  lower  alpine  meadows. 

The  most  conspicuous  difference  between  .\sters  and 
Fleahanes  is  that  the  latter  have  \ery  nujnerotis  narrow  rays. 
while  the  rays  of  the  former  are  slightly  broader  and  much 
fewer  in  number. 

Erigeron  multifidiis,  or  Daisy  Fleabane.  has  numerous 
slender  hairy  stems  and  leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns  of 
the  caudex,  twice-ternately  parted  into  narrow  lobes.  The 
flowers  are  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  nearly  leatless  stems; 
thev  are  usually  white,  but  occasionally  violet. 

Erigeron  melanocephahis,  or  I'lack-woolly  Fleabane,  has 


I 


fi 


I'! 


wmk 


mm 


U)()        ff'hitt'  to   Green  an  J  Broxin  FloxKcrs 

.Ntc'ni-«  covered  with  piirplish-bhuk  hairs.  I  In-  Inuir  Ita\is 
arc  iinnRTdUs  dhptio  and  nearly  sinuoth.  while  the  ^tenl 
leaves  are  very  hairy.  The  iii\nlnere  is  thickly  cnvered  w  illi 
I>iir|ilish-I)lack  wonl  and  the  til'tv  to  >i.\tv  rays  are  white  or 
j)inkish. 

l-.ri(icron  cccsf^itosus,  or  Tinted  hleahane,  has  \  ery  tiiftetl 
white-haired  stems  j^row  injjf  from  a  deep  root.  The  leaves 
are  also  whitediair\-  narrow  an<l  ha\e  even  marj^in^.  the 
involuere  is  hemispheric,  its  hracts  narrow  pointed  ai'd 
white-hairy,  and  the  forty  to  sixty  rays  are  white  or  pinki-ii. 


-:X  - 


% 


fe 


,j.  • 


*!!• 


WHITE  EVERLASTING 

.  hiliiiiuiiiii  ;•(/,  rofii.Mi.     ((iin]Mi^iir  l''ainily 

Fri'fly  ^urt'ttlosi'  hy  Inn;,',  sUmuIit,  >ii,ir>fl>-li-,ii'y  -t'llmi^.  lii:Iiily  wi'miIIv. 
Stems:  ln-uriiiK  tiitimTnus  r:niMnii^cly-ili-.|)()si'(l  lu■all^.  Leaves:  limadly 
nv.il,  ;k'iiI(.'  at  t-acli  i-ml,  <lcii--cly  tniiu'iilfwi-  l)i'in.'.illi,  urccii  ami  yl.ilirons 
aliiivt:  involucre  c.impaiuilatc;  tracts  grtcii.  Flowers:  slamiiiatc  and 
I>istillate  iicads  wIiitc-tiiiiRtl. 

I-'very  traveller  will  reco},mize  the  l-lverlastin.cjs  at  a 
jijlance.  with  their  dry,  cracklin<j^  little  tlowers  and  partially, 
if  not  entirely,  silky  whitish  leaves:  the  only  difficulty  lies 
in  decidint,''  to  what  species  any  ])articular  iil.ant  helon-j^s. 

The  easiest  way  to  distinj^nn'sh  the  White  l"~verlastin,<^  is 
hy  the  loose  separate  fashion  in  which  its  tlower-hcads  t^row 
jnst  a  few  on  each  little  stalk  and  none  uf  them  hunched  to- 
f,^ether. 

Antcnnaria  Iloii'cUii,  or  Mouse-ear  Kvcrlastini:::,  difTers 
from  the  preccdinj,'  species  in  havini,'  very  closely  clustered 
flower-heads  and  much  more  silky  leaves.  The  leaves  of 
hoth  these  plants  are  woolly  and  white  underneath  and 
smooth  and  jjreen  on  the  to]).  The  fertile  i)lants  are  talle-- 
tlian  the  sterile  plants,  and  the  little  heads  of  fertile  florets 


3:.:^,  -jt/^  nv 


//'///'/«'  to  Ctftn  (in<l  Uroun  Floxit-nt        \q-j 

arc-  si-t  j„  oit-t.,,  i,,,,,  tin.jr  snow-wliiti-  silky  tiitts  .i^'lcainiii^' 
in  the  .sun^liiiK-.  while  the  staminate  llorets  h;i\  en. under! 
whiter  scales. 

.hiiniiuiria  pan-tfolhi.  or  Moniitaiii  l"\erla>liii-.  has 
leaves  that  are  white  and  wor.lly  on  l^.tli  .ides,  and  its 
llorets  arc  perfectly  ronnd  in  shape. 

.lnlniii(iri<i  Idiuitii.  nr  Arctic  luerlastiiii,'.  is  a  dwarf 
spcries  -rouin-,^  il,,.e  tn  perpetual  snow,  and  is  f,,iind  at 
the  -real  altitude  of  Sooo  feet.  It  ha^  very  white  an-l 
woolly  >talks  and  many  tiny  leaves  which  are  white  and 

\\()oll\-  alsn. 

.'his  i)lant  somewhat  rcsenihlcs  tlic  /•(/.•/.w/.v,?  of  the  Alps. 
and  is  the  nearest  aj.proach  to  that  fam..us  ll.,wer  to  he 
f.-'ind  on  this  c-.-ntinent.  The  name  .Intnuutr'ui  refers  to 
the  Im.i,'  hrown  anthers,  which  resemhle  the  antenn.e  of  .s.,me 
insect. 

.Intrnimrui  pnhhcrn'nni.  or  Tall  F.verlastiii-.  is  whito- 
woolly  throughout.  The  leaves  are  narn.w  spatulate 
pointed  and  nerve<l.  while  the  flower  heads  are  numen-us  in 
a  close  caiiitatc  cluster,  the  outer  hracts  of  the  involucre 
hein.t,'  straw-o.loured  n.unded  and  often  iiotclu'd  at  the  apex, 
and  the  inner  ones  white. 

Antctmarm  alpina.  or  Alpine  Evcrlastin^^  has  woolly 
stems,  a  numher  of  spatulate  tufted  hasal  leaves  which  are 
silvery-woolly  on  hoth  sides  and  a  ii-w  small  stem  leaves. 
The  flower  heads  ^u^w  in  a  terminal  cluster  and  the  hracts 
of  the  fertile  ones  are  hrowm'sh-green.  those  of  the  sterile 
ones  heinjf  li<,diter  and  broader. 

Anfoimvia  media,  or  Silky  Everlastin.q-.  is  a  very  silky- 
woolly  plant  with  stems  from  one  to  six  inches  hifjli.  The 
radical  leaves  are  ohovate  and  the  cauline  o-ies  narrow. 
The  (lower  heads  are  few.  the  pistillate  ones  gnnv  in  a  close 


n 


Hi 


..  S{'  . 


198       tf'hitt'  to  Green  an  J  Brown  Flowers 

cluster,   while  the   staminatc  ones  are  panicled   and  have 
bracts  with  scarioiis  white  tips. 


r 


1!' 

'1'; 


PEARLY  EVERLASTING 

Amaphahs  marj^unltiitii.     L'iim|Misiif   I'amily 

Stems:  lloccosf,  woolly,  corymlMiNcly  liraiulicd  at  {hv  summit,  li.ify. 
Le&ves;  linear,  laiicfolate,  nr«tii  inil)CMciit  alK>ve,  \v'.x)lly  UIow.  FIow- 
ert:  in  iitinurnus  luads;  invuliitre  campaiuilaU-,  its  bracts  ovate,  obiiiM-, 
fiiiel/  stricatc. 

This  is  the  finest  (if  ail  the  I'verlastiiiijs.  and  if  picked  and 
carefidly  kept  in  a  \ase,  will  remain  fre^h  lodkinj,'  for 
inonths.  Its  flowers  are  larj^'c,  slij,'litly  sweet  scented,  and 
])early  white,  and  are  often  used  for  fnner.il  wreaths;  as  if 
to  say: 

"  Tluy  art"  Icim's  l.cst  j;ift, 
liriiig  llowiTs       pall'  tlowcrs." 

YARROW 

/Icltillea  lauulo.ui.     t'omiMisitc  Family 

Stems:  simple,  or  corymhosily  brandieil  ahove.  Leaves:  narrowly 
ohIoiiK,  bij'iiiiiately  dissected  into  nnmerons  small  linear  divi-ion-. 
Flowers:  in  numerous  heads  crowded  in  a  fastiniate  cyme 

A  plant,  or  rather  weed,  so  c  on  that  every  child 
knows  its  larjje  white  and  pinkish  llower-heads  and  recopj- 
nizes  the  disagreeable  jumj^ent  odour  of  its  lace-like  leaves. 
It  is  often  called  "  Milfoil  "  from  the  abundance  of  its 
frinpfed  foliage. 

This  species  may  readily  be  distinguished  by  its  densely 
woolly  character,  and  the  fact  that  none  of  its  bracts  are 
dark-margined. 

The  Yarrow  must  unquestionably  be  of  ancient  origin, 
for  it  derives  its  name  Achillea  from  Achilles,  who  is  sup- 


•t1iL^!#^«<#.-. 


:>'^-?.*-!.' 


j 


U'/iiti-  I'j   iirtcn  tiiul  lirrjun   i'lfjiurs        i 


99 


poH-d  t(.  have  made  an  ..intinnii  tr-.m  it  wlicn-uiili  t..  lual 
his  wotindcil  uarrii.rN  aJUr  the  NirLji'  ..f    I'imv. 

Aihilh'a  l»',iitlis.  nr  I  )ark  matK-inni  Narmu.  i>  ii,,t  s,, 
tall  or  s,,  u.M.IIy  ;,•>  the  pmnliii^r  sinrirs.  tlie  otviuIk  are 
smaller  and  the  bracts  are  all  <lark margined. 

OX-EYE  DAISY 

Chiysaiilhi-iitum   l.,ii<  .inllu'iniiiii.     ( "(impo^itf    Family 

Stems:  nl.il.mus,  >i,n|,lf.  iho  l.ran.h.,  ii,,,rly  .roi.    Leaves:  ..l,.,\-,u- 

..l.l..,,^,,  cuMr.dy  .Umal.  .  s,.,,,  I.,„ ,|. .  ,,.,uK  >  la-i'MiK,  l,n.,,r.  ,„n  ' 

iiaitly  iii.isr.I,  tilt   ui.p.rinM.i  mtv  vmaH.  ,u,,rlv  mtirr.     Flowers:  ..,li- 
tary.  or  fi-w,  ,,ii  Iupk  i-ulinalcs  ;  n.>>  twinty  to'  tliiriv.     \,,t  uhIiu,  mmux. 

How  many  jx.ets  have  >wv^  the  <Tai>e  m'  the  Dai^v,  from 
K..k'rt  r.iirns,  uh..  deM-nhed  the  little  i:n.-li>li  hlo^unt  thai 
jjruws  cl<.>e  to  the  tnrt  a^  a 

"  U  i'<',  iiii'dot,  trim-oil  tiiipi'i!   lldu.r," 

to  Hliss  Carman,  the  clever  Canadian  wnler.  uh-.  trl!->  h-.w 

"Over  tlif  vlii.itl.liTs   ami   ^lupts  ><•'  tin    dime 

I    ^.-iw    thf   ulutf   il.ii  if.   KM   ,l,,vvti    t..    tin-    -t-a — 
A  Ik'-i  in  tlif  MMi-lr        a  Miou-ilnti   -n    Imif, 

'I  lie    pinpli-    (;,,(!    M        ^    „,    ,,,    .^.,     ,„|r    lean-,     fr.f." 

and  in  dt.in,-,'  so  de-erihes  the  hi^^  uiM  Ox-eye  Dairies  uhieh 
mantle  the  alpine  meadows  with  their  >hou  v  white  petals 
and  f,'()l(len  hearts. 

This  is  an  inlrodnced  plant. 

PASTURE  WORMWOOD 

.Irti'iiiisiti  fiiriil,!.     G'liipMMU'  I'.niiily 
Stems:  simple  or  l.raiKhinR,  silky-caiRscitit  aii.l  mIvitv  all  ovi'r,  lurl>a- 
ccous  from  a  sutTriitcsttiit  l.a.c.     Leaves:  twuf  t>  rn,  'tlv  .,r  (p'lin.ittly 
divitleij  intt>  linear  cnuv-lftl  lobes.     Flowers-  iHimtT.Mi-  raccmo-.dy  <lis- 
posetl  heads  in  an  oi)en  panicle,  Klolinlar. 


/«!  t 


It 


U' 


m^.   ^m:j:  i .  lajprii  ■iiiiMiiiai 


;|- 


i 


i'' 


2nn       ffhilf  to  Green  ami  Droitn  Flowers 

All  the  \\'(iriinv< Mills  possess  a  vcrv  stPmj;  udmir.  by 
means  of  whiih  they  may  he  easily  reio^'tiized.  This  s|)ecies 
has  tiny  j^reenish-yelluw  flowers  jjrowinj,'  profusely  on  its 
leafy,  silky  stems,  while  the  whole  plant  is  silvery  white  and 
cuvere<l  with  softest  <lown. 

.Irti'iiiisia  discolor,  or  (ireeti  W'oriinvood,  h.as  j^reen  foli- 
a^o  ''iiid  hrownisli-^reen  llorets.  haviii;^  the  same  piiiij,'ent 
aromatic  smell  as  the  silvery  siKrics. 

.Irleniisia  hii'tiiiis.  or  lliemiial  Wormwood,  has  also  jjreen 
foliage,  a!id  its  nnmerovis  .i[reeiiivh  llorets  j^row  in  ihi>ters 
in  the  a.\il>,  where  the  Iea\i's  join  the  main  tlower-stalk. 

PALM-LEAVED  COLTSFOOT 

/'('/uji'/i'j /"(i/o/ii/K.r.     Cninpiisitc  Family 

Stems:  scaly,  stmit.  Leaves:  nrliiciilar  in  niitliiie,  ilic|ily  seven  ti>- 
clc'vt'ti  ili'ft,  urci'n  and  Klahnm^  uImim",  ili'n--i'ly  white  timicntosc  bcncatli. 
Flowers:  ii\  a  fa>tiniatt'  jianiik-. 

The  chief  distinction  he' ween  the  dilTereiit  species  of 
Coltsfoot  lies  in  the  shape  of  their  respective  leaves.  Those 
of  the  ]*alm-leaf  Coltsfoot  are  exactly  like  a  larj^'c  palm  leaf, 
while  its  l)lo>soms  are  white  and  very  fragrant.  The  flower- 
.stalks  are  thick  and  jnicy  ami  covered  with  .'■•mall  narrow 
leaves.     It  has  silky-haired  seeds  like  a  dandelion. 

Pctasitcs  stu/ittatiis.  or  .\rrow-leavcd  Coltsfoot,  has  huge 
leaves  uith  two  very  marked  pointed  IoIk's  at  the  base.  Its 
flower-lieads  gr^.w  c(Miipactly  at  the  top  of  stout  stalks,  and 
are  white  and  fr.igrant. 

Pctasitcs  frif/itlus,  or  Arctic  Coltsfoot,  has  few  blossoms. 
a  scalv  stem,  .md  very  irregidarly  lobed  leaves.  The  foliage 
of  all  the  Coltsfoots  is  green  and  >mooth  on  the  top,  and 
while  and  woollv  utnlerneath.     Thev  arc  coarse  iminterest- 


ing  plants. 


L^-#.^£f 


White  /'/   (Jn-tn  iinJ  liroun   i/fju, 


rs 


2<)l 


WHITE  THISTLE 

iiHiluus   ki-l.uyi,     (.•miiM'^iU    I'.iiinly. 

Stems:  tall,  viri.u,.  Leaves:  .ilitriMii-,  liiu'.ir,  -itm.it.Iy  i....ilu-.|. 
Flowers:  lu-.i.K  iu  ;i  UmI>  s|,ikf  Mihcrii-lol  l.\  Imi.ir.  ,  u».  I.ri>il>  iiiiivicl, 
i-(.l.«cl.-li;iir>  k;ivis.     Fruit:  |M|.i.n>  ..i  |,,|in  pluincM^  l.risiK-. 

Tlie  sk'ni->  i>i  this  'I'all  TliiNtU-  an-  \tr\   .■-liuil.-u.M.lly. 
and  tiic  leaves  arr  lotitlicil  ami    irm-^nl   uiili   w.ak    -|llIu•^, 
l>fiii},'  j,TtTii  alx.vc  and  iMl.uil,diair\   liriKMtii.       Ilu-  mam 
ci.l(»urfd  tlowcr  lica«U  j^mw  scscral  tnj^a'tlur  in  a  li-atv  spike. 

tardus  foliosHS.  or  l.eafy  'IhiMle.  Ii:i>  erect  n.l.iiq  -ums. 
mid  is  very  leafy  u|)  t..  the  lew  M,nK\vhat  wnoliv  iL.wer 
heads,  which  have  a  pale  lorolla  with  I. .Iks  iipialhii^  tin- 
throat.  The  leave-  are  eloti-ated,  toothed  with  rijjid 
prickles  and  cobwcb-wuullv  beneath. 


/< 


)i! 


'  4*- 
«     ■  ^ 

4^ 


3^ 


K 


WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  NORTH 
A.\H<.RICAX  MOUXTALXS 

SECTION  V 
PL\K  TO  RED  FLOWERS 


Ti 


til 


W¥^ 


SI-XTIOX   \- 


PINK  lu  Ki:i)  1  L()\vi:ks 


.!" 


PINK  GARLIC 

"  rcniuuiii.     l.ilv  Family 


Bulbs  clustered  on  a  i.li..rt  rn()t>t()ck,  narrowly  cvoi-l.  witli  a  long 
neck.  Stems:  scape  slender.  Leaves:  linear,  cliannek  i,  ,>r  marly  tlat. 
Flowers:  unil.el  niany-ll,uvered,  n.M.lin.i;,  Mil.t.m.ed  l.y  tw.,  .li,.rt  dccid- 
iiuus  bracts;  i)eriantli  >eKnient>  ovate,  acute;  >tanien.  and  style  exserted. 

These  du.ster.s  of  tiny  pink  tlowcrs.  wliich  t,'n)\v  on  lonjj 
•slender  stalks  that  heiul  over  ahniptly  at  the  to|)  are  charac- 
teristically odorous,  as  may  he  readily  understood,  since 
alliit,..  IS  the  Latin  for  "  .i^arlic."  I-Voni  ten  to  fortv  llowers 
form  the  timhel  npor,  each  stalk,  and  hoth  the  awl-shaped 
stamens  and  the  style  pnjtrude  far  heyond  the  se},Mnents  of 
the  perianth. 

I  he  leaves  are  loMj,'  and  extremely  narrow,  in  fact.  .s,Tass- 
like,  hein.t,'  channeled  (.r  Hat  an<l  terminating'  either  in  a 
hlunt  or  a  fine  point. 

PINK  TWISTED-STALK 

Strcftof^us  idscus.     Lily  I'aniily 

Stems:  from  a  >liort  >tout  rooist.vk  co\ered  witli  tibron^  root^,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched.  Leaves:  lanceolate  to  ovatr.  abruptly  .icnnnnate, 
•sessile  by  a  broad,  rounded,  clasping'  base,  the  tnar,i.;n>  tinely  ciliate." 
Flowers:  |)eduncled,  segments  of  tbe  perianth  lanceolite.  the  tips  spnad- 
ing.     Fruit:  a  red  oval  berry. 

This  plant  is  a  near  relation  of  S.  amplcxif,<Uus  descrihcd 
in  :he  White  to  Green  Section.     It  differs  from  the  fore- 

aos 


mm&m 


PI.ATK  \  I.I  1 1 


f 


Uk 


I'lNK    ("i AKI.H 
(.lliui))l    it'lllHltDt  ) 

206 


^ 


Pink   lo   Red  rionns 


.^uin-r.  Iiowc'vcr,  in  h^nct.iI  l•>^l■lltI.•ll  p.irtirulars.  I,,  the  lir-.t 
l''.ux'.  il  is  a  smalkT  plant.  Iia.  dull  i)tiri)lc -pink  pcndnit  IhIN, 
and  is  m-arly  alwavs  MiK'-llnwrml.  'IIhmi.  to,.,  the  tiny 
IK'diindc.  arc-  n.>t  sharply  tui>n-d  a>  in  .V,  a>n '^Irxifoliiis.  hut 
bund  douiiwards  in  a  .i^racvful  rurviv  TIu'  rM.y-hunl  hdls 
arc  <niitc  hid(k'n  hmcath  tlic  Icavf>  and  mav  he-  >mi  mily 
when  the  Ion--  st^■ln-^  are  turned  (,\er.  'I"he>e  Ik-IIs  are 
streaked  .nit>ide  and  hn.-  '    nsi(k-  witli  (kvp  ruse  o.knir. 

SHORT-STEMMED   TWISTED-STALK 

l\ni!is,;i  str,-r!''t<'i>li-^.  I.ily  l"aniily 
Stems:  -mn..il,.  ,„„|,lc,  ir..,,,  an  vMvu-h,U  >rivi.iim  rlii/,,ii.e  with 
a  tiw  lil.ruus  nM,i>  at  v.nh  iin.li-.  Leaves:  n^ati-laiu-colaic,  aoutc,  the 
iiI'iHT  -i-Mk-,  ilu-  k.wir  da^i-iiiK  at  tlu'  l.a^c-  Flowers:  M.llaii-  ...luiry 
on  cv.v^,;\  Malk.  in  tlif  axil,  at  tiic  Imcks  of  tla.  npi.iT  K-av..  Fruit: 
a  K^''i"^i.'  ri-(l  lurry. 

i  he  stems  .,i'  thi>  plant  .t^n.w  I'nur  to  ei.-^du  iiu'he-  hi,i,'h 
fr.mi  a  n-eepin-  rhi/.,un'.  lIu'  leave^  are  narmwlv  e---;- 
siiaped,  hri-ht  -reen  and  dniiint,--  "U  h.iih  -ides,  and  the  little 
dark  ru>e-o .loured  ll..uer>  -row  ,n\  eurved  thread  like  >talks 
at  the  hark,  of  the  upjier  leaves.  The  tiny  sepals  an.l  petals 
are  hoth  u  ine-coloured  at  the  hase.  the  petals  ha\iu<,r  vel- 
lo\vish--reen  rellexed  lips.  The  ])erries  are  rounded  and 
hri.trht  red.  The  Sh..rt-steniuied  Twiste.l-stalk  elosdv  re- 
semhles  the  Pink  T\\  iste<l-stalk.  hut  differs  fn-m  it  in  havin.t,- 
a  iinieh  more  slender  root  stock  and  shorter  stems. 

FLY-SPOTTED  ORCHIS 

()i\lii.s-  r,'tiiihlih\'iii.     Orchid   I-';iniilv 

Stems:  -Icndtr.  Leaves:  Icat  M.Iit.iry.  orhicnlar  {<>  .)\al,  with  ..no  or 
tUM  .>hf,ithint;  -oak'-.  IkImw  it.  Flowers:  spikv  t\vn-t,,-ii.n  tluui-rcl,  .nh- 
tondod  l.y  -i!iall  hr.ari.;  ~v\<:\\^  lateral  oni-  siirfadin- :  pm.al-  -iniikar  tn 
th.c  -i-pal-;  lip  lonticr  than  the  iictaK,  tlirn-dMl.f.i,  the  nnddlc  ]nl,e  l.irj^'or, 
(liiatcd,  Hutched  at  the  apex  ;   spur  ?knder,  shorter  than  the  lip. 


'^ 


PLATE  XLIV 


L  • 


"*« 


If 


^i^  ; 
^fa  i 


Flv-spottf.i)  Ok(  ins 
( 0 rch is   rolu n di folia ) 

208 


] 


Pink  t'j   Rid  FlfJiit'rs 


209 


A  liivc'ly  |)ale  pink  orchid,  with  ;i  single  niiiiidish  leaf 
growinj^  al  tlit-  liasc  and  ri"'t>  (.nnipM^fil  df  ilc>h\  Tiliros. 
'IIic  chi>ti'rs  (it  tlo\\or>  aiv  -li.t,'litly  fraf^rant.  l-".acli  l)Ii>s- 
Nini  lias  a  lars^c.  pn'trndm.^;'.  tlat  lij)  nI  palc>t  pink,  spotted 
with  rose  or  purple,  and  dixided  into  three  lohcs.  the  centre 
one  heiui,'  notelied.  A  w  in^^-hke  sepal  stands  out  on  either 
side,  atul  the  small  petals  and  sepals  are  .ill  pink,  the  ;irched 
l)etal  that  is  heiit  down  o\er  the  st.unens  hein;,^  spotted  with 
rose-purple  like  the  lip.  It  is  found  in  moist  places  and 
,i,'r<iws  to  full  perfection  where  ver\  wet  i^'round  comhined 
with  a  full  e.\])osure  to  the  sun  is  possible. 


CALYPSO 

Ciilyf.io  !'iilh,'s,i.     (  )ivliicl   I'.iinily 

Stems:  willi  two  nr  ilircr  im-mlir.in.n-iinis  sli(Mtli>,  and  .1  liiicir  IiracI 
at  till.'  Niiiniiiit.  Leaves:  Kat  ^nlii.iry.  lirnaiHi.  nxatt-,  pi'tiMlcil.  Flowers: 
(Irooping,  pi'ilioi'lliMl  ;  ^opal^  aini  ptlals  laiii-cclati-,  acuiniiiatf,  loiiK  1>1> 
iiitlatfd.  >aooat<.'.  uitli  iwn  >hnrt   -i)ur>  liil(pu'  tlif  apex. 

A  solid  bull)  and  cor.alloid  roots,  a  sincjle  stetn  sheathed 
hy  two  or  three  loose  hrownish-ijreen  scales  and  sun  iOiinted 
hy  a  sinjjle  narrow  hr.ict.  a  solitary  hro.ad  leaf  at  the  base, 
and  a  sinj.,de  lovely  niau\  ish-piiik  orchid  bloominj:;^  at  the 
summit. —  such  is  the  Calypso. 

The  sepals  and  petals  of  this  dainty  llower  are  like  fairy 
wintijs.  its  lar,i,^e  sac.  striped  and  mottled  with  deep  ro^i- 
colour  and  variep^ated  with  yellow  spots,  tufted  bv  fine  white 
hairs,  resembling'  the  body  of  some  i;ay  insect :  thus  the  blos- 
som appears  to  be  ])oised  lij^htly  upon  its  stem  like  a  beautiful 
butterfly  ready  to  tlutter  away  at  our  approach.  This  effect 
is  heightened  by  the  fact  thai  it  grows  in  the  deep  cool 
forests,  where  its  exf|uisite  fragrant  flowers  form  the  only 
sjjots  of  vi\i<l  colour  and  where  it  is  sheltered  by  tlie  \  ines 


I'. 


2IO 


Pink  to  Red  Flow  en 


and  mosses  that  cluster  t<)f,'ether  in  tliose  damp  shady  places 
that  are  the  favourite  haunts  of  this  orchid. 
When  Mrs.  llemans  wrote 

"  There's  not  a  flower  Imt  slinwi  some  touch, 
111  freckle,  freck,  nr  st.iiii, 
Of  His  unrivalled  pencil," 

she  must  have  Iiad  in  mind  the  marvellous  painted  slijiper  of 
the  Calypso,  for  its  delicate  veinin-^s  in  finely  pencilled  pat- 
tern are  surely  the  wonderful  work  of  the  Great  Master- 
hand. 

The  name  Calypso  denotes  that  the  jilant  is  dedicated  to 
the  ancient  goddess  of  that  name. 


^^ 


SWAMP  PERSICARIA 

Polygonum  Multh-iil>i'i}^ii.     Huckwlieat  I'aniily. 

An  aquatic  herli,  perennial  liy  lonv;  oreipiiip  or  Iiori/ontal  rootstock-*. 
Stems:  erect,  coiiinionly  simple,  channelleil,  enlarged  at  tlie  nodes. 
Leaves:  oMonR-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuniinate  at  the  apex,  rnciuled  or 
cordate  at  the  hase,  (K-re;e  cylindric.  Flowers:  sin.ill,  in  .i  tirniinal 
raceme,  calyx  ri'se-coloiir.  Fruit:  achenes  lenticular,  broadly  obo.'oid, 
very  convex,  hlack,  smooth,  shining. 

The  dense  rose-colouied  spikes  of  the  Swamp  Persicaria 
may  frequently  he  .seen  risinij  above  the  surface  of  some 
forest  pool,  or  fringing  its  borders.  As  lunerson  has  .so 
aptly  described  it, 

"  Rosy  Polygonum,  lake-margin's  pride," 

is  one  of  the  prettiest  aquatic  plants  amongst  the  mountains. 
The  stems  are  channeled  and  enlarged  at  the  points  from 
which  the  leaves  grow;  sometimes  they  tloat,  and  sometimes 
thev  are  immersed  beneath  the  waters.  Tlse  leaves  are 
long-shaped  and  smooth. 


i' 


m 


I    Al.S  I'-l) 


I 


I, 


■  1 1 


Pink  to  Rn/  I'l'.Ui-rs 


21 1 


MOSS  CAMPION 

Siliii,'  iiitiulis.     I'liilv    l.miily 

riosily  cTspit..,,'.  f.iu-  t..  iwu  iiK-li.>  liii;li.  Leaves:  liiuvtr.  vr..«.!..|. 
Flowers:  Mnall,  s..lit.iry,  >uI.vi.sm1i.  „r  ^linhtly  raiM-d  on  imkf.l  cnr\f.| 
pidiiiults :  taKv  narn.wly  campamilatc;  pital,  j.iiik.  purple  ..r  v.UtU- 
oljcordatc. 

The  Moss  Campion  will  ho  fn,iii,|  l,y  tlinsc  ul,,,  diml, 
to  K'cat  altitu(U-s.  tor  it  k^ous  n.-ar  the  hij,'hfst  sum- 
iiiits  ot  the  tnountaiii.  and  has  hern  diso-vcrnl  at  the  ini- 
nii-nsc  elevation  of  lo.fx,,,  fcrt.  It  is  a  dwarf  aretic-alpine 
plant.  The  tiny  leaves,  which  are  very  lunnerous  and  ex- 
tremely narrow  and  p'.inted.  distin.ynish  it  front  .Sa.i //>,;,/„ 
otr»sitifolhi,  or  Monntain  Saxifraj^'e,  which  has  >innlar 
llowers  hnt  distinctly  hroader  leaves. 

(lose  to  the  eternal  snows,  where  the  la^t  line  of  vcj,'c- 
tation  jrrows  prostrate  ni)on  the  earth,  so  rare  the  air.  so 
scarce  and  jxior  the  soil, 

1  litTf.  cKa\iit|,;  t'l  llic  Kroniid,  it  Iu'> 
With    miiliitiKk-   of   puipk-   t_\f, 
S|i.i!iKliiijr  ,-i  cn-hion   yict-ii   like   llln^.s.■■ 

Snrely  Wordsworth  must  Itave  found  the  Moss  Campion 
ainon<(st  his  heluved  (irasinerc  llilK,  otherwise  he  could 
not  have  penned  .so  i)crfect  a  description  of  its  starry  (low- 
ers with  their  five  pink,  purple  or  very  occasionally  white 
petals  wide-hlown  hy  the  mountain  hreeze. 

1  he  Mos.s  Campion  has  a  very  lar^e  tap-root,  and  sprinjj- 
in.s,^  from  it  are  the  slender  hranchin;;  stems,  which  form 
dense  tufts  from  s'.<  to  twenty  inches  in  diameter  and  re- 
semhle  a  coarse  mo.ss.  Down  ii.to  the.se  tuft>  the  llowers 
are  closely  set. 


\ 


;*■- 


¥f,  j^m 


PLATK  XLV 


■  J-~ 


^ 


2i: 


-4 


4fii   L 


Pink   to    Ri  '   I'loin-n 


2'."? 


BITTER-ROOT 

/.(•M.ii'iJ   (ii/i.i.ii.      I'lir^l.iiif    I'.iiiuly 

Stems:  ^c.iik-  Am'TX.  \'<\\\uA.  lir.nu-il.iii'  m  ir  tin  miililU-.  Leaves: 
linr.ir  M|i|..n^',  ^iililiiiif.  «iii'"iili,  nl.iiii<in-,  Fluwers:  mimU  -i\  t"  iiclit, 
ili-liiu'l,  tilii.nll>  !■  ,^li,  iiiU'i|M,il.  |i:irtl>  >iMriiin-.  int. lis  n«ht  to  vivticii. 
n,iii>iv\t\  iilil.iin;.  Fruit:  iMpMilc  <irciiiii-t~^ilf  at  tlic  Iki-i,  ilu-ii  luir'tin^ 
irriKiiI  irly.  ^«fi|>  iinmiT"n-,  liT  ^  k,  «liiiiiiiK. 

I  Ir'  lar,L;r  >lin\v\'  n'^r-piiik  iImuiT'^  i.i'  tin's  I  ri^isiii  arc 
\rr\  li>\cl\  Tin.' 1  )lili>ii;4.  narr<  lU  lia\  i--.  w  liii'li  arr  iT' p\\  i|r<| 
at  tiic  iTKUii  (it  tlu'  tiiuk  c-aii(U-\.  arc  -iiiMutli  iinl  invcri'tl 
uilli  a  \\lliti^ll  hliHitii;  uliik'  in  mi  a  tli-liy  init  L;rM\\  iln- 
"iR'-tlnwiTcil  lilt  -(.I ill iiirt'd  >r;iiics  that  are  juiiitfd  and  have 
liuff  hractlcts  lu-ar  the  middle. 

STRIPED  OREOBROMA 

(hi-fhi  ■'itui  I  ■■lyliil''ii.      I'lir-uiii.     r':iniil> 

Stems:  sciik.m',  vt,,in,  tr.nn  a  tl>-liy  ri'ni.     L«?  ■  es:  il.ii,   .p:itnl.iii-  t" 

■  'lilaiKi-tilati-.     Flowers:  in  a  ^liurt  ■>'"""'  I'luiii,  .il-  i\\".  )iiT>i-iriit, 

|iiial>  liM-  !'■  till.  '■litaiK'i."l.itc.     Fnait:  c.i, -iilc  tmly  t\\>  tu   i'  iir 
valvcd,  many-Mi-ili'il. 

The  tliiwers  nf  this  Oe"l)ri)nia,  whiili  are  deep  rese- 
ll iloiir  with  an  oraiij^e  stripe  it!  ilie  eeiiire  k\  eaeh  petal, 
f^rdW  ill  short  cynidsc  ])aiiieles,  teriiiinatiiiu;  the  r.ither  stmn 
stems,  which  latter  are  six  to  tweKe  iiu  hi>  h'^di.  jointed  at 
the  hase,  and  nsnally  h.ave  two  pair>  ■  '  hracts  below  the 
intloreseeii'-e.  'I'lic  leaves,  which  ;ire  tiat  atul  spatiilate  or 
ul 'lanceolate,  arc  in;'..  Ic.ied  in  a  dense  rw-iilate  tnft.  The 
roots  of  tiiis  ptrennia!  plant  are  thick  and  lle^hy. 

WESTERN  COLUMBINE 

, /./i.'i/.-.'/i'./  fiomosil.     t'ni'.v  fcH.t    I  aniily 

Stems:  lir-i-.icliinu  fnmi  a  -inipK-.  llf~1iy.  t\i-if"rm  rn.,t.  Leaves:  l.'.^tT 
ones  trili-riiati'  on  Iniit;  jjcii' >U'-,  iippiT  <iik'-  >f~-i!c  i>r  rtihut-il  i.i  -iiiiplc 


214 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


iU 


?)    ^ 


bracts ;  leatlcts  broadly  ciineatc,  thrce-clcft.  Flowers:  red,  i)endiiloii>  in 
anthesis;  sepals  spreading  or  rcflexcd,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  short 
claw ;  spurs  same  length  as  sepals. 

A  large  gaudy  flower  of  which  it  has  l)cen  said: 

"  'I'lu-  graceful  coliunbine,  all  blushing  reil, 
TJends  to  the  earth  her  crown 
<j{  honey-laden  bells." 

The  Western  CoUimhine  does  not  seek  the  light  dry  soil 
amongst  the  rocks,  as  do  its  sisters,  the  Yellow  rnd  the  I'.liie 
Coluinhines,  Init  prefers  a  moist  habitat,  where  its  brilliant 
pendulous  blossoms  make  the  valleys  gay. 

It  has  bright  red  and  gold  petals,  growing  alternately 
with  its  five  red  sei)als.  The-e  petals,  shaped  like  inverted 
cornucopias,  are  usually  edged  a.,  well  as  lined  with  yellow, 
their  upper  ends  being  narrowed  to  terminal  tubular  spurs. 
Linn.-eus  gave  this  plant  its  ge.ieric  name,  derived  from  the 
Latin  aquila,  owing  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of  its  spurs 
to  the  claws  of  an  eagle;  while  Columbine  is  taken  from 
coluniba,  "  a  dove."  and  refers  to  the  resemblance  of  its 
nectaries  to  a  circle  of  doves  in  a  ring  around  a  dish,  which 
was  a  favourite  device  amongst  sculj^ors  and  painters  in 
ancient  times.  The  numerous  stamens  and  long  slender 
styles  of  the  pistils  protrude  like  pretty  golden  tassels  from 
each  flower.  The  foliage  of  this  tall  plant,  which  usually 
grows  from  two  to  three  feet  high,  is  very  abundant  and 
fern-like ;  dark  green  on  *he  top,  and  pale  and  whitish  under- 
neath. The  larger  leaves  grow  on  long  foot-stalks  and  are 
divided  into  three  leaflets,  which  in  their  turn  are  three-to- 
five  lobed  and  have  unequally  toothed  edges. 

There  are  not  very  many  really  red  mountain  wild  flow- 
ers, and  therefore  the  traveller  takes  an  especial  delight  in 
finding  the  Western  Columbine,  since,  like  Eugene  Field,  he 


li. 


\\"r.-in:N   Ti.i  1   Mi:i\K 


U:   t 


{ 


Pink   to  Red  Flowers 


21  j; 


Idvts  a  blossom  of  "any  colour  at  all  so  lonj;  as  it's  red." 
It  is  a  plant  extremely  attractive  to  bees.  Inittertlies,  and 
birds,  which  cume  tu  sip  its  sweets. 

WILD  BLEEDING-HEART 

Piccntra  formosd.     Fiimitcry  Family 

Stems:  from  tlie  apex  "f  tliick,  aliiiust  naked,  cn-cpinR  rootstocks. 
Leaves:  twice  <ir  thrice  ternately  coiiiikiuikI,  tlie  ultimate  ilivisions  iiaf' 
r<i\v  and  incisely  pinnalit'id.  Flowers:  pale  iiiaKcnt.i,  in  comiHiiind  ra- 
cemes at  summit  of  scapes;  cornlia  ovate-curilate,  with  connivent  spurs; 
petals  imiled  up  to  and  al>o\e  the  middle. 

This  plant  resembles,  in  miniature,  the  lovely  jjink  and 
white  IMeedint^-heart  so  i)o])ular  in  old-fashioned  ,t,'ardens: 
but  its  dull  ma,tjenta-j)ink  tlowers  are  not  nearly  so  attrac- 
tive in  appearance  as  those  of  its  beautiful  cultivated  cousin, 
riie  only  charm  of  the  wild  species  lies  in  the  j;race  of  its 
slender  stems,  which  bear  numerous  ])endent  heart-shaped 
blossoms  alon<,f  their  droo])inf(  len.^ths,  and  its  finely  dis- 
.sected  foliaji^e. 

Dkcntra  uniflora,  or  One-flowered  Bleedin^'-heart,  has 
soft  green  leaves  which  are  ternately  divided,  the  three  to 
seven  divisions  pinnatiful  into  a  few  spatulate  lobes.  The 
scapes  jjrow  only  three  to  five  inches  hij,'h  from  a  close  bun- 
dle of  spindle-shaped  and  ])erpendicular  fleshy  tubers ;  they 
are  bracted.  and  one,  or  rarely  two-flowered.  The  creamy 
pink  flowers  have  two  small  scale-like  sepals,  and  the  two 
outer  petals  are  j^jii.'bous-saccate  at  the  base,  their  recurving 
tips  much  longer  than  the  body,  while  the  small  hollowed 
tips  of  the  two  inner  sp(jon-shapcd  petals  are  united  at  the 
apex,  and  form  the  cavity  containing  the  anthers  and  stigma. 


-m 


2l6 


Pink  to  Red  Flouers 


:|N 


LYALL'S  ROCK  CRESS 

.Irahis  Lyallii.     Mustard  I'aniily 

Stems:  siinpli-,  more  nr  li^s  stfllaU'-|)iilH~cint,  from  n  liraiulicil  ficrcn- 
tiial  caudcx.  Leaves:  tlie  low  it  sj)atulatf,  the  stem  lua\t's  laiu<oIatc. 
Flowers:  in  ro-c-maiive  raccnics.  Fruit:  sccck  orMcular,  narrowly 
\vinj!e(l  in  one  row. 

The  several  stems  grow  from  the  same  root  and  tlie  lower 
leaves  are  spatulate,  those  on  the  stems  heino-  narrow  and 
slij^htiy  lohed  at  the  i)ase.  The  rose-mauve  (lowers  are  very 
j)retty  growinjf  in  an  elonj,'ated  scattered  cluster,  and  the 
pods  are  erect,  slender  and  straight.  This  plant  is  found 
at  high  altitudes. 

ROSEWORT 

Scdum  li'scunt.     ()ri)ini'  ramily 

Stems:  cnct,  sini|)k',  Klahrniis.  Leaves:  <i\al,  ol'tii^c  at  tin-  ■.\\w\.  den- 
tate. Flowers:  cyme  terminal  den>e;  petals  longer  tlian  the  ohloiin  nar- 
row se|)als;  stamiiiate  tluwers  with  eight  stamens,  the  pistillate  ones  with 
four  carpels. 

The  small  purplish-red  flowers  of  this  short  thick  ])lant 
are  set  in  a  cluster  at  the  toj)  of  the  stems,  which  are  covered 
with  many  small  leaves.  It  grows  in  the  cramiies  between 
the  rocks  and  on  stony  slopes. 

WOODLAND  STAR 

Lilliof>hia^iiia  Iciu-lla.     Sa-xifra^e  Family 

Stems:  slightly  glandular-puhescent.  Leaves:  trit'oliolate.  Katlets 
two  to  three  parted,  two  to  three  lohed  segnunts  cuneiiorm.  Flowers: 
few  in  a  capitate  hulhlct-hearing  raceme.  Fruit:  seeils  diort-ohlont;, 
rongli-tuberculatc. 

The  slender  stems  of  this  Lithophragma  which  branch 
from  the  base  are  slightly  roughened  by  minute  hairs.  The 
leaves  are  trifoliolate,  and  the  pale  pink  flowers  grow  in  a 


Pink  to  Red  rioixcn 


17 


capitate  "r  Mnnculiat  clonsj^atcd  cluster  which  is  frc(|ucntly 
hulblct-hcariiig. 

SKUNK  CURRANT 

A'lVuw  laxiH'TiDii.     S;i\ilr.me  I'aniily 

Stems:  i-,T-)iitt»i',  inct  •<r  .i^cciuliiiL;.  Leaves:  triaiiKulMr.  truiKatc  or 
C'lril.iti-  at  till'  lja-c,  (liT|i'y  thc-lMhiil,  iliKilily  sirritc.  Flowers:  ti\c  tn 
fit'tiiu  tliiwirnl,  raicnu'  IhrIv  imlKMiiit,  calyx  rutaii',  \"\n:>  hripailly  .spat- 
iilau.     Fruit:  a  In  rry. 

Tlic  Stems  I  if  tliis  (.'urraiit  are  s])iiieless,  and  the  lea\es  are 
deeply  live-lohed.  douhlv  tnoihed  and  tre<|iieiul_v  resinous- 
dotted  beneath,  they  iirow  on  loiiij  stalks  abruptly  dilated  at 
the  base.  The  dull  pinkish-red  dowers  have  a  rotate  calyx 
with  liroad  spatulate  lobes  and  narrow  spatulate  ])etals,  and 
the  fruit  is  a  purple-black  berrv  covered  with  a  whitish 
bloom.  .Mtoj^ctbex  this  plant,  which  j^'rows  in  wet  shady 
places,  is  a  handMiuie  species,  and  i«  is,  moreover,  well 
named,  because  if  you  brui>e  the  st'.ns  or  leaves  they  emit 
a  stroni,'^  >kunk-like  odour,  while  the  berries  themselves  are 
also  e.xtrenielv  na^tv  lu  the  taste. 


PINK  SPIR-EA 

Spirica  (loisit]  >r,i.     Rose  I'atliily 

Stems:  rciMisli-lirown.  Leaves:  ovate  to  elliptic,  serrulate  at  the 
apex,  entire  below,  narrowed  to  a  \  ery  ^liort  [letioje.  Flowers:  >niall 
ill  dense  leafy-hracted  eorymlw  terminating^  the  liranche^.  Fruit:  five 
earpel>  distinct,  not  inllatcd.  Is  small  Imear  uith  tliin  memhran.iCLoUs 
testa. 

The  reddish-brown  stems  iif  this  Spiraea,  which  are  ex- 
tremelv  brittle,  shed  their  thin  bark  annually.  The  elliptical 
leaves  are  dark  "rcen  on  both  sides,  minutely  tootlied  at  the 
apex  and  even-margined  towards  the  base  which  is  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  stalk.     The  tiny  rose-red  tlowers  are 


!^ 


2l8 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


closely  crowded  in  roundish  leafy-hracted  tlal-topped  clus- 
ters at  the  ends  of  the  manv  branches. 


f 


'i 


i  , 


.1 


i; 


1 


LONG-PLUMED  AVENS 

GcHin  trilidruiii.     Rose  I'";imily 

Seems:  scape  simple,  three-llnwcrcd  at  tlic  siinimit.  Leaves:  hasnl 
ones  tufted,  petioled,  iiitcrriipte<lly  pinnate,  with  ni;niy  -.iii.ill  leallets 
interspersed  among  the  numerous  oho\,ite  Larger  one^ ;  leaves  of  the 
scape  two  opiHjsite,  small,  sessile  pairs.  Flowers:  of  tUe  pale  pnriilish- 
|)ink  petals  surrounded  hy  a  persistent  red  c.iiyx,  f'lve-hracteol.-ile  and  live 
lohed ;  hractlels  linear,  slightly  louKer  than  the  lanceolate,  .iciiti',  erect 
lobes.     Fruit:  he.id  sessile;  style  filiform  an<l  strongly  i)lumi)se. 

A  very  curious  jjlant.  Its  j,'encral  appearance  is  that  of 
hearing  three  lar,i,'e  dull  red  Inids  on  a  three-liranchcd  red 
stem,  with  a  number  of  little  red  I)racts  clustered  at  the 
fork ;  for  the  pale  pink  or  yellowish  petals  are  st»  snu.t,dy  hid- 
den away  within  the  calyx  that  you  do  not  observe  them  at  a 
casual  glance.  The  closed  calyx  forms  these  fat  buds,  which 
have  five  slender  retlexed  bracts  set  between  their  lobes,  and 
from  their  pointed  tips  protrude  a  number  of  yellow  stamens. 

When  the  petals  and  sepals  fall  off  the  long  jjlumose  tails 
that  adorn  the  ripened  heads  of  the  .\vens  are  exceedingly 
attractive.  Many  long  finely  cut  leaves  grow  at  the  base  of 
this  plant. 

ARCTIC  RASPBERRY 

Rtibus  arcticus.     Rose  Family 

Stems:  erect,  branclied  at  base.  Leaves:  trifoliolate;  leaflets  sessile, 
rhombic-ovate,  nnecptally  serrate.  Flowers:  solitary;  sepals  ac\ite, 
equalling  the  obovate  entire  petals.  Fruit:  light  red,  )f  several  drupe- 
lets, edible. 

A  dwarf  alpine  Raspberry,  about  six  inches  high,  that 
grows  at  an  altitude  of  8000  feet.  It  has  a  few  large  three- 
parted  leaves  and  one  or  two  rose-pink  flowers  composed  of 


Pink  to  Ri'i/  Flout'rs 


219 


six  l<>n,i^.  uiildy  separated  petals.  The  loiit,'  lliiii  roots 
strike  straiiilu  down  iiiti.  the  earth,  and  therefore  when  ywn 
attempt  to  ])ick  one  of  tlie-^e  h'ttle  jilants  it  nsnallv  comes 
up  aUoj^'ether  ont  of  tlie  ,i,'ronn(l  in  your  liand.  The  Arctic 
Ras])herrv  has  no  prickle>. 

h'lihiis  sl^i'cttthilis.  or  Sahnonhei  rv,  has  sliruhhv  hranch- 
inj^  stems,  yellowish  >hred(l\-  hark,  and  is  copiously  armed 
when  younj,''  with  strai<;ht  stout  prickle^.  The  leave-  are 
usually  trifoliolate.  the  leallet-  heini,'  deeply  toothed,  ami 
the  pinki>h-re(l  llowers  are  nearly  always  solitary,  larije  and 
showy.  The  Indians  are  very  fund  uf  the  sweet  juicy  red 
or  yellow  herries. 


PRICKLY  ROSE 

h'listi   lu  it  iiLtris,     ki>-i-    l-'.im  iy 

Stems:  <I(ii-ily  pri.klx.     Leaves:  I'iiiii.iti' :  Icillit-  I.irm-,  t'lvr  to  cvi^u, 

oval-lamcul.iic,     ni.ir>cly     tnwilu'(l.     Flowers:     -Mlit.io  :     ikI  il>  pink, 

lirciadly    nljdv.iti' ;    -cp.iK    iiitirc,    ai-iiniinaU',    i)irsi-li-iit    .nid    iH'cl  tii)()ii 
the   fiiiit.     Fruit:  i;!"!"'^'.  slaliroiis. 

The  hush  on  which  this  Rose  <;rows  is  ahout  three  feet 
high  and  hears  lovely,  fra-rant,  pale  ])inl  tlowers.  The 
leaves  are  larj^e  and  very  dark  ,!,M-een.  and  tiic  steUH  are  cov- 
ered with  many  tiny,  tine.  strai<,dit  i)rickles.  All  the  wild 
Roses  display  a  preference  for  the  numher  live,  lia\in,L[  five 
petals  and  five  sc])als. 

Xo  flower  in  the  wurld  has  heen  so  famou>  in  poctrv  and 
son f,' as  the  Rose.  Its  heauty  .and  fraijrance  have  W(  i  ■■;  t 
an  honoured  place  in  the  annals  of  hi>torv,  in  clas;  k-rc, 
and  in  the  <;lo\\in,L;'  pap;es  of  romance. 

"  \\';is  ever  bliis-nni  Icndicr  than  the  rnvc?" 

Surely  not.     Xor  can  we  agree  with  fuliet  when  she  savs: 


220 


Pink  to  Rid  Flfjucrs 


i. 


w 


i  -4 

J.  i 

i 


"Tli.it   wliiili  \vc  oall  u  rn>i' 
I5>   any  ntlicr  iiaini-   woulil  siir'U  as   >\vccl."' 

I'ur  to  lis  the  Ur>se  symlx'li/cs  those  thin},'s  which  arc  tcink-r 
and  c\(|uisite  in  hfc.  and  the  >\veet  \vil<l  dweller  in  the  forest 
is  the  fairest  tlowt"-  of  them  all. 

"If  JniR-  were  niiiii-,   I'd  weave   fur  you  — 
Of  ri'M's  red  ami  -kio  <>f  liliic. 
Of  K'nldun  >iiii  ami  nrrtianl  -Ihiii, 
Of  |]Iiiss(.ni-fri'tii<l  <laiiiasccm.'  — 
A  veil  iif  iviTy  iiotal-tihic. 

"And   from  tlic  ni<irnin«  mists  of  dew 
Di-til  a  fairy  sinani.  that  tlinniuli 

'I'lic  woiids  >liiinld  wi'nd  a  way  >er    '•?, 
if  Jniic  were  mine. 

"  Anil,  ire  tlie  iMiri)le  dnsk  anew 

I  tie  lurtain-  <if  tlie  snii^t  drew, 

A<li>wn  tlie  river-  dreani  demesne, 

I'd  iiaint  a  i>atli  incarnadine, 

And  drift  into  the  dawn  with  yw, 

If  Jnne  were  mine." 

Rosa  Macotiiiii,  ..r  Maconn's  Ko>e.  is  another  species 
which  .t,'rows  anion?.,'  the  mountains.  Note  th-t  it  has  small 
leaves,  and  that  on  its  stems  j,'row  a  few  larire,  widely  sei)a- 
rated.  hooked  thorns.  Otherwise  it  reseml)k>  A',  aciciihiris. 
and  the  tlowers  of  the  two  hushes  are  almost   identically 

alike.     When 

"The    last    n»e    n'    ^nmmcr. 
Left  hldominK  a!oi,i-," 

hrn.i^s  on  the  hush  surrounded  hy  the   fallen  iietals  of  her 
comi)anions.  then 

"Scarlet  lurries  t.  "  wliere  l)l(inmed  the  s^\elt  wild  ro-e," 

and  Nature  spreads  i      ast  of  ripe  red  fruit  for  the  hirds  of 
the  air. 


{  ■  r 


Pink  to  Rid  Flouns 


221 


I  canm.t  refrain  tnun  closing,'  this  brief  nicnii<.n  nf  ihc 
Rose  with  a  <|ii(»tation  fn.m  a  poem  by  Isabella  \  a  la  i  icy 
Crawfc.rd,  the  sweetest  sinj;er  t.f  xin^^'s  Canada  ever  knew: 

I  he  m-c  w;is  ni\iii  to  Man  fur  this: 
Ik-,  Miililni  ■-I'liiiK  it  ill  lattr  \iar^ 
Should  s\\\h  rinn-mhiT  I.ovi-'s  lir-t  hiiKfriiii;  ki-s, 
And  (irii'l\  la-t  linf-crinn  Har>. 

"Or.  liiiiiK  lihnd,  >,hoiiI<l   fri  1   it.   MMrninj;   -.,,\\\ 
Knit  all  it-  (lii-n  nin  inTfiinii-  riMiml  lii-  .nsn, 
I  ill  he  should  si-i-  (111  Mcinor\'>  aiiiiilc  scroll 
All  roses  he  had  kiunvn," 

Rosa  uynnuH-arpa,  or  Tiny  Rose,  has  ratlier  weak  stems 
with  straij^ht.  slender,  scattered  .spines  on  a  prickly  rachis. 
and  (Ive  to  nine  toothed  leaflets.  The  pale  pink  Howers  are 
very  tiny  and  sweet-smelling,  and  the  fruit  is  oblong  and 
smooth. 

RED  CLOVFR 

Trifoliuin   fynitcusc.     Tea    F.iinily 

Stems:  ascending,  s..iiK-\vhat  hairy:  pistiiles  hroadly  lanceolate,  iiiem- 
branaceous.  nerve<l.  setaceonsly  acimiiiiate.  Leaves:' leaflets  ol.o.rdate. 
nearly  entire.  Flowers:  heads  ovate,  dense.  lUMrly  s.-ssile.  I.racteate; 
teeth  of  the  caly.\  setaceous,  hairy,  the  lower  one  iniuh  lonj-er  than  the 
other  four;  petals  pnrple-red.  all  united  into  a  tube  at  the  base.  .\ot 
indigenous. 

Thoreau  speaks  of  the  fields  lihishint;  with  Red  (lover 
"  as  the  western  sky  at  evening."  ICvery  one  knows  the 
Clover.  luery  one  has  walked  ankle-deep  in  meadows  rich 
with  its  red  llowers.  Some  of  us  are  even  fortunate  enough 
to  "  live  in  clover."—  but  not  all !  It  is  a  (piaint  conceit  of 
the  Red  Clover  to  fold  its  leaves  in  sleep  each  night,  the  two 
side  leaflets  drooping  downwards  together  and  the  terminal 
one  bowed  over  them. 


.  t. 


222 


Pink  to  Rid  Floiii'rs 


P' 


F!  \ 


The  name  Clovt-r  pmliably  conios  from  the  Latin  cltwo, 
meaning  "cliih."  and  rt-fcrs  {>>  the  possible  resemhlancc 
l)et\veen  the  trefoil  leaf  and  tiie  three-headed  cUth  of  Hercu- 
les. 'i"he  "  cliil)s  "  on  plaxint,'  cards  are,  no  dotiht.  also  an 
imitation  of  the  clo\er  leaf. 

The  Clover  is  helieved  l>y  many  people  to  he  the  ancient 
"  shamra;,'  "  of  Ireland,  thoii,i;li  others  —  with  perhaps  njual 
authoritv  —  claim  that  the  National  hlower  of  the  I'.merald 
Isle,  cho^en  hy  St.  Patrick  to  illustrate  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity,  was  ori.!,dnally  the  Woml-sorrel  (  O.nilis  .Icitosclla  ) 
who.se  ([uaint  name  of  .Mlelnjah  refers  to  the  relit,dous  sij,'- 
nilicance  of  its  triple  leaf.      This  is  an  introduced  i)laiU. 

MACKENZIE'S  HEDYSARUM 

//,•(/v.^./'ll*)/  \!,hL;ii:ii.     IVa   I' iniily 
Stems:  siihcrcit,  >imi)k-  or  lir.nulud,  inimitcly  pnliisi-iiit.    Leaves: 
five  to  linlit  i>airs.  (ihliiM«.     Flowers:  -i.-\cii  to  thirty,  loo-cly  tlo\st.ri(l; 
br.-icts  subulate;  teetli  of  the  calyx  as  Imi'k  as  the  tulie. 

A  l)ri},dit  ro>e-maj,'enta  wild  Tea  that  ,urows  to  a  hei<i;ht  of 
two  feet  in  the  mountain  meadows.  It  is  a  latj^je,  spreading, 
handsome  plant. 

CAROLINA  CRANES  BILL 

Cii-i\iiiiiiin   nil  fliiiiiiiiiiiii.     (iei.;iiiiun    I'aiiiily 
Stems:  erect,  niikh  hraiiched  frtMii  tin  h.ise.    Leaves:  petiolcd,  reiii- 
forni-orhicular  in  outline,  .leeply  delt   into  five  to  nine  ..hloii^,  cuiieate, 
lohed  sc^nient-.     Flowers:  in  coinpact  clusters:  petals  pink,  ohcordate, 
eciualliiiK  the  awned  sepals. 

This  wild  (ieranium  is  very  like  the  1  lerh  Rohert.  and  has 
the  same  dull  iiink  tlowers  veined  with  deep  rose.  The 
Creek  name  of  the  i)lant  means  "  a  crane,"'  and  the  common 
name  Crane's  T.ill  denotes  the  long  .t^rooved  l)eak  composed 
of  five  styles  that  cohere  at  the  top.     The  calyx  is  formed  of 


Pink   t'j   KiJ  Jlfjiars 


i^.-? 


five  i)<>iiiti-,I  -f|i;iK,  ;iii(|  tlic  .npill.-i  ,,r  live  iiidfiitr!  ni'i.ils. 
Till'  wIi'pIc  |)1;iiii  i^  i-i i\cri'<l  with  tiiic  .i,'r;i\  hair-  ami  lii^  an 
«'\lri'iiii-!y  ^sr-iiiL;  -iiicll.  i.iii-cd  Ii\  a  rr^ini>ii^  >mflii(ii.  It^ 
k-avi'^  arr  rmitiih-h  in  I'.irni  an<l  ilrcpl)  rk-lt  ;  tin-  Ii.iil;  stalks 
arc  liriiilf  and  >\\\\{k:  red  w  lirrc  c\ini->vd  ti>  the  >nnh^dit. 
St 'iiKti'i !(.■■>  th    ll'iucr^  arc  white. 

(iii;iiitiiiii  KltLiitllii.  nr  I  tii  knell's  ( liTaninni.  rc^cnihlci 
tlic  prci  fd  1 1  u,  pciio.  hut  is  a  taller,  in^re  slcndii-  iilant. 
The  leave-  are  an.Ljnlate  n  outline,  the  -.e.t,'nient>  !iein«,>  nar- 
rowly .iIiIduj,'  and  deeply  eleft.  The  pale  pmki-h  flowers 
i,'ni\v  in  I(in>e  eht-ter>i.  atid  the  heak-  arc  not  so  loUL^-iJointed 
a>  those  of  the  C  aroljna  Crane's  Hill. 


GREAT  WILLOW-HERB 

l:['il:''>'!\iin   iiii.iislili'liiiiii.     l-'.\i-niiii;    i'rimr'^-f    l-",iiiiily 

Stems:  cnit,  -im]ili'  ..r  hraiu  iici!,  Kl.ilirun,.  Leaves:  alti  rii;itp.  lan- 
i-ei.latc.  .ntirc.  paii  1..  iicatli,  aciitf  at  the  .ipiA,  nan.  .\m-.1  .at  thv  lia>i'. 
tliiii.  Flowers:  i:  .r^cnla.  in  iirniina!  -pike-liki-  r.iiinic- :  pi't.ils  lonr. 
••ntirc,  --prtM'linK 

The  tall  stront;  stems  of  this  strikinj;  plant  rise  to  ;in 
a\cra.«,'e  height  of  three  feet,  thou-h  finpiently  taller,  and 
terminate  in  lon<,'  raciincs  of  l.ri.t^lit  purplish  tlowers.  in 
whieli  tile  luni'Ser  four  i-  eonspu  uous.  each  one  haviiv  a 
very  lou;,^  calyx-tuhe  divided  into  four  sci,niicTits  and  four 
larj^e,  rounded,  widc-oi)en  petals.  The  four-eleft  sti,i,Mna 
at  the  apex  of  the  lonu"^  -t\Ie  is  e\lrenu'l\-  prominent.  The 
initl-rihs  ^i  the  leaxis,  the  stems,  the  huds,  and  the  calyx- 
tuhcs  are  ;dl  ,i  dull  red;  an  1  when  the  seed  rii)cns  the  lon.i; 
narrow  vessels  Imrst  open  K 'i-tiav  isc  and  send  afloat  in  the 
nir  clouds  of  \''  •(•  silky  tufts,  t'  each  of  which  is  attached 
a  seed  that  ulf  ii.ilcIv  fall-  to  eartii  scekini,'  some  new  spot 
fa\our;d>lc  to  its  dcvelopmetit. 


224 


Pink  to  Rt'ii  Iloiki'ts 


¥ 


•'  -d 


riic  iiaiiu-  I'.pUiibiuiii  >i;4iiif'Ks  "u|)i>ii  a  |i>-<l."  aiul  prol)- 
ahly  icKtn  t'>  llic  latl  that  tlii'  tlnurr^  ;4rinv  mi  \\w  vwU  ><\ 
till'  Iniiy  |i< )(!>,.  Willi. u  IutIi  rl'l^.•r^  i"  iIk-  l;n  t  tliit  the 
Ica\i->  ri'siiiiMc  tli<'>c  t»i  tlu'  \\  ill<>\v. 

Willi  liri',  i>r  I'iri'  WiimI,  i>  aimtlKT  iniiiiii' m  name  fur 
this  plant,  aiul  a  \it\  aii]>rii|iriate  miu-.  Iihi.  \,,t  it  i>  mar- 
vc'IIi>it>  liiiu  ((uiikly  llu-^c  >tati'l\.  lianiKiPine  ll>i\\cr>  will 
»ii\er  ii\er  ami  lieantiiy  tlii's^  tiaii-  i.|  iiniiitiy  that  lia\c 
hiTM  eharrec!  and  de^'ilatrtl  hy   ture-t  llies. 

"  Str.mni'  iImwit,  iliy  jtiirplf  iii.ikii'y  haste 
To  nl'iriiy  I'.al:  Maiktiud  «,i-Il- 

( )f  lin  ^\\i.\<\  1.111"! 
Is  with  a  iiir  -t'l!   imaiiiin;    lr,nic;Iit, 
Ami   \\f — uluii  (lain  Iiatli   fully   wruii^lii  — 
Shall   iiiiilii>taiiil." 

Ilf^ihihimii  lalifoliiDii.  or  Water  Willi i\v-herli,  is  a  very 
haiuNonie  spceies  which  },'ni\\s  in  wet  places  anil  niar>hes, 
or  near  water.  It  may  always  he  recopiized  hv  its  larj^e 
hrij^dit  niaiienta  tlowers  and  the  s^lanci'iis  appearatue  i>f  the 
stems  and  leaves, —  that  is  tn  say.  hy  the  whiti-h  hluom 
whicii  covers  them.  The  ka\es  .are  also  thi'k  .ind  very 
.soft,  entire,  sessile  and  narrow. 

I'.piU>bhim  aihif/allidifdliiini.  or  Mountain  Willow-herh, 
is  a  tiny  dwarf  plant,  from  two  to  six  inches  hi^h,  .i,'ro\\  inij 
on  lofty  summits.  It  has  >mall  ma^ent.i  or  sometimes  white 
tlouers,  which  noci  at  the  top  of  the  slender  sin,L,de  stems, 
nj)  which  a  few  pairs  of  little  ohlotiL;  leaves  <^row.  It  has 
heen  found  at  the  immense  altitude  of  io.(X3o  feet. 

lit'Uolnuui  Uoniciiiaiuii.  or  I  lornemnnn's  Willow-hcrh, 
is  a  common  species  which  54 rows  ahout  ei^ht  inches  hii;h, 
l)€ars  small  purplish-pink  or  wliite  flowers  that  are  ^trouj^ly 
veined,  and  has  very  lont;  slender  cai)sules,  or  seed  vessels, 


I 


\\   mm;    \\    •  ;  .   A    HI  i  I; 
1 1 ni'      111:   '.cr   UtiD! 


'  I 


j^-u. 


ftn-^^ 


■i.' : .'■:  '■■■:■: 


■'^^^:^'.:     :     v&>!.::-':vr-^:.:v:.  r:.:-..: 


Pink  to  Red  FloMeri 


22s; 


<m  its  mldish  stalks.     'IIic  nrcttv  littl,.  1.1 

,    ,  ,  "-  l''<^''\    little  hlossoms  are  siir- 

rotuKled  hy  a  ,ree„  calyx  and  s.nn..„n  the  ,^^^^^ 
-  es    uh,cl,  arc  usually  fmn.  an  inch  to  two  inches  lo„^. 
Ihe  leaves  are  short-stalked,  ovate,  hlunt  at  the  apex,  na^ 
roued  at  the  base,  and  nearlv  even-,nar^Mned 

hr>lol>nnn  panicuhUuni,  or  I'anicle.l  Willuw-herh  has 
s  CMns  loosely  forked  in  pairs,  and  the  leaves  ar.  chietlv 
alternate,  narrow,  clustered  in  the  axils.  sparin,dv  toothed. 
P'-nted  and  taperin,^,  into  a  slender  uin,,a-d  stalk.  Thev 
are  tre<,uently  folde.l  alon.i,^  the  niidrih.  The  mauve  flow- 
ens  are  scattered  towards  the  e.„ls  of  the  erect  stems 

hhlohnm  chvaUun,  or  Few-tlowered  Will<nv-herh.  is 
ta.ler  tnan  the  prece.linc,  species,  an.l  the  leaves  are  hroadlv 
ovate,  very  hh„u  at  the  apex  an.l  roun<led  at  the  base  The 
rose-coloured  flowers  ,row  nearly  erect  and  the  capst.les 
are  an  nich  lonj:  ' 

Ilpilobium  adcnocaulon.  or  X.-rthern  Willow-herh  is 
nn,ch  .ranched  an.l  bushy  and  has  lance-shaped,  sparin.dv 
t""t  H-d.  leaves,  both  the  sten,s  and  leaves  frec.uentlv  beh.;, 
inirpbsh.  Ihe  somewhat  no,ldin<,^  pinkish  (lowers  are  nu- 
merous and  j,^row  in  the  axils  <•(  the  leaves. 


PIPSISSEWA 


Leaves: 

rym- 


Chhutalfhih   u,nh,-/h,la.     Hc.itli   F.uiiily 
Stems,    extensively     tr.iilii,,,,.     hnri.ontallv     s„l„,rruu-ui      I  e. 
spa,ulate.   .  ar„ly   .ernue.     Flowers:    .everai.   nn.l.d  a         \„t^ 
I'o.se.     Fruit:  an  .nvl  Rluh.we  capMile. 

The  trailinj,^  sten,s  of  ,he  Pip.issewa.  or  Prince's  Pi„e 
run  hon.untally  under  the  earth  and  have  tinv  roots  The 
In-,j,nt  sinninj,  evergreen  lea^es  are  .patula.e  and  verv 
shari.ly  toothed,  wlnle  the  pinki.>h  flowers,  which  j,^row  in 


'.,  '(■:' 


226 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


I 


\ 


a  spreading  cluster,  are  small  and  marked  with  a  deep  pink 
ring.     The  filaments  are  fringed  with  marginal  hairs. 

Chimaphila  Mcnzicsii,  or  Spotted  Prince's  Pine,  is  not 
quite  so  tall  as  the  preceiling  species.  It  has  sm.'ill  ohlong 
leaves,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  sharply  toothed,  the  upper 
surface  l)eing  usually  spotted  or  mottled  with  white.  The 
peduncle  l)ears  one  to  three  tlowers,  which  latter  are  a  dull 
pinkish  creamy-white. 

BOo  WINTERGREEN 

Pyrola  asari folia.     Heath  I'amily 

Stems:  scape  six-to-twelve  flowered.  Leaves:  coriaceous,  sliiiiing 
above,  reniform,  wider  tlian  long,  crcnnlate.  Flowers:  racemose,  nod- 
ding :  i:etals  five,  obtuse ;  calyx  five-parted,  persistent,  the  Iol)es  tri- 
angular-lanceolate :  stamens  declined ;  style  declined  and  exsertcd. 

The  tall  red  stalk  of  this  Wintergreen,  with  its  numerous 
nodding  rosy  blossoms,  is  exceedingly  attractive,  especially 
as  it  grows  in  the  deep  moist  woods,  where  few  ilcnvers 
flourish  owing  to  the  absence  of  ?11  sunlight.  Very  fra- 
grant also  is  this  quaint  plant,  to  which  the  name  of  \\' inter- 
green  has  been  given  on  account  of  its  evergreen  foliage. 
The  long  out-curved  style,  which  protrudes  far  beyond  the 
floral  cup,  is  green,  and  has  a  dull  red  stigma,  while  the  ten 
stamens  are  tipped  by  dark,  slightly  beaked  anther-sacs. 
The  calyx  is  entirely  of  a  deep  red  hue,  and  the  petals  are 
bright-coloured  at  the  outer  edges,  shading  into  palest  pink 
in  the  centre.  The  leaves  grow  in  a  cluster  at  the  base  and 
are  thick,  tough,  and  glossy.  A  few  narrow  little  bracts 
cling  to  the  flower-stalks. 

Sheltered  from  the  wind  and  the  sun.  half  hidden  by 
mosses  and  tangled  undergrowth,  but  always  p'-eferring  a 


MSW^, 


PLATE  XLVI 


. 

mm^ 

iVli^K*~                           ^ 

\        ^^***^*i^^H 

*■ 

■i!T';^ 

, 

U^^^Bn^t                         ;'^H 

^s 

0 

^p^                 ■  ^al 

0. 

^■' 

ft 

■    /    ■ 

# 

* 

>i. 

0^^ 

^ 

-J^     ; 

^^^Z^fivKJ^'^^^^H^^H 

4 

f 

^  •  ■■■'I-  -. 

s 

'  -Jk 

* 

ij 

f?^. 

^^sT*  -  . 

§ 

f 
> 

^^^Bi^^^K-lll:!—. 

Red  WiNTERiiKEEN   (Pyrola  asarijolia  var.  incarnata) 
Green -FLOWERED  W^intergreen  (Pyrola  clilorantha) 


227 


228 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


(t 


damp  spot  to  a  dry  one.  the  Bog  Wintergreen  grows  in  close 
companionship  with  ihe  lovely  One-flowered  Wintergreen. 
the  Long-bracted  Orchis,  and  the  Butterwort;  and  if  you 
know  the 

"  Secret  paths  that  thread  the  forest  land," 

you  may  find  them  in  profusion,  mingled  at  your  feet  by 
happy  chances, —  a  gay  holiday  throng. 

Pyrola  asarifolia  var.  iticarnata,  or  Red  Wintergreen. 
has  broatlly  oval  leaves,  rounded  at  the  base,  which  are  dull, 
thick  and  blunt  at  both  ends.  The  rose-red  flowers  nod  in 
a  slender  raceme  and  the  style  and  stamens  are  declined. 
The  chief  difference  between  this  species  and  Pyrola  asari- 
folia is  that  its  leaves  are  quite  dull,  almost  leathery,  while 
those  of  the  Red  Wintergreen  are  polished  and  shining. 


I  ■Jf*  J  ' 


i 


^f     I 


C  Y 


SMOOTH  MENZIESIA 

Mcnziesia  glabella.    Heath  Family 

Leaves:  alternate,  obovate,  obtuse  and  glandiilar-mucronate  at  the 
apex,  pale  glaucous  and  glabrous  beneath,  sparingly  pubescent  above, 
the  margins  entire,  crenulate,  ciliolate.  Flowers:  one  to  five  in  um- 
bels, cream  and  pink,  spreading,  becoming  erect;  calyx  fiv.-lobed; 
corolla  urn-shaped,  four  toothed;  stamens  eight,  included.  Fruit:  seeds 
long-appendaged  at  each  end. 

If  you  wish  to  be  quite  certain  that  the  shrub  before  you 
is  really  Mcnziesia  glabella,  just  break  off  a  branch  and 
smell  it,  and  you  will  at  once  perceive  the  peculiar  pungent 
odour  of  the  skunk  emanating  from  its  stems  and  foliage. 
The  bush  grows  erect  to  the  height  of  six  feet  and  bears 
abundant  foliage.  The  leaves  are  small,  oval,  and  pale 
green,  and  have  even  wavy  hairy  margins.  The  flowers  are 
little  roundish  pink  and  creamy  urn-shaped  bells,  which  ter- 
minate the  long  slender  stalks,  and  are  four-lobed,  having 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


229 


eight  stamens  within  tlieir  cups.  They  grow  in  unilK.'ls  at 
the  ends  of  the  twigs,  and  also  encircle  the  stems  just  below 
the  topmost  clusters  of  leaves.  When  in  fruit  the  seeds  are 
characterized  by  long  api)endages  at  each  end. 

Mcnzicsia  fcrruginca.  or  Scaly  Menziesia,  difTers  from 
the  preceding  species  in  having  strigose  chaffy  ferruginous 
scales  on  the  young  parts  of  the  straggling  branches,  while 
the  somewhat  egg-shaped  leaves  are  thickly  covered  with 
rusty  appressed  straight  .stiff  hairs  above,  and  are  pale 
green  and  smooth  l)eneath.  The  flowers  are  very  like  those 
of  the  Smooth  Menziesia.  Archibald  Menzies,  after  whom 
the  plants  are  named,  brought  the  original  species  from  the 
North  West  Pacific  Coast  when  he  sailed  there  with  Captain 
Vancouver  on  his  famous  voyage  of  discovery  in  1790. 


TRAILING  ALPINE  AZALEA 

Loiseleuria  procumbcits.     Heath  Family 

Stems:  tufted,  much  branched,  (Hffuse.  Leaves:  mostly  opposite, 
linear-oblong,  crowded,  entire,  the  margins  strongly  revolute.  Flow- 
ers: one  to  five  from  terminal  coriaceous  l)uds.  Fruit:  a  capsule,  sub- 
globose. 

The  Trailing  .Alpine  .\zalea  is  a  very  attractive  though 
rather  rare  plant  among  the  mountains.  It  has  lovely  little 
pink  bells  with  purplish  sepals  growing  on  erect  stalks  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  crowded  dark  green  leaves 
which  are  a  paler  colour  beneath,  and  have  rolled  back  mar- 
gins and  a  very  prominent  midrib  on  the  imder  side. 
There  are  many  botanical  romances  and  interesting  geo- 
graphical suppositions  connected  with  the  history  of  the 
Heath  I'amily.  the  presence  of  some  of  whose  members  in 
Ireland,  Cornwall,  the  Spanish  Peninsula  and  the  .Azores 
point  to  a  confirmation  of  the  belief  of  ancient  chroniclers 


.S3 


230 


Pink  to  Re  J  Flowers 


i\ 


r 


\i 


m 


in  the  existence  of  Atlantis  and  Lyonesse.  those  great  suh- 
merpjed  continents  which  were  perhaps  the  original  home  of 
the  Heaths. 

SWAMP  LAUREL 

Kalinia  /^olifoliii.     Ilcatli   Family 

Branches  glaljrons,  asccndinB.  Leaves:  opposite,  nearly  sessile, 
liiiear-oMoiiK,  niarKins  strnnKly  rcvohite.  Flowers:  in  sinipk-  terminal 
umbels;  bracts  larRc;  sepals  ovate,  much  imbricated,  persistent. 

Growing  usually  alH)ut  a  foot  hij^h.  thou,i,di  frequently 
only  a  few  inches  tall,  it  boars  at  the  ends  of  its  slender 
branches  large  clusters  of  bright  rose-red  or  magenta  flow- 
ers, which  have  a  five-lobed  corolla  and  ten  stamens,  whose 
filaments  are  slightly  curved,  by  reason  of  the  red-brown 
anthers  being  caught  in  the  ten  pouches  which  are  placed 
below  the  limbs,  or  expanded  lobes  of  the  corolla.  If  vou 
flip  the  outer  edge  of  the  Swamp  Laurel  gently  with  your 
finger,  you  will  see  the  little  stamens  spring  ujiright.  sending 
forth  a  shower  of  jjollen  from  tlieir  anthers  in  the  process. 
The  heart  of  the  flower  is  usually  pale  green.  Its  ever- 
green foliage  is  dark  green  above  and  covered  with  a  white 
bloom  beneath.  The  Swamp  Laurel,  as  its  common  naiue 
implies,  grows  in  marshy  ground. 

RED  MOUNTAIN  HEATHER 

BryunthiiS   t'ttifctriftinnis.     Heath    I'amily 

Densely  much  branched  from  the  base.  Leaves:  strongly  revolute, 
thickened  and  rough  margins.  Flowers:  umi)ill.iio,  subtended  by  folia- 
ceous  and  rigid  bracts;  corolla  deep  rose  colour,  campanuiatc,  five- 
lobcd. 

The  Mountain  Heathers  —  there  are  no  true  Heathers 
indigenous  to  this  continent  —  are  low  branching  shrubs. 
Bryantluis  cmpctriformis  grows  abundantly  in  the  moun- 


A 


M 


I'l.ATi:  XI. VII 


KkI)    MdlNTAIN     IIkVTHKK 

( Bryanthus  cinfctrifnymis) 
231 


232 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


tains,  and  at  very  high  altitudes.  It  is  a  wonderful  sij,'ht 
to  see  acre  upon  acre  covered  with  its  heautiful  hells,  until 
the  slojies  of  the  hills  and  the  alpine  meadows  seem  to  he 
literally  clothed  with  a  glorious  robe  of  rose-red  I  leather, 
whose  horder  is  emhnjidered  with  the  White  Mimntain 
Heather  and  White  Heath,  the  blue  Speedwi  II  and  the  yel- 
low Arnica. 

Many  a  traveller  knows  hcnv  true  are  the  lines: 

"  When   summer  comes,  tlie   lieatlier   ln-ll 
Shall  tempt  thy  feet  to  rove"; 

and  many  a  man  has  echoed  in  his  heart : 

"Here's  to  the  heath,  the  hill,  and  the  heather. 
The  l)onnet,  the  plaidie,  the  kilt,  and  the  feather; 
Here's  to  the  heroes  that  Scotland  can  hoast, 
May  their  names  never  die  —  that's  a  Highlandman's  toast!" 

Truly  a  love  for  the  Heath  and  the  Heather  is  common 
to  all  nations,  and  is  the  especial  trait  of  all  mountain 
climl)ers. 

Bryanthiis  intermedins,  or  Pink  Mountain  Heather,  is  a 
much  rarer  plant  and  is  found  in  comparatively  few  locali- 
ties. I  first  reported  it  from  the  Selkirk  Mountains  in 
1901,  thf.igh  it  had  previously  been  reported  fn^ni  the 
Rockies  by  Macoun,  Drummond.  and  Dawson. 

It  is  easily  known  to  travellers  by  meins  of  its  lovely  pale 
pink  bells.  The  foliaije  i"  precisely  similar  to  that  of  B. 
empctriformis.  but  the  Hower  differs  in  a  few  very  minor 
particulars.     This  plant  is  probably  a  hybrid. 

RED  BEARBERRY 

Arctosta(<hy\os  I'va-ursi.     Heath  Family 

DiflTusely  much  hranched,  and  rooting  at  the  nodes.     Leaves:  olilong- 
spatulate,  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole.    Flowers:  few,  in  siiort 


PLATE  XLVIII 


Kei)  Hearderky 

(.■lrctostiit>hylos  l.'ia  ur,i^ 

^33 


2U 


Pink   to  Rtil  i lowers 


% 


\ 


r.•l(•(•lIK•^ ;  corolla  dmiji!,  i  i«ii-trutf<l  ;it  tin-  tliri   it.     Fruit:  ^IhIxim-,  ilrii|)c 
rod.  RlaltriiiH,  fiiiit.mmiK  ti\o  i(i:ilt'>it  m      iiiUi-. 

A  tr.'iilinir  sliriil)  uliuh  i>  cxanliiw^Iv  IiainNMinc ;  it  j,'r(iu>^ 
in  <l«.-|)rf>«M'(l  jKitclu  ~  cM-ral  feet  in  (lianiftiT,  fn.ii.  a  sin}:;k' 
main  nmt.  It  is  usually  found  rrcrpiuL,'  over  (Ir\  j,'ia\elly 
pl.ices.  and  eoverinj^j  the  I'Kk^  uilli  its  hriylit  littli'  cNer- 
f^freen  leaves.  In  the  autumn  i,  I'se  leases  turn  Iiion/e.  and 
lo\ely  scarlet,  «lry,  iK-rry-I  ke  fruits  ,!,'eni  the  spreadm^ 
hranclies. 

White  tlushed  with  rose  colour  arc  these  tiny  rounded 
ll'uer-.,  constricted  at  the  throat,  and  },'ivin:,'  f  ath  a  faint 
sweet  odour. 

"  -  )|i !  to  In    friiiiiU  witli  till'  lii-Iu'iLs,  ihc  \i<\\,  iTcfiiiii^;   vines 
ainl  llie  111'    ^c-, 

I  liiTc  ciii-e  to  lii' ; 
(ia^inn  al'ift  at  each   |>iiii.'-i>l>ii"c  that   airilv,  |  'lyfiilly    l"Sst"S 
'Ncatli  ilir  hliic  >Ivy." 

Oouhtless  the  name  liearhcrry  is  (Uii\ed  froui  the  fact 
that  l>niin  is  very  foiid  of  the  fruit  of  the  .lnt(>.\!iiph\U<s, 
thoujjh  with  small  j,'anie  hirds.  and  c>|iecially  t;iouse,  it  i 
also  a  favourite  article  of  food.  This  is  the  \vv-  Kinni- 
hiitic  of  the  Indians  who  ])ri.  it  for  its  astrin,i,'eii  .iroper- 
ties.  usinjj;  it  as  a  me<licii:c  and  also  in  the  "  cui  ini^  "  of 
animal  skins. 

.Irctostaf'hyhis  alpina,  or  .\lpine  P.c.irl'crry.  i-  a  \ery  tiny 
species,  from  two  to  fotir  inches  Ion,!,',  and  i-  fomi.!  .L;rowinj^ 
on  mountain  summits  as  hitjh  as  7000  feet.  Ii  i  usually 
prostrate,  with  thin'  con-pictioiislv  \eined  leaxes.  a  few  pale 
pink  or  whit^  tlow  ors,  and  Ijri^ht  red  iuicy  herries.  This 
is  also  a  .*•  'ih  and  in  spite  of  its  small  size  lias  shreddy 
bark. 

Arctostapliylos   totucntosa,   or    Manzanita.    is   toiiientose 


Pink  to  Ri'd  I' lowers 


^7^^ 


and  <etnsf-hi-|)i(l  thnni's'lmnt.  Thi-  dcnsc'ly-wn  llv  k-avc'* 
are  nlilini},'  and  tipped  with  a  >liarp  pnint.  and  the  liracts 
arc  Icaflikc.     'Ilic  tl<'\\l•r^  j,'rM\v  in  ^liort  iliisiiTcd  racemes. 

OVAL-LEAVED  BLUEBERRY 

r,ii\  iiiiiim  (>;'i'it"liiini.     1  Ini  kKlicrry   I''.ii;iilv 

Leaves:  iltirnatc,  n\.il,  -liiirl  iiftii.lnl.  (.'I.iliron^  on  l.'iih  ■iidcs, 
riiiiiiilid  at  liiitli  I'lnl'.  or  soini'wliat  iiarrmvcil  nt  tlif  \,.,^v,  tliin,  <  iitirc 
Flowers:  wliitr  ami  iiiiik,  »Mniiiiciiil>  -'litary  in  tlic  axiU  mt  ratluT  -IhtI 
rci"iir\ f(l  jH'diti'K;  ca!\  \  Innli  slitjlitl)  t'lntlicil;  cornll.-i  hIiiIkivc muii!, 
tcHitlu-il;  stallKiiN  ten.  Fruit:  a  iii.iny  -cfcliil  lilni-  iKtrv  vmiIi  a  lil'xini, 
acid. 

'I  here  are  in  the  inniintain  reL^'iniis  nianv  sp<'eie>  <<\  I'lic- 
ciiiiiiin  tlial  heare(hh'  herrie-.  Init  \\w  (  )\al-lea>.  ed  liliielwrry 
and  the  lllaek  I'.hieheiry  aie  the  nii>st  eonsjiieunus  in  frtiit. 
the  former  havini^  I  ihie  herries  tip",  ered  with  a  ridi  sott  hlmtm 
and  possessini;  an  aeid  thnn^;!!  n<>t  unpahit-ihle  llav<mr.  and 
the  latter  haviiij;  |)iirphsh-llack  herries  tliat  are  (jinte  sweet 
and  pleasant  to  the  taste. 

'I'lie  ( )\al-le;ived  r.liielH.'rry  i>  a  hranthini,'  shrnh.  ^'rnwitii; 
from  three  to  ten  feet  hi,t.;h.  and  has  snuh.th  tuij.^'-^  that  are 
sharply  anL;led  at  the  joints.  I  la-  leaves  are  o\al,  i,'reen 
alxive  and  co\  ered  uilh  a  wlnish  hlooni  l)eneath.  'i'he 
sntall  pink  and  whi'  •  tlouiTS  are  formed  like  tinv  toothed 
hells,  and  j^row  sin^dy  at  the  ends  of  liie  slender  reenrved 
stalks,  which  causes  them  to  droop  downwards.  The  her- 
ries  also  are  ])endent. 

I'acciniitin  iiiriiihraiiiiccKiii.  or  i'.lack  I'lneherry.  is  I'of  so 
tall  as  the  preceding;'  species,  seldom  attaining;  a  heii;ht  of 
si.\  feet.  The  leaves  are  lar}.;er  than  those  of  the  Ov.d- 
leaved  Tilueherry,  and  are  j^reen  on  hoth  sitles  and  finely 
edj,'ed  with  very  tiny  teeth.  1  he  powers  are  i,dolitilar.  and 
from  their  rounded  corollas  the  louj.>  st;  le  protrudes.     The 


MICROCOfY    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2| 


A     -APPLIED  irvMGE 


'^-^l    fQSl  Mam  Str-p- 

''6,  482   0300  -  Phone 

JJ' 

'■6;  288  -  5989  -  rg. 

mrmaBS-^asFmm'^t^iSsaEsi^sMmwT. '  •" "  tar-TmrTrrTTT 


236 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


I 


it.) 


w 


recurved  axillary  stalks,  which  hear  the  hlnssnnis,  heconie 
uprij^'ht  in  fruit  and  thus  hold  erect  the  lar},'e,  sweet,  purple- 
black  berries,  which  have  no  bloom. 

Vaccininm  c(CSpitosnm,  or  Dwarf  I'ilberry.  grows  only 
from  three  to  seven  inches  hij^jh.  and  has  many  little  fine 
branches  thickly  covered  with  leaves,  wliich  are  obovate, 
blunt,  thickly  serrulate  and  bri},dit  j,'reen  on  both  sides. 
The  stem-branches  bear  numerous  tiny.  l)ell-sha])ed.  pinkish 
or  white  flowers,  with  the  calyx  five-toothed  and  about  ten 
stamens.  These  in  time  turn  to  sweet  blue  berries,  co\cred 
with  a  rich  bloom,  and  so  larjje  as  to  be  out  of  all  propor- 
tion to  the  plant. 

Wxccinium  Viiis-hi(ca,  or  Mountain  P.ilberry.  has  crowded 
oval  emarginate  leaves.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of 
this  low,  creeping'',  everjjreen  shrub  is  that  it  has  numerous 
black  bristly  dots  beneath  the  leaves.  The  clusters  of  tiny, 
waxen,  pink  bells  grow  on  erect  branches,  which  spring 
from  the  creeping  stems  and  attain  to  a  height  of  alxjut 
eight  inches.      The  berries  are  dark  red  and  very  acid. 

I'accinium  erythrococcum,  or  Alpine  Bilberry,  has  erect 
stems  with  numerous  slender  strict  branches  and  branchlets. 
The  leaves  are  ovate  or  oval  and  a  lovely  bright  green,  while 
the  pink  five-lobed  flowers  are  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.  The  berries  are  small  and  bright  red.  Vaccininm 
is  the  name  by  which  classical  writers  have  referred  to  some 
plant  whose  identity  is  lost  to  us,  and  even  when  it  was 
given  to  the  present  genus  of  this  name  there  is  reason  to 
believe  that  it  was  originally  spelt  Baccinium,  meaning  a 
plant  which  produces  berries.  Bilberry  was  no  doubt  for- 
merly Bellberry  or  llillberry.  just  as  Blaeberry  is  only  the 
Scottish  pronunciation  of  Blueberry. 

Vaccininm  Oxycoccns,  or  Small  Cranberry,  is  a  creeping 


«r 


Pink  to   Red  Floucrs 


2.1: 


shrill),  w  ith  altiTiiato  ovate  ftitiri'  Ifa\i'>  that  arc  dark  i^rcrn 
al)()\c  and  white  hciicath  and  ha\c'  rcxolnti-  mari,Mti>^.  It  is 
very  delicately  tnrnied  and  resembles  a  slemler  trailini^  vine 
far  more  than  a  shnil),  which  latter  word  we  are  accnstomccl 
Dy  common  u>at,a'  to  apply  only  to  fall,  stout,  or  lui^hy 
plants.  The  four  or  five  tiny,  narrow,  pink  division-,  of 
the  noddint,^  corolla  are  spread  wide  open  and  re\eal  the 
antlie.-,;  converj.Mn.!.;  into  a  cone,  which  is  extremely  promi- 
■nt  V.  hen  the  tlower  is  expandeil.  The  frm't  is  a  round 
red  juicy  aci<l  many-seeded  berry.  This  Cranherry  throws 
chiefly  iri  marsh v  pl.aces  and  swamps,  also  alon^;  the  marj^ins 
of  lakes  and  pools. 

BIRD'S  EYE  PRIMROSE 

rriiiiiilii  fiiriiinsii.      I'rinir"~c   f'aiiiily 

Leaves:  olilmit;,  dI'Iiinc  .it  llic  .iiicx.  narmwcil  ;it  the  li.i^c.  tapcrinj? 
into  iK'tink'N,  the  mar)jiii>  cr(.-iinl;iti'.  Flowers:  unilicll.itf  ;  l)raci--  of  tlic 
iiuiifiKTc  .ictitf  :  ca]yx-|o|)is  acute,  oftiii  iiu-al\  ;  loroll.i  ^.tUfr-iorm.  tuc- 
clcft;  ^tami'ii>  tivf  inclii(k-(l  tllamcnts;  anthers  \  ery  >li<irt.  olilon^',  oliiusi-. 

A  tall  species  of  Primrose,  with  pink,  lilac,  or  very  occa- 
sionally white  flowers,  which  ijrow  in  a  cluster  at  the  top 
of  the  loii}.^  stalks  and  are  salver-sh.'iped ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
divisions  of  the  corolla  spread  out  flat  at  the  to])  of  the 
tube  and  disclose  a  yellow  eye  with  five  stamens  forming 
a  dark  "  pu|)il  "  in  the  centre  of  it.  Hence  the  name  of 
I'ird's  Eye.  The  leaves  are  lonj^-shaped,  beint,'  usually 
mealy  white  beneath,  as  denoted  in  the  term  fiiriniKui.  and 
all  ji^row  in  a  tuft  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  surroinidin<,'  the 
Ions  '*''^''*-'  flower-stalk,  on  the  top  of  which  a  few  small 
bracts  will  be  found  just  below  the  blossoms. 

Primula  Maccalliana,  or  Dwarf  Canada  rrimrosc.  is  sim- 
ilar to  the  precedinji^  species,  but  much  smaller,  j^^rowinj;  only 
to  an  averaj^e  height  of  four  inches,  whereas  /'.  fariitnsa  is 


:,  !"f'i^7^^?siF^. 


238 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


usually  about  ten  inches  tall.  The  tiny  leaves  are  all  set  in 
a  tuft  close  to  the  ground,  and  are  rarely  mealy  underneath ; 
while  the  flowers  are  pale  mauvish-pink  in  colour.  Both 
these  Primroses  grow  in  very  wet  places.  The  generic 
name,  Primula,  refers  to  their  early  season  of  blossoming, 
for,  as  the  poet  says : 

"  Primroses,  the  spring  may  love  them, 
Summer  knows  but  little  of  them." 


1'' 

|r 

1     ' 

1 

■             ■ 

■ 

1    ■ 

I; 

1  ^1 

SHOOTING  STAR 

Dodccathcou  pauciHiirum.     Primrose  Family 

Stems:  scape  Riahrous.  Leaves:  lance>  late,  entire.  Flowers:  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  rich  pnrple-pink,  tlie  undivided  part  yellow,  with 
a  scalloped  ring  of  deep  purple  midway  between  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments and  the  stamen-tube;  stamen-tube  yellow;  anthers  purple. 

From  two  to  eight  of  these  quaint  purple-pink  flowers, 
each  one  on  its  own  individual  tiny  stem,  grow  at  the  ends 
of  the  stout  main  stalks  of  the  plant.  Several  of  these 
stalks  grow  up  from  every  root.  With  their  reflexed 
petals  resembling  those  of  the  Cyclamen  (which  also  be- 
longs to  the  Primrose  Family),  and  their  queer  little 
pointed  noses,  the  Shooting  Stars  are  rather  remarkable- 
looking  flowers.  They  remind  one  of  some  bright-winged 
butterfly  poised  on  the  apex  of  a  scape.  The  leaves  all 
grow  in  a  cluster  at  the  foot  of  the  plant  and  are  long- 
shaped  and  tapering  towards  the  base.  Very  occasionally 
the  flowers  are  white.  The  scientific  name  is  derived  from 
the  Greek  dodeka,  "  twelve,"  and  theos,  "  god,"  thus  signi- 
fying "  twelve  gods."  Its  application  is  not  very  clear, 
though  Linnreus  imagined  he  saw  in  its  umbels  of  bright 
crowned  flowers  a  little  congress  of  divinities,  and  hence 
named  it  for  an  Olympian  gathering  of  the  gods. 


i'^-^tm^^^-'^mm^m^. 


'iim\^a^^mmf^mm^^mm.^f^^:mm 


Pink  to  Red  Floiiers 


239 


f 


SPREADING  DOGBANE 

.Ipocyiiuin  iindrnsirmifi'lium.     I)(i>{l>aiK'  I-';imily 

Stems:  one  tn  three  feet  \\\^h,  branches  hro.ully  spreading,  smooth. 
Leaves:  o\,ite  or  ov.il,  oI)po^ite,  cntiie.  Miiontli  ahove,  uMially  hairy  l>e- 
neath.  Flowers:  open-campaniilate,  five-parted,  lohes  revolute.  Fruit: 
-slender  elongated  terete  see.,  pods,  nsually  in  pairs. 

A  plant  with  quantities  of  little  sprcadinj,'  branches  iK-ar- 
ing  f)val  spine-tipped  leaves  and  numerous  pink  llowers, 
veined  with  a  deeper  red.  in  loose  terminal  and  axillary 
convex  clusters.     The  plant  is  full  uf  a  milky  juice. 

ALPINE  PHLOX 

Phlox  Dnujiliuii.     Polemoniiitn  Family 

Stems:  rather  slender,  ascending  or  erect.  Leaves:  accrose  to  lincar- 
siibulate,  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous,  often  ciliate  near  the  base, 
loosely  imbricated.  Flowers:  sessile  or  short-peduncled.  Fruit:  cap- 
sule ovoid,  three  valved. 

The  plants  of  the  Alpine  Phlox  form  cushion-like  tufts 
on  the  rocky  slopes  of  the  mountains,  where  their  pretty 
little  pink,  lilac  or  white  flowers,  that  terminate  the  branch- 
lets,  are  usually  .sessile.  The  corolla  is  salver- form  with 
a  five-lobed  l)order.  and  there  are  five  stamens  on  its  tube. 
The  leaves  are  needle-like,  rigid,  loosely  imbricated,  and 
often  clu.stered  at  the  nodes. 


SCARLET  GILIA 

Gilia  aggrcgata.     Polemonium  Family 

r  s:  '.rect,  leafy,  simple  nr  sometimes  loosely  branched.  Leaves: 
piiiii,.iely  parted  into  narrowly  linear  segments,  mucronulate.  Flowers: 
calyx  glandular,  tube  campanulate,  as  long  as  the  subuiat.  teeth,  corolla 
tubular-funnel  form,  the  lobes  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate.  Fruit: 
seeds  developing  mucilage  and  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 


'^  r^^:»Mmi^mimA  m^^:^^--:^\ 


240 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


The  scarlet  flowers  of  this  jjlant  are  spotted  with  white, 
and  j,'row  in  a  narrow,  loose,  cylindrical  panicle,  they  are 
sessile  in  small  short-stalked  clusters,  and  the  tuhiilar- 
funneliforni  corolla  has  ovate,  pointed  lohes  that  are  widely 
spreadinj,'  and  soon  recurved.  The  stamens  are  inserted 
in  the  throat  or  below  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla.  The 
thickish  leases  of  this  tall  biennial  Gilia  are  compound  and 
mostly  i)etiole(l,  beinfj  ])innately  i)arted  into  narrow,  pointed 
scjjments.  The  seeds  develop  mucilajie  and  spiral  threads 
when  wetted.     The  plant  has  a  very  disagreeable  smell. 


WILD  BERGAMOT 


I 


Monardii  fislulosa. 


Mill'  Tiir-'y 


Stems:  hr.im-lud,  roiij,'li-liairy.  Leaves:  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
pubescent,  i-iiccialiy  beneath.  Flowers:  calyx  >'iKlitly  curvc'l,  very 
hairy  in  tlic  tliroat,  corolla  eloiiRatcd,  two  lipped,  lips  linear,  soniewha' 
eijf.al,  the  upper  erect,  entire  or  slightly  notched,  the  lower  spreading, 
three  lohed  at  the  aiiex,  its  lateral  lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  the  middle  one 
narrowed  and  sliRlitly  notched. 

The  Wild  Ik'rgamot  is  an  aromatic  plant  with  thin,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed  leaves,  toothed  at  the  edjjes  and  rounded 
at  the  base.  The  dense  flower  clusters  which  are  matjenta, 
inirplish,  lavender,  whitish  or  yellow,  are  all  terminal  and 
solitary,  and  have  oficn  purplish  bracts  that  are  quite  con- 
si)icuous.  The  tubular  calyx  is  erect,  and  hairy  in  the 
throat,  and  the  two  lipped  corolla  has  two  protruding 
anther-bearing  stamens.  A  few  flowers  only  open  at  a 
time,  which  leaves  much  of  the  rounded  bends  of  the  hairy 
calyces  exposed. 

RED  MONKEY  FLOWER 

Miiiniliis  I.cu'isii.     Figwnrt   l-'amily 
Stems:  numerous,  pubescent,  viscid.    Leaves:  oblong-ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, denticulate,  acute.    Flowers:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves; 


#■  I  'r 


wr^xrfr-^r^:. 


ri.ATK  XI.IX 


p'^Jt 


Red  Monkey  Fuiwek 

{Mimulus  Lcziisii) 

241 


#  -.'i^-r'^-T^'^sfem  -l-^tf«CT?«K!»-'-'-- 


■^KS*^  *«5!;i^^»Plc.*?' 


242 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


t 

i 

4 

•   ■ 

I  f 


■ 

'I  ■ 

'^  i 

-2  I 


calyx  IniiK,  campaniilalf,  its  triaiiKnlar  teeth  very  acute ;  corf»lla  with 
hroad  throat  and  hilahiati-  liml),  lola-s  of  the  iiiiper  lip  obcordatc,  of  the 
lower  lip  olwvate. 

A  tall  handsome  plant,  with  ample  foliaj^'e.  The  leaves 
are  sharply  toothed  at  the  edges  and  very  i)ointed  at  the 
apex;  they  grow  in  pairs,  clasping  the  stem,  and  from  their 
axils  spring  the  slender  flower-stalks  hearing  hrilliant  ma- 
genta hI(jssoni>.  Each  of  these  blossoms  has  a  long  green 
calyx,  from  out  of  which  comes  the  richly  coloured  tube, 
that  spreads  open  into  two  lips,  the  \\\)]wr  one  being  retlex^d 
and  two-lobed  and  the  lower  one  spreading  and  three-lol)ed. 
The  throat  has  two  yellow  patches  inside  and  is  covere;! 
with  white  hairs ;  indeed,  the  whole  plant  is  extremely  hairy 
and  sticky,  and  has  a  sweet  sickly  smell. 

The  favourite  haunt  of  the  Red  Monkey  Flower  is  some 
damp  hollow,  either  in  marshy  ground  or  on  the  banks  of 
an  alpine  stream.  Though  never  actually  growing  in  the 
water,  it  may  frequently  be  found  flourishing  luxuriantly 
on  those  little  islands  so  common  in  the  midst  of  mountain 
rivers,  where,  sheltered  by  other  large  moisture-loving 
herbs,  it  attains  a  hei'^ht  of  from  one  to  two  feet. 

Mimuliis  is  the  diminutive  of  the  Latin  mimiis.  meaning 
"  a  mimic  actor,"  and  alludes  to  the  laughing  face  of  the 
flower,  which  appears  to  shoot  out  its  ripe  red  lips  in  mock- 
ery at  the  traveller  as  he  passes  by,  opening  its  mouth  in  a 
droll  grimace  that  displays  its  yellow  throat.  Hence  also 
the  common  name  Monkey  Flower,  given  in  allusion  to  the 
ape-like  pertness  of  the  plant's  appearance.  Thus  man  has 
set  a  "  cap  and  bells  "  upon  the  Mimuliis  and  appointed  it 
bufTc  '1  to  the  Court  of  Nature. 


W'^ 


4'..'.  .> 


Pink  to  Red  F lowers 


24.1 


RED  INDIAN  PAINT  BRUSH 

Caslillcja  minialn.    FiRwort   Family 

Stems:  ntmicrous  ami  tuftt-d  011  .1  slmrt  nxit^tock,  mostly  simple  ami 
strict.  Leaves:  laiiifnlatc  or  uvati-laiuitilaic,  aiiitc,  entire.  Flowers: 
spikes  short  ami  detise;  comlla  \i>\\n;  jjaka  exscrtid,  limber  than  the 
ttil)c,  the  short  lower  lip  protuberant  and  callous  with  short,  ovate, 
involut ,'  teeth. 

This  flower,  though  actually  of  a  pale  cfrccnish-yellow 
colour,  is  almost  entirely  enfolded  in  a  lonj,'.  tulnilar.  ,<,'reen- 
ish  calyx,  so  that  it  is  chielly  conspicuous  liy  reason  of  its 
larj,'e  gorgeously  coloured  bracts  of  pink.  rose,  scarlet, 
crimson,  or  orange  (and  sometimes  white),  and  therefore 
I  have  placed  it  in  the  I'ink  to  Red  Sectirm.  f..r  it  is  here 
that  most  people  will  look  for  it,  as  only  IwUanists  arc  ever 
likely  to  guess  that  it  is  not  in  reality  a  gaudy  tlower. 

The  Red  Indian  Paint  IJrush  is  the  only  alpine  wild 
flower  which  really  rivals  the  scarlet  geranium  of  our  culti- 
vated gardens,  and  no  grander  sight  may  he  .seen  hy  travel- 
lers than  where  from  "  tree-line,"  close  to  the  edge  of  the 
eternal  snows,  down  into  the  deej)  green  heart  of  the  valleys, 
the  slopes  and  steeps  are  clothed  with  a  marvellous  mantle 
v'  .  lilion  and  golden  Castillcjas.  As  the  sunliglit 
(-.a'v  I  OSS  these  royal-roljed  hills  every  blossom  blooms 
;  ul  '<  with  effulgent  glory,  until 

"Earth's  crammed  with  Heaven, 
And  every  common  hush  atire  with  God." 

No  words  can  describe  the  brilliant  beauty  of  such  a 
scene,  far  from  uncommon  at  the  higher  altitudes,  where 
many  species  of  Castillcja  thrive  abundantly,  and  vou  may 
walk  for  miles  across  mead(jws  and  banks  whereon  the 
Paint  Brushes  and  Painted  Cups  (or  Flame-flowers,  as  they 


f-3Ffe^L    ^^^ 


244 


Pink  to  Red  Flrju^n 


W 


% 


fr  f 


art-  sninctimcs  callfd)  run  riot  in  in;i;,'nirKi-nt  |)rMtii>i.in. 
!",vfry  colour,  every  shade  frotii  coral  pink  to  cardinal,  from 
canary  tint  to  tan>,'erine.  is  fjrowiiif,'  ;md  hlouint;  on  either 
hand,  with  here  and  there  a  sinj^de  snowy  ^pike  to  enipliasize 
the  splendid  conn,if,'ration  of  colour. 

It  is  wonderful  to  note  that  all  this  carmine  and  .i,'old  is 
not  lavished  on  the  corolla  i  the  (lov.er.  hut  chiellv  on  the 
hracts.  wiiich  are  set  l)elow  each  insij^'iiificant  hIo<;sont.  from 
whose  cleft  tuhe  the  lonj;  pistil  protrudes.  The  plant  i^row  s 
from  six  inches  t(»  two  feet  hi-;]!  and  the  leaves  are  pointed 
and  have  e\  en  margins. 

The  C'astillrjas  are  jjarasitic  oi,  the  roots  of  f)tiier  plants; 
that  is  t<t  say,  they  sometimes  fasten  their  roots  ui)on  those 
of  their  nei^dihours  ;md  thus  prey  upf.-n  juices  already  i)ar- 
tially  assimilated.  Thev  have  not.  howe\cr.  as  vet  hecome 
hardened  thieves;  if  they  had.  they  would  have  lost  their 
leaves  and  <,'reen  colonrin.tj  matter  (chlorophyll),  for  everv 
plant  that  turns  pirate  is  punished  ')y  X.iture,  and  hrandcd 
for  all  the  world  to  see,  hy  heinjj  j^radually  deprived  of  its 
foliajje  and  its  honest  hue.  P.ut  the  Castillcja  is  only  truilty 
of  petty  larceny,  heing  hut  a  partial  parasite,  and  so  far  it 
is  the  hotanist,  and  not  Nature,  who  has  denounced  its  hack- 
slidinfj. 

Castillcja  pallida,  or  White  Indian  Paint  Brush,  much 
resemhies  the  precedinj,'  species,  hut  its  tlowcrs  and  hracts 
are  always  greenish-white,  cream  colour,  or  palest  yellow. 
It  is  a  small,  short  plant,  with  slender  stems  and  tiny  nar- 
row leaves,  and  it  only  <:yrows  at  very  high  altitudes. 

Though  this  species  properly  helongs  in  the  White  to 
Green  Section,  it  is  ])laced  here  for  greiter  convenience. 

Castillcja  pnrpurasccns,  or  Purple  Indian  Paint  Prush,  is 
more  or  less  dark  purplish-red  throughout,  and  has  narrow 


ri    «    : 


A..         'i  i ; 


"leSJ 


^    i^ifiijefe 


Pink  to  Rid  r/'ji,,n 


24'? 


cla>i)iii;,'  lc.ivc>  with  sni«tutli  oxcii  i'«!j,h«.  Tin-  iiitlMri'^triuc 
is  hairs,  tin-  hrait-.  hciiiL;  larcly  ».li't't  aii<l  n>iiall\  i«i'  a  •  r«-|i 
rriiiisDii  hue  or  MiiuctiMn-s  rrd  to  n  >>!•-(■( .!.  .ur.  wliilr  thr 
tl'iuiT^  ail'  j4rcoiii->h-\tllii\v  w  illi  rrd  iiiar^iii>.  Thi>  plant 
is  ti>ini'l  in  ahiiinlaiui'  in  thi-  h>\\iv  \..IIi\s. 

(■<;.v//7/<7(/ /(//)<•//,'//,/.  (I-  !.aiK«.'-k'a\c(l  liKhati  I'.niit  I'lrush. 

has    niiintTuns    \i>U'^   naini\k    k-axcs    tiTniinaiitii;    in    ^liai'ii 

points.     'I  lic>i'    K-avt.^    arc    rather    stiff    ami    tlirtc-v  tuii-d. 

Nk'   ll<iuii>   ha\r   a  crini-Mn   tal\\    unli   a    '^nxu   hasc.   a 

yclli)\\  ish-;;n.<.'n  mrdlla  and  hri^ht  iimI  hra(t>. 

i'ttstilli-ia  (tiii/iislifdlia  itir.  Hnhlhnrii.  ov  Ihailhurv's 
I'aintcd  ("n]i.  nia\  hi-  r<viii;ni/c'd  h\  its  k'a\i'-.  which  an- 
lari;c  and  ck-lt  ahnvc  the  iniddU-  intn  three  ^r  live  nnei|nal 
lohcs.  the  centrt-  one  heinj,'  olilonj,'  and  rounded  at  the  apex, 
and  the  hiteral  unes  narrower. 

"[■"li'wir-    ill. It    willi    iiiH'    -i-.-irlct    ulc.im 
('ci\<r   ;i   liiiinlrcil    IcintH'^.   .iinl    -ii  ill 
'I  I .  -I't   tlic  lull-  (111   ti'i'." 


Thoreau  spe.iks  thus  of  the  prairie  sjjecies : 

"  Tlie  F'aititcrl  ("up  i.  in  it>  i>riTiu'.  It  rriMiMi-  ilti>  tiua'Inw. —  Painted 
Cup  nioadovv.  It  i>  a  -pKudid  -.Ik.w  i  lirilli.int  Markt,  ilic  clour  '<i 
the  Cardinal  IHowcr-,  ;ind  surp.issiiij.;  it  in  nla^^  and  protuvinn.  I  d" 
not  like  tlif  iiaiiii;.  It  due-  not  remind  iiie  of  ;i  inp,  r.iihcr  of  ,i  ilaiiic 
when  it  tir-t  appe.ir-.  Ii  iiiiKJit  lie  called  Maine  I'lower.  or  Searlef- 
tip.  Here  i-  .1  lar^'e  nie.idow  full  of  it,  and  yet  very  feu  in  the  town 
have  ever  seen  it.  It  is  -taitliiij;  to  -ee  ;i  leaf  thn-  hrilliaiitly  painted, 
as  if  its  tip  uere  dippeil  iiuo  some  scrirlet  tincture  -urpas-iiiK  most 
flowers  ill  iiiteii>ity  of  colour." 

These  worrls  arc  tf|ually  appii^..i)le  to  the  mountain  Cas- 
f 'He jus.  'iVuIy  the  .glorious  tlouer-spikes  of  the  I'aint 
brushes  and  I'ainte  C"u])s  are  like  lono;ues  of  llanie  that 
run  hurning  through  the  lierhagc  of  the  hi'lsides. 


'^M^ti^.'^m^m^^^m^^m^^mm 


246 


Pink  to  Red  Flouers 


ir  I 


"  SiarUf   iiilt-. 
Arc  kIowiiik  ill  the  Rrctn  like  llako  of  fire." 

And  when  \vc  sec  them  in  thoir  r..yril  r.uhanoc  we  rcmein- 

l)cr  how  thf  ancients  once  worshipped  the  Cd  of  I-'ire 

and  understand. 

Caslillcja  nif>ic,>la.  or  Bright  Painted  Cup.  is  a  hairy 
plant  with  tufted  stems  f,'rr.win};  from  a  multicipital  caudex. 
The  herliaye  is  often  purphsh  and  the  leaves  are  narrow- 
deeply  cleft  into  three  to  seven  lohes.  while  the  hroad-lolwd 
hract>  are  tinj,'ed  with  hrij,dit  scarlet  and  the  flowers,  grow- 
ing' in  a  short  raceme,  are  of  the  same  vivid  hue. 

CastiUcja  orcopuh.  or  Mafjenta  I'ainted  Cu|).  has  erect 
stems  which  are  somewhat  furrowed  hy  the  inconspicuous 
decurrence  of  the  narrow  .sessile  lea\es  that  have  one  or 
two  pairs  of  spreadi'V'  l«>l)es.  The  hr.icts  are  three-deft  to 
the  nnddle  and  their  IoIh-s.  as  well  as  the  calyx,  arc  usually 
a  rich  majj^enta  or  rose-purple  hue.  rarely  crim.son  or  white. 
This  plant  {,'ruws  at  very  hijih  altitudes. 

WESTERN  WOOD  BETONY 

Pcdkularis  I'ruilt'osa.     Figwort  Family 

Stems:  stout,  high,  cect.  simple.  Leaves:  linear  in  outline,  the 
radical  ones  petiokd,  pinnatt,  the  ohUmn  leatlcts  pinnatcly  p.ii  !,  the 
seRments  incisely  dentate,  cauline  broader  in  outline;  braci  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  flowers.  Flowers:  spike  cylindrical,  very  dense; 
calyx  sparsely  pilose;  corolla  ochrolcucous,  the  tube  equalliiig  the 
calyx :  galea  longer  and  larger  than  the  lov\er  lip,  its  cucullate  summit 
slightly  produced  at  the  entire  endcntulate  orifice,  but  not  beaked. 

A  tall  coarse  plant,  with  handsome,  green,  fern-like  foli- 
age, hut  clumsy  uninteresting  flowers.  On  the  top  of  the 
stout  reddish  stems  grow  large,  haii*.  .jracted  spikes,  with 
many  small  dull  red  flowers,  which  resemhle  a  parrot's  heak, 
with  their  raisf  J  hooded  upper  lips  and  small  lower  ones. 


7*1/1  a;   t'j   Rid  l-htUtrs 


247 


These  i1(.".vTs  ari-  ^iiliiciulcd  1)\  i"ii>iiini"ii^  lir.nt-.  luiui- 
the  name  hi-iUtt-Dsii. 

The  Kiiinatis  iia«I  a  |tr'i\trli,  "  Srll  \<>ur  oiat  and  Imy 
r»etitny."  and  anuther  .ild  saviti-^  was.  "  Mav  vmi  ha\e  more 
virtues  than  lictunx ,"  \iit'ui:uH  Mii-a.  plu-ician  to  '.lie 
I'jnperor  .\n,t,'n>tiis.  urnte  in  hii^h  |irai-r  ni  il^  |MP<V(r~,  -tat- 
in^' that  it  would  cure  ti)rty--i.\  en  nf  the  ili  in  which  hntnan 
rte>h  is  heir. 

l''ran/ins,  in  his  lUstniy  of  HniliW.  alhides  to  it>  healiiiL,' 
virtues  f(;r  ainnials.  lie  says  nf  ,io  sta;^.  "When  iu'  is 
wounded  with  a  dart,  tlie  unl.  (WW  hi-  halli  is  to  f.itr  s^nie 
of  the  herl)e  called  i'.etony,  which  lieliHtl;  lioth  to  draw  out 
the  dart  and  to  hcalc  (Ik       mnd." 

Sir  William  Hooker  i^  onr  anihoiity  for  sayint,'  that  the 
common  nainc  is  a  c<trru|ilion  of  /),•»/,»«/(,  hm  nieanin).^ 
'  head."  and  ton  "  t,'ood  "'  or  "  tonic." 

Pcdicularis  i/r(Viihinilica.  or  I'.lepliant's  Head,  is  so-calIeil 
from  the  close  resemhlance  of  its  hlossnnis  to  ;i  miniature 
elephant's  head,  the  tiat  forehead,  lom;  dronpinj,'  cars  .and 
curvinj,'  trunk  heiui,'  all  perfectly  outlined. 

This  I'l'dictiL-'-is  has  slender,  r.ilher  hrittle,  rei'  stalks, 
which  are  clothed  with  m.iny  sm.ill,  fern-Iikc.  ddish 
leaves,  and  a  j^roup  (jf  tall  ftin.t,'ed  foliage  tirous  i  ,,  ,diout 
it  froin  the  {.ground.  It  is  a  t.all  ])l;im.  often  .attainini,'  a 
height  of  eifjhtcen  inches,  and  its  terminal  spikes  are  I'Iilj 
and  densely  flowered  with  tiny  dull  red  hlossoins,  \vhi>  h 
have  a  toothed  calyx  »h;it  is  tiearly  as  Idnt,'  as  the  tooth  of 
the  corolla.  The  corolla  is  twodipped.  the  np|)er  lip.  or 
galea,  heinjj  concave  and  haxint,^  a  lonj^  tlireaddike  beak, 
while  the  lower  one  is  three-lohed. 


'"%K\m.7^:L-^^^^m^  Ml. 


248 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


fl 


i  I' 


\ 


SMOOTH-LEAVED  HONEYSUCKLE 

Lonicera  (jlaucesccns.     lliuicysuckle  Family 

Twining,  the  ijranches  glabrous.  Leaves:  cliartaccous-margined,  not 
ciliatf,  only  tiie  npi)er  pair  coiniatc-perfoliaic.  Flowers:  vcrticillate  in 
a  short,  terminal,  interrupted  spike;  cormla  yellow  ihanging  to  red,  the 
tulie  strongly  gilihons  at  the  hase,  the  two-lipped  limb  shorter  than  the 
tube ;  stamens  and  style  exserted. 

A  cliinhinj,'  vine,  with  pairs  of  smooth  leaves  covered 
with  a  delicate  hhujin.  j^rowinji^  alorif^  its  branches,  only  the 
upi)er  ones  joined  tofj^ethcr  round  the  stem,  which  hears  at 
its  apex  a  cluster  of  red  and  ^old  dowers.  These  blossoms 
are  trumpet-shaped,  and  (he  five  stamens  and  style  project 
beyond  the  curolla.  which  is  vermilion  outside  and  yellow 
within.  The  berry  is  soft  and  juicy.  Sometimes  this  vine 
is  called  Woodbine,  and  Shakespeare  in  his  exquisite  ro- 
mance (if  ./  Midsininiicr  Xit/ht's  Drrani  refers  to  this  fact 
when  he  makes  Oueen  Titania  say  to  Bottom  the  Weaver, 
with  whom  the  Fairy  Kinij  ( )beron  has  caused  her  by  means 
of  a  love  ])hilter  to  fall  in  love: 

"  Sleep  thou,  and  I  will  wind  thee  in  my  arms. 
So  doth  the  woodbine  the  sweet  honeysuckle 
Gently  entwist." 

•  Milton  in  fA'cidas  speaks  of  "  the  well-attir'd  woodbine." 
and  truly,  for  no  "  .ijaddinj,'  vine  "  was  ever  graced  with 
finer  or  more  fra.tjrant  flowers. 

Spenser  calls  it  by  the  older  name  of  Caprifole,  or  Goat- 
leaf,  because,  like  the  mountain  goat,  it  climbs  over  almost 
inaccessible  crags;  the  French  and  Italian  names  are  also 
similar,  being  respectively  Chczre-fcuillc  and  Caprifoglio. 


wm 


Pink  to  Red  Flouers 


249 


NORTHERN  TWIN  FLOWER 

Linnera   burcalis  rar.  amcricaua.     Hnm-ysiukle    Family 

Branches  slender,  trailing.  Leaves:  obM-nnly  cniiaie,  tliick,  some- 
times wider  than  lonj;.  Flowers:  twn-tlowcred,  iit.ddinu;  pt-duncles 
slender,  erect,  two-hracted  a<  tlie  summit:  calyx-tube  five-Iohed;  corolla 
tubular-campanulate,   fivc-lobcd. 

This  lovely  frajjrnnt  plant,  called  after  the  jjrcat  Lin- 
naeus, the  I\'ither  of  liotany,  is  a 

"Monument  of  the  Man  of   Flowers," 

who  loved  its  exquisite  pink  hells  ahove  all  else  in  Xature, 
and  who  sealed  his  preference  by  adoptinj,^  it  as  his  crest. 

There  is  no  more  charniin^^  spot  in  the  mountains  than 
some  sequestered  nook  or  shady  hank  carpeted  and  adorned 
by  the  delicate  trailing  branches  of  the  Xorthern  Twin 
Flower,  its  j,dossy  jjreen  leaves  min.i,dinjj  with  the  moss,  and 
its  pale  pink  pairs  of  bells,  veined  and  lined  with  rose  col- 
our, growing  in  lavish  profusion  and  "  gently  to  the  passing 
breeze  dififusing  fragrance."  The  slender  stalks  of  this 
vine  stand  up  erect,  and,  forking  near  the  summit,  l)ear  on 
either  side  twin-born  pendent  blossoms  of  rare  loveliness. 

Seeking  the  shade  and  moisture,  this  plant  avoids  exposed 
or  sunny  places,  for 

"  Beneath  dim  aisles,  in  odorous  beds. 
The  sliglit  I.inn.ea  haniis  its  twiii-lxirn  heads," 

and  reminds  us  as  we  gather  its  graceful  perfumed  bells 
that  "  sweetest  of  all  things  is  wild-Hower  air." 

It  is  widely  distributed  throughout  most  northern  coun- 
tries, and  is  found  even  within  the  limits  of  the  Arctic 
Circle. 


11 


250 


Pink  to  Red  Flowers 


CANADA  HELIOTROPE 

l\tliriiiihi  Siinilcri.     N'alcrian   Family 

Stems:  stout.  Leaves:  thv  l)asal  <.u  Innjr  petiole*,  oblong,  three- 
lo!)e(l,  tapcrint;  lo  I),  .tli  imkIs,  tjit-  la!(  ral  laiKcolatc ;  -tem  leaves  two  to 
four  pairs,  pinnatcly  iiaittd  in  tivc  to  ~e\i'ii  scKim-nts,  lanceolate,  acute, 
entire  or  undulate.  Flowers:  corulla  lung,  funnel-form,  stamens  and 
style  exsirted. 

A  smooth  plant  with  nl)lon.tj  three-lol)c(l  basal  leaves 
^rowinj.,'  on  lonjj  stalk.s,  the  centre  lohe  heintj  ven  tnnch  the 
lar!.,'est  of  the  three.  The  .stem  leaves  are  pinnately  parted, 
narrow  and  pointed,  and  have  entire  f)r  rarely  undulated 
niar<;;ins,  while  the  i)ink  (lowers  j^row  in  a  flat  cytnose  pani- 
cle and  have  a  fiinnel-fonn  corolla.  The  roots  have  a  most 
disagreeable  and  very  stron,!.,'  odour. 


k 


ROUGH  FLEABANE 

r.ii:^ci;)ii  ^liibc  !'!S.     Composite  Family 

Perennial  liy  a  wnody  root.  Stems:  sinii)le  or  hranched  .ilinvc,  some- 
times hirsute.  Leaves:  pubescent,  entire,  tbe  basal  ones  spatulate; 
stem-liaves  oblonK-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute.  Flowers:  heads  sev- 
eral or  siilit.iry,  involucre  hemispheric,  hirsute;  rays  very  narrow, 
about  one  Inuidred  or  mure. 

This  cli.'irming  Fleahane  grows  in  dry  soil  and  hears  flow- 
ers of  many  hues, —  pink,  mauve,  cream,  and  white.  It  has 
long  narrow  leaves,  which,  together  with  the  stalks,  are 
hairy. 

PINK  EVERLASTING 

.■Inlcinuuhi   rosi'd.     Composite  Family 

Floccose- woolly,  surculo^c,  forming  broad  patches.  Leaves:  basal 
rues  spatulate  nr  o]io\ate,  white-caiusceiU  on  both  sides;  stem-leaves 
linear,  sessile.  Flowers:  heads  in  a  terminal  capitate  or  corymbose 
cluster. 


li 


PLATF.  L 


R(ii-i,it  Fi.F.Mi \ N i: 
{liiigrrmi  gitil'i'.tus) 


■,1 


I'l.A'l  E  1.1 


■A 


\ 


PiXK    I'".VF.KI..\STINT, 

(..  Intriimiria  r<>sia) 


rii 


J 


Pink  to  Ri',1  hloxcrrs 


^f;.! 


Ihc  I'iiik  l''.\iTl;i>tin!^  i>  •-i  >  r<iii>])iiui>iis  liy  riMsnn  t>i  its 
rosv  crarkliii},'  tlowtTs,  with  tlioir  white  -ilky  icntrt's  .iinl 
white  wiKillv  stciii'^  aiKl  Ira\c->,  that  it  roiuiirs  httli"  ik'tinitf 
(k'scriptinii  fur  idctititii-atioii.  It  has  a  tut't  nf  iiri>i-uir.ht.'nt 
t'(ih'a:;e  at  the  Iia>o,  ami  all  tlio  way  up  tht-  --Xnu  thfit-  ihn^' 
inanv  ti'tv  narrow  kavcs.  ( irow  iiii^'  t'ruin  tv,"  t"  twi-Kc 
iiiclics  hi.u;h.  ihi^  plant  will  he  I'ouiid  in  the  siine  ltn.ahtie> 
as  the  white  species. 


ii    ' 


1 , 


j 


WILD  FLOWICRS  OF  Till-   XORTll 
AMERICAN'  MOUXTAIXS 


SRCTIOX  \-I 
BLUE  TO  I'L'RPLE  FL0\VI-:RS 


i^^ 


lit 


j. 

\H 

1^ 

't 

1 

</ 

I  i 

\: 

■    a 

^  i 

si'.t  I  h  >\  \i 
I'.i.ri'.  TO  I'lKi'i.i'.  ii.ow  i.ks 

PURPLE  «rtRLIC 

Allium  Sillivili'f<r,isi,iii  tiir,  .■iii'irt,  lull.      I.tly   I'.itiiily 

I'ullis  narrowly  uvojd.  cln^itrnl.     Stems:  j.i:i|ii'  r:iilicr  Ninnt,  lnMriiip 
l>fl<  w   till-  iiiidilU'  niic  i)r  tsM)  rli.iiuitccl,   liiu.ir,   linii'.  Ii..l!,av    K  isc; 
other  leaves  lla^;ll ;  hracis  of  tlic  mii|]»l  tun,  lir.Mi||\   .^aU-      Flowers: 
in    umhcls,    caiiitatc;    pcriaiilh    of    six    ciinal,   <li«tiiKi,    la.u  f.  .|,ii, ,    .,iic 
nerved  seKinents. 

This  handsome  Purple  Tiarlic  with  its  Iari,'c  (U-nsf  tli.uiT- 
hcads  and  lonj,'  hollow  lca\cs  is  \m>{  at  all  inimti.  m  in  tin- 
mountains,  hut  is  fre«|ue!itly  cultivated  ii;  ootta,i,a'-^ar<len> 
for  the  sake  of  its  beautifully  t(»li.uri'(l  hlossums.  Like  all 
the  (iarlics,  it  has  a  very  puns^ent  odour. 


STIFF  BLUE-EYED  GRASS 

Sisy>iiuliiuin  inii^uslifoHuin.     Iris   |-".itiiily 

Stems:  t\vo-iili;e<l,  slender,  erect,  rii;iil.  Leaves:  n.niinonly  all  liasal, 
linear,  rigid,  almost  setaceous,  liraets  two,  \it>  ;iiici|i'al.  crict.  tin- 
lower  one  twice  as  Inn^j  as  the  npiier  one.  Flowers:  six  sennieiits  (jf 
the  jierianth  spreadniK,  aristiilate. 

"  I-'or   the    sini    is    no   sooner    risen    wiili    a    IniriiiMii    lie.  •, 
I'tit  it  withered  the  ur.iss, 
.And  the  tlower  thereof  f.dleth. 
And  the  K^acc  of  the  fashion  of  it  peri-helli." 

Was  it  of  this  tiny  yet  brilliant  purple-bine  flower  that 
the  AiM)StIe  Saint  James  wrote  the  alnixe  verse?  Did  he 
espy  it,  as  he  walked  abroad,  nestlin!.,^  anioUi^st  the  sedi,'es 

257 


258 


lilue  to  Purple  Flowers 


I 


tliut  frin)(C(l  the  streams?  It  is  a  very  fr;ij,'ilc  little  blos- 
som, ami  as  it  resents  heinj;  picked  to  tht  extent  of  imme- 
diately slirivelliii;^'  tip  and  dyitif,'.  travillers  had  Inrtter  Ixr 
content  ti»  adnnrc  it  where  it  llonrishes  in  the  moi>t  low- 
lyin^j  mead«)\vs.  and  cfrain  frmn  all  attempts  to  ^'ather  it. 
This  "little  sister  of  the  stately  hlne  I'laj;  "  only  lilooms 
for  a  sinj^de  day,  and  each  morninjj  new  hiids  open  to  re- 
place the  fallen  petals  of  yesterday.  Its  llowers  consist 
of  six  translutvnt  i)ur|)lish-l»hie  sejjments.  veined  with  a 
darker  line  and  tipped  liy  a  hristk  from  a  notch.  These 
jjn»\\  "ti  thread-like  stalks  U-tween  two  very  Innjj  narrow- 
bract  ic  lower  one  of  which  is  usually  twice  as  loniLj  as 
the  upper  one.  In  the  centre  of  each  blossom  is  a  s,na!l 
patch  of  yellow,  and  the  style,  which  is  lonj,'  and  protrudinjj, 
is  tipped  by  a  conspicuous  three-cleft  stij,'ma. 

The  name  I'lue-eyed  Crass  is  most  ap])rnpriate  to  this 
plant,  for  its  leaves  are  certainly  rpiite  j,'rass-like.  beinj^  long 
and  slender,  and  nearly  all  sprinjj  up  from  the  densely 
tufted  base,  tojjether  with  the  stems,  which  latter  are  flat- 
tened on  both  sides.  The  flowers  are  very  like  soft  pur- 
plish-blue eyes  with  their  dilated  yellow  "  pujjils."  as  they 

'■  Cictitly  Kaze  tow.ird  the  sky. 
AiisvviriiiK  the  azure  l)Iue  on  hiRli." 

Another  poet  sin^s  thus  of  the  r.hu-eyed  Grass: 

"  Bluc-cyed  Rr;i>s  in  the  meadow. 
And  yarrow    hloonis  on  the  hill. 
Cat-tails  that  rustle  and  whisper. 
And  winds  that  are  never  still ; 


"Blue-ey^d  grass  in  the  meadow, 
A  liiiiiet"'s  nest  near  l»y, 
Blackbirds  carolling  clearly 
Somewhere  between  earth  and  sky. 


niue  to  Purple  Flowers 


250 


"  lUiic-ryed  urass  iit  ttir  niCiiilttNt , 
Ami  tlic  l;i<li'ii  liif'n  low  hum, 
MilkMt'c<|«  all  liy  llif  ri«.n!-iil'., 
T">  Irll  ti*  MitiiiiUT  ii  ciiiiie. ' 

Sisyr  inch  ill  III  itlaliocnsr.  <ir  'I'\vi»tc«l  nini'-cvf<|  (Ira^^.  li.is 
erect  .stems  which  are  usually  twisted.  The  leaves  are  thin 
and  somewhat  lax  and  the  spathes  are  nfti-n  del1e\«'il  li'ti;,' 
and  narrow,  the  outer  oiu-  lon;jfr  than  the  inn  »  one.  The 
flowers  j,'row  on  erect  stalks  and  are  deep  \  lolct-hlue  wi' 
n  .small  yellow  eye.      The  capsule  is  ^1.  .liosf. 

Sisyritu Ilium  srhcntriniuili'.  or  Small  I'.liie-eyed  (Irass. 
i.s  a  low  plant  ^rowin^j  in  small  tufts  and  the  leaves  are 
stiff  erect  and  mostly  setaceous.  The  rose-vioU-t  llowers 
are  very  small  and  arise  from  hetwcen  the  >iiort.  partly 
(iouhle.  spathes  and  the  cli.sily-suhtendin;,'  Irnderly  pro- 
lon^'ed  outer  l)ract.  The  sej^nenls  of  the  jieriatuh  are 
acuminate  and  short-aristaic,  not  retuse. 


PASQUE  FLOWER 

.Ini-mdiw  />c//i-ii.t  I'lC.  l^lllf^;inl^;iil>ul.     I'mwffMit  I-"amily 

Stems:  erect,  viltnus  with  Imiy  ^ilky  hair^  Leaves:  tirii.itcly  <Ii- 
vitU-il,  the  lateral  divivinns  t\\<)-|)arteil,  the  niiilille  mie  st;ilke  i  .iml  thr.e- 
partetl,  the  sediments  (Ieei>ly  elet't  iiitn  liiu.ir  a>  le  jnhi -,  Flowers: 
<leveli>[)e(l  liefnre  the  leaves;  sei)als  the  to  .seven,  (.et.il-  iioi  Fruit: 
achetie.s  Cdiniiresseil,  puiuted,  eiuliiiii;  in  Idiik  fe.itlify  t  'iK. 

The  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  lirt^'e  purple 
Anemone  is  that  it  l)loss(Mns  l)efore  its  foliajje  is  developed. 
I'Vetjuently  you  will  find  Itjvely  spccitnens  of  these  llowers 
in  full  hloom,  standinj^  up  very  strai<,du  on  their  thick 
downv  stalks,  while  the  leaves,  which  are  finely  dissected, 
are  still  folded  up  in  soft  silkiness  .about  the  base  of  the 
plant.  The  five  to  seven  .sep.ils  are  pale  |)uri)le  outside,  but 
almost  white  inside,  and  are  extreiiielv  soft  and  silky,  while 


26o 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


¥ 


V 


behnv  them  <ni  the  stalk  f,'r()\vs  a  tirde  of  xcrv  haw  v  leaflets. 
Inside  the  tloral  cu])  are  niinieri)us  yellow  stamens  clustered 
close  toj^ether  round  the  j,'reen  carpels. 

As  time  passes  the  stalks  elonj.(ate,  the  purple  tlowers  fall 
ofif,  and  tlie  .seeds  are  formed.  Then  the  heads  present  a 
lo\ely  ])lutr.ose  api)earance,  for  to  each  seed  is  attached 
a  long  silky  tail,  the  whole  forming  a  pretty  feathery  tuft. 

PURPLE  CLEMATIS 

Clciiuilis  iclitiiihitiiiii.     t'rowfiHit    |-,'miil_v 

\  irailitifi  and  partly  i-Iiinliinu;  \'u\c.  Leaves:  triiOlinlati- ;  loalU't^ 
tliiii,  iivatf,  acute,  iiinrf  <ir  li->.s  cordate,  sli^litlx  tuotliiMl  or  fiitiii': 
pilink-s  slcndiT.  Flowers:  military:  ^v\k\]>  tliin  and  translmint, 
strongly  veint-d,  silky  along  thv  margins  and  the  \cin>;  pttaN  spatnlati' ; 
styles  persistent,  phunose  tlirongliont. 

The  large  lovely  tlowers  of  the  Purple  Cletnatis  are  at- 
tractive hy  reason  of  their  four  or  tive  hig  ptirple-blue 
sepals,  for  their  petals  are  very  small  and  inconspicuous, 
surrounding  the  numerous  yellow  stamens.  When  in  fruit 
this  plant  is  also  interesting,  as  the  Tine  feathery  styles  form 
silvery  heads,  the  long  plumes  of  which  are  delicately  en- 
twined. 

Its  slender  leaf-stalks  are  the  means  hv  which  the 
Clematis  climbs  and  clings  to  bushes,  trees,  and  rocks,  fes- 
tooning with  graceful  garlands  everything  that  comes  in  it^ 
way  and  delighting  the  traveller's  eye  with  its  wide-spread, 
semi-transparent,  ])rominently  veined  flowers.  The  leaves 
are  formed  of  three  small,  deeply  veined  leaflets,  which 
grow  on  slim,  rather  woodv  stems. 

This  plant  is  a  constant  (jrnament  to  the  alpine  woods 
during  the  summer  months,  for  when  its  true  flowering 
season  is  past  the  pretty  green  foliage  and  large  tufts  of 
featherv  .seeds  still  render  it  an  object  of  admiration. 


/?///(•  to  Purple  Flo'ut'fs 


;6i 


BLUE  COLUMBINE 

Stems:  sK'mliT,  iri-it.  liramliint:.  Leaves:  li,i-,il  ■mi./-  l.iiiTn.iti-.  l-lnd 
:iii<l  iiiii.iti- :  -tiMii  l(.M\c-  i(.\\,  lu-ariy  ■-i'--ilc.  Flowers:  -iiiall,  ii"iMiiik, 
liliii!  and   uliitc  ;   vpnr-   sin  Tt. 

TIk'  sniallc-t  lit"  tlir  nii  nintaiti  ( 'i  ilnni1iinc>,  it  iii:i\'  rasily 
1)0  rc'fii,i^iii/t'(l  Ii\  it>  inatu  i-li-I)hK'  and  (.rcamy  lilii>>,  .m^  and 
its  vrrv  slmrt  st\K's.  It  i^  a  mure  (■diniirut  and  tluTolnrc 
los  j^raccful  tlnwcr  than  . /.  fi'nih'Sti  >  if  . /.  iIj:  tsit'iis. 

'I'Ik-  ("i  ilnniliino  \\a>  lir-t  intrMdnci'd  iiit^'  I'.n'^Iand  I'runi 
tlu'  Virginia  (.'nlntu  in  ilu'  rvv^u  <>(  (  liarli-  I.  uhtii  ;i  ynnLj 
botanist  -cnt  it  a^  a  ^ii't  to  tlu-  ^rcat  Tradf^rant,  i;ardcn(.T 
and  licrljalist  I'  >  tin.'  Kin^;. 

MOUNTAIN  LARKSPUR 

Pi'lfliiniuiii    l!i,'\i)ii.     ('r"wl'"ti;     l''.imily 

Stems:  tnll  t'r'.m  a  I'a^cicK-  I'l'  tliirk  V'<"l~.  Leaves:  iumii.  ron-.,  tn.i^tly 
(irliK'iilar  ill  ■'Uliiln-.  Ii\  f  I"-~i.\cii  liaru-il.  tli"  io\\,r  u\Ui  riincalf  ami 
iIk'  ii|ipcr  intii  tiari' iwn- <-K-lt  aticl  laMiiiati'  ili\  i-p  iii-,  ]Kli(ikil.  Flow- 
ers: raci-iiK'^  niany-lli 'WtTi'l  i 'ii  ^liort  i.Ti-ci  [nilici  N. 

'I'he  tall  Mountain  Lark-imr  i>  a  \rrv  handsome  ])lant. 
It  i-  iK'arl\-  al\\ay>  a  rich  pnrjilc  hue.  hut  \  itv  occasii  inallv 
it  hcar-^  white  or  ])inki-h-nirunr  lilo--oin-.  StandiiiiL,'  I'roin 
one  to  four  tret  ln'i;h,  tlu'^e  I \-lf'liiiiiiinis  (  ^o  railed  from 
their  fancied  re-einhlance  to  a  dolphin  i  mav  he  found  in 
iniinen>e  i|Uantilie>  in  the  liii^h  al]iine  meadows,  their  loni^ 
llower  racemes  to\\  erini;  u|>  aho\e  a  ma--  of  dec'pK'  cleft 
dark  j^reen  foliai^e.  [•'.ach  llower  l;to\\>  on  a  tinx-  nprit;iit 
stalk  attached  to  tlu'  main  >tem,  and  ha-  four  small  whitish 
jietals.  the  njiper  ]iair  smooth  and  dexeloped  iiackuards.  and 
enclosed  in  the  spui  ot  the  calyx,  and  tln'  two  lower  ones 
deeiilv  notched  and  \ery  hairy.      The  sepals  are  five  in  tuini- 


262 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


m 
t 


l)cr  and  of  a  lovely  intense  blue  colour;  the  top  one  is  pro- 
lonjjed  at  the  back  int<j  a  IkjIIow  spur,  and  the  others  are 
plain. 

This  jilant  is  also  called  Monkshood,  the  reason  wherefor 
may  readily  be  seen. 

Dclphiniuui  Mcncicsii,  or  IJlue  Larks;)ur,  is  a  smaller 
species  g^rcnvinjij  only  from  six  to  eij^hteen  inches  hifjh  and 
havini,'  few  leaves  and  fewer  llowers  on  its  hairy  stems. 
Thouj^di  usually 

"  I'liic  .ns  tlic  Iicavcii   it  H'l^es  at," 

this  Larkspur  has  sometimes  white  blossoms  marked  witli, 
purple  veins. 

Delphinium  bicolor,  or  Blue-veined  Larkspur,  is  a  small 
species  which  ji^rows  six  to  ten  inches  \\\^\\  from  fasicled 
and  deep  descendinjj  roots.  It  is  a  stout,  ])ubescent  ,  ''\nt. 
with  thickish  leaves,  the  lower  ones  orbicular  in  outline,  and 
all  deeply  cleft  into  narrow,  obtuse  segments.  The  flow- 
ers j^row  in  scanty  racemes,  and  have  jiale  yellowish  or 
whitish  ])etals,  which  are  conspicuously  blue-veined.  This 
species  is  found  in  dry  places  among  the  mountains. 

MOUNTAIN  SAXIFRAGE 

Saxifrima   nf'f'osilifoliii.     Saxifrage   Family 

Stems:  prostrate,  densely  Kafy.  Leaves:  sessile,  ovate,  nearly  or- 
bicular, persistent,  kctlcd,  tlesl'.y,  opposite  or  imbricated  in  four  rows, 
the  margins  ciliate.  Flowers:  solitary,  nearly  sessile;  calyx-lobes 
obtuse,  iniicli  shorter  than  the  obo\ate  purple  petals. 

The  simple  descrii  .ion  of  Silcnc  acanlis,  or  Moss  Cam- 
pion, given  on  page  211.  is  applicable  in  several  particulars 
to  this  Mountain  Saxifrage,  which  is  also  a  dwarf  arctic- 
alpine  flower  and  only  grows  at  great  altitudes.  The  chief 
difference  between  the  two  plants  lies  in  the  leaves,  which 


Blue  to  Pnryle  Flrjucrs 


263 


in  the  Campion  art-  cxtii'im-Iy  fini-  and  narrow  an<I  in  the 
Saxifrajje  rirc  ei,',i,'-slia]K'(l  and  thitkJNli.  witii  a  >trnn^K- 
marked  keel  and  hairy  inariiins.  The  ^leni^  of  tin-  Saxi- 
fra,!,'e  are  prostrate  and  very  leafw  and  the  llnuers  are  pur- 
l)Ie  and  ^n^w  ahnost  Hat  ui)nn  the  i^mnnd. 

It  was  Jolin   Kehle  wliu  tir^l  drew  «nir  attention  to  tiie 
fact  tliat  thev  are 


Tlu 


fi-lif-l    tliiwcrs    lliat    rln-c-t    cljii!^'    in   car:!! 


It  was  also  evidently  to  some  sneh  prustratc  alpine  plan!  as 
the  .\h)nntain  Saxit'r.a.iL,^'  that  he  referred  when  he  wrote: 

"Bloom  on  tla-n  in  yo\ir  sliadc,  cnntfi'tcd  .ili.oni, 
'■wcct   tlowir-,  nor  (k't'in   yoursi'lvc^   |o  all   nnlsn^an. 

Iiaviii   knows  yon,  liy   ulm^c  j^ali  -  ami   iliu--  yr  thrive: 
Tlii-y  know,  who  one  d.iy  for  tluir  altircd  <lM,ni 
Shall    thank   y'Ui,   tauyht   hv   von    to   ;ilia-c   ll!tni-<d\c>    and    live" 


PURPLE  CINQUEFOIL 

Potriitilhi   /'i(/ir,v/;i,v.      Ko-c    l"aniil\- 

Stems:  stont,  a-condinf;  from  ri  drcinnln-nt  r^otin',^  iHTfiniial  ha<c. 
Leaves:  i)innati'.  ohloni;,  -irrati-.  Flowers:  few  in  ;in  o|Hn  cymo. 
Fruit:   aclu'tu'^   ;-;l;ilirons,   h.iiry    rfccptaeli-   hceoinint,'   larue   ,ind    -|ionj,;y. 

This  Purple  CiiKpiefoil  is  a  marsh  plant  wit  11  a  deeuni- 
bent  root  and  a  somewhat  woody  liase.  The  '•  ,.\(.-s  are  live 
to  seven  foliolate,  the  Inwer  niie-.  l  in,L;-stalked  ,oid  the  up])er 
ones  nearly  sessile,  the  leallit^  heinc;  olihmo.  toothed,  hinnt 
at  the  ai)e.\  and  narrowed  at  the  I)a>e.  The  sliouv  llnwers, 
which  .i^Tow  in  an  open  cyme.  lia\e  a  lar^e  calyx  whitn  is 
dark  purple  within  and  nuich  exceeds  the  small  ptirple 
petals.  The  mnuerons  st.amens  are  inserted  on  the  pu- 
bescent receptacle  which  becomes  spunj^y  in   fnn'l. 


264 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


iH 


I 


m 


ALPINE  LUPIN 

Lut^inus  subaiciiitis.    PiiUc  Family 

Stems:  simple,  leafy.  Leaves:  palmatily  divided,  leaflets  spatulate- 
ol)laiiceolate,  ohtii^e,  villous  hcneatli,  Klal)ri)u>  alxive.  Flowers:  in  a 
terminal  rateTiie,  keel  K'alinnis.  Fruit:  pod  hnear-ublong,  obli(inely 
piiiiited,  seven  to  nine  seetied. 

'I'he  slidwv  blue  hlossonis  of  the  Alpine  Lupin,  which  are 
found  at  hi.ijh  altitudes,  j^jniw  in  many-llouered  terminal 
racemes  home  on  a  stouti>h  stalk.  'I'he  inchvidual  tlower- 
.stalks  are  slender,  the  leallets  are  broad  at  the  base  and 
somewhat  rounded  ;,t  the  top. 

ASCENDING  MILK  VETCH 

Astiu^iilus  ailsHii^rits.     Tea   ''"amily 

Stems:  rather  stout,  ascending  or  decumlient.  Leaves:  odd-pinnate; 
leallets  oval  to  linear-ohlont;,  obtuse,  tiftten  to  twenty-tive,  peduncles 
exceeding  the  leaves.  Flowers:  erect,  in  short  dense  spikes;  tube  of 
the  calyx  long-camp.nnilate,  twice  as  long  as  the  setaceous  teeth,  sub- 
villous  with  partly  black  hairs;  i)et;ils  clawed;  star.dard  erect,  ovate; 
wings  oblong:  keel  obtuse.     Fruit:  pods  er    -t,  sessile,  coriaceous. 

This  is  a  common  species  of  purple  Vetch  in  the  tnoun- 
tain  rei,non.s.  It  has  much  foliat,^'.  composed  of  from  fif- 
teen to  twenty-tlve  tiny  oblon.i,^  leallets  borne  on  each  of  the 
leaf-stalks,  which  branch  from  the  main  stems.  Tlie  flow- 
ers grow  in  dense  roundish  heads,  and  the  little  leaflets  are 
rounded  and  entire  at  the  a])ex. 

Each  individual  flower,  like  many  of  those  of  the  Pea 
Family,  is  composed  of  five  irres.mlar  petals,  the  larj^e  upper 
one.  called  the  standard,  beinj,^  turned  backwards  when  in 
full  I)loom,  and  the  two  side  ones  formin-,^  w-njjs.  while  the 
two  lower  ones  are  united  to  form  a  kind  of  pouch,  called 
the  keel,  which  encloses  the  stamens  and  stvle. 

The  traveller  will  note  that  an  easy  way  to  distinjj^iish 


ri  A n-  Lii 


ASCF-N1)IM.    MlI.K    \'kT(  11 


_><>; 


PLATE  LI II 


Al.I'lNE    AIlLK    VeTIII 

(Astivgnlits  al/^iiius) 
j66 


t[ 


nittt'  to  Purple  Flou't'rs 


267 


,1 


Astnujalus  adsunicns  from  Oxytropis  -risciila  (  uliicli  it 
nnich  resemhk's)  is  by  dliscrvinj,'  two  thini^s.  In  the  first 
place,  the  tlouer-stalks  of  the  .lstni</iiliis  l)raiK-l-  out  from 
all  parts  of  the  main  stems  of  the  i)Iant.  to},a-tlier  \vit!i  tlie 
leaf-stalks;  whereas  the  iLtwer-stalks  of  the  Oxxtrof'is  are 
naked  and  grow  direvtly  up  from  the  h;ise  of  the  plant.  In 
the  second  place,  the  keel  of  the  .■stroi/tiliis  tlower  is 
rounded,  whereas  that  of  the  ().rv//'( >/'/,<•  is  \erv  pointed. 

AstraijaUts  hypoiilottis,  or  Purple  Milk  \'etch,  very 
closely  resembles  the  preccdinLr  species,  hut  may  be  di>tin- 
guished  from  it  by  the  fact  that  its  leaflets  are  indented  or 
notched  at  the  tips,  whereas  those  of  the  AscendiuLj  Milk 
\'etch  are  slii^ditly  rounded  and  perfectly  entire. 

Astragalus  alpinus,  or  .\lpine  Milk  X'etch,  is  a  d;iinty 
pale  mauve  species,  with  small  loosely  tlowered  he;ids  and 
delicate  fo!iaj.,'e.  It  is  frecpiently  found  at  very  hit,di  alti- 
tudes. 

Astragalus  Macouuii,  or  Macoun's  Milk  \'etch.  is  a  tall 
plant  with  sparse  fo'ia,!.,'e  ;m(l  :i  few  lont^  loo^elv  Howered 
heads  of  pale  mauve,  or  white  tiuijed  and  ed,t,a'd  with  mauve. 
The  stems  grow  very  erect  and  are  quite  slender.  It  usu- 
ally is  found  in  rocky  places. 

Astragalus   comallariiis.   or    .Slender    Milk    X'etch.    is   a 

lovely  fra.t^ile  species,  fpiite  unmistakable  by  reason  of  its 

very  fine  grass-like  stems,  tiny,  narrow,  .silky  le;illets,  and 

little,  scant^"    pinkish-mauve  blossoms,  that  grow  far  a])art 

in  long  slender  racemes,  giving  the  plant  a  beautiful  feathery 

api)earance. 

ALPINE  OXYTROPE 

Oxylml'is  zisciili).     IVm   I'.iinily 

Stems:  vi^cid-piilicsniit.     Leaves:  nild-pinn.-itt-;  k-aili'ts  in  nmiurntis 
pairs,   oliKmii-laiK-colalc,   snnicwbat   acute.     Flowers:    iicilniiclc^    loiimr 


PLXTE  LIV 


luwaMt 


I       t% 


mM> 

^^^'   *jt0^ 

r.^ 

'<*  ^!^Q| 

M' 

'j^fSI 

R| 

^HM^^F^M. 

"Bi^^w^^ 

f^' 

^■Pf^^^^          "^kvt 

^^L .  -^-i-^ 

pitoL          ^1. 

^r 

^^^mAIi 

.        Nt. 

/ 

^       ,^ 

1 

^^^K  '-            «A  ^ 

k^.      i^^n 

1 

^Br                   ^    V  ^          Ap^^Jk^ 

/ 

t-                    ■•■St,         ^^m         k 

1 

m^f  "'           '^%A      "-^Br'         HI 

1    '^^ 

1 

^^^^^^^^dH  \                                ^k                     B^' .                       I^f^ 

i 

BSMr 

, 

^^B                   \      m   iH 

^QU^^    >^JL 

^^\         ^^\H 

Hr'b 

^ 

1^^  wP 

3h 

1 

^^^^^^Vl 

H 

Hb            1 

■ 

^^^^^^^^B                                       '*"  .^J^iLj^^H^^^I 

■     1 

1 

Al.l'IXE   Ox^TKorK 


IHur  I'i   Pur  pit'  I'/'jiLiff 


l(>() 


tli.'iii  till'  IciiM''' ;  ^|)lkl•'  ^IllK■\litl<lrl^  ,il  ;  tiilli  nf  tlif  f.il>\  NiiliiiLiif,  .ili'nit 
tilt'  k'liylh  III  till'  tulic;  U'K'iiiiii^  >liMrl,  I'TiIc,  ;h  iniiiiMtf. 

As  rcmarki'd  hofurt-,  C.rv/ri'/^/.v  dilTcr^  I'mm  .lstra<niliis 
in  li.'uiiiL,'  tliiurts  with  \t'rv  ji. lintcd  InitU  and  Iniij;  naki'd 
tlo\vLT->talk>  that  Ljriiu  up  directly  from  tlir  lia-c  "f  iIk' 
plant  :  also  \t>  llMwcr-spikcs  aro  more  eli 'tit^'.iif<l  than  \h<>'C 
of  thf  .\>criidiiij;  and  I'urplc  Milk  \\-trlK'>,  whirli  arc 
riiutidi>h.  'lilt.'  Alpine  ().\\tr>ijio  i-,  a  hairy,  ratluT  sticky 
plant,  and  l»rar>  iiln-sums  nf  main  shadi's  i>\  j^ray-Mne. 
\  inlet,  man\e,  jmrple,  and  ereamy  white. 

(Krytii'f'ls  sf'li'iiilciis.  i>r  Slu'wy  nNytrojK',  is  ri;;litl\ 
named,  for  its  Ii.andsome  l)rii,dit  purple-hlue  i>r  purple  pink 
lliiwers,  j;rci\\  iui,''  in  dense  spikes  i>n  the  t^p  nf  the  ]i>Uii 
strai^dil  stalks,  and  its  (|uantity  nf  sihery  silky  fnliai^e 
render  it  a  remarkably  handsome  member  of  the  I'ea  h'am 
ily.  The  whole  plant,  iiuludinLj  the  st;dks,  lea\es.  and 
calvN.  is  extremely  woolly. 

(hvytrof'is  drthWii.  or  I  )roopini,"-frt!ite(]  Owtrripe,  is  ;i 
soft  pubescent  or  silkv  ])lant  with  leaves  IieariuL;  twehe  to 
sixteen  pairs  of  narrow  jiointcd  Kallets.  The  sm.all  pale 
purple  llouers  i^rou  in  slender  spikes  on  stalks  wiiicli  far 
exceed  the  lea\es  in  lenj.;th.  The  calyx  is  nearlv  as  loiii,' 
as  the  Corolla  an<l  is  covered  with  short  bl;u  k  and  lonL,'er 
white  hairs.  The  fruit  is  the  most  remark.ible  feature  of 
this  plant,  it  is  verv  strongly  di'llexed. 

C).vv/r"/"-'>"  pthlitcarpa.  or  Inllated  (Kytrope,  is  an  arctic 
and  alpine  plant,  which  qmu  ,  onl\  '■oui  one  to  four  inches 
hi}.jli  and  has  \  iolet  tlowers  and  tiny  \ery  hairy  st.ilks  and 
leaves.  The  main  stems  .i4:row  ])artly  unders^round  and  are 
imbricated. —  that  is  to  say.  they  are  covered  with  numer- 
ous small  overlapjiini,''  leaves;  liut  the  pod~  ;ire  the  most 
noticeable    feature,    beinj,'   abnormally    lar,^e    and    inllated. 


270 


/Hue  to  Pur  pit'  I'lo'ii'i-rs 


?t' 


i! 


This    plant    is    frc<|iKiitly    fouml    j,'ro\vin^'   flat    u|win    the 
jjround. 

PURPLE  HEDYSARUM 

llcdysarutii   borciilc.     IVa    I-'.niiily 

Stems:  erect,  Klabmns,  Ki'i'iTally  sitn|>If.  Leaves:  ipiM-fiinnatc,  shnrt- 
pi'iinlfil ;  liMilt'ts  (ililoiiK,  nl)tii^i-,  and  often  nuicronatc  at  the  a|>cx. 
Flowers:   in   lonj;  loo-c  raceiiu>,  lUllexed. 

This  is  a  tall  handsome  plant  very  common  amonjj  the 
mountains.  The  leaves  are  short-stalked  and  have  elc\en 
to  twenty-one  tthlonjj  leaflets  which  are  r«)und<-d  r.t  the  base. 
The  stiff  erect  racemes  of  detkNed  \  iolet-piirple  flowers  are 
lonj;er  than  the  leaves  and  the  pnds  are  droo])ing  and  have 
three  to  five  o\al  strongly  reticnlited  joints. 

The  white  or  cream-coloiired  species.  Ilcdysantm  sul- 
phurum,  is  descrik'd  in  the  W  hite  to  (Jreen  Section. 

COW  VETCH 

/  iViii  CiiicCiU     I'ea  Family 

Stems:  tufted,  slender,  weak,  clinibin^^  or  tr.iiliii>;.  Leaves:  pinnate, 
tendril-bearinK,  nearly  >cs>ile ;  lealletN  einliteiii  to  tweiity-fonr,  linear, 
()l)tu>e,  nin.ronate:  peduncles  axillary.  Flowers:  in  spike-like  dense 
racemes,   retle.xed.     Not   indigenous. 

A  lovely  dimhinfj  or  trailinj,'  Vetch,  with  dense  spike-like 
racemes  or  deep  purple-blue  flowers  and  (piantities  of  deli- 
cate foliaj^e;  the  leaves,  which  are  pinnately  divided  into 
numerous  tiny  leaflets,  having,'  thread-like  tendrils  at  their 
tips. 

I'icia  amcrkaua,  or  American  Vetch,  has  the  same 
nearly  sessile  piimate  leaves  and  slender  weak  stems  as  the 
preceding,'  species.  It  also  climbs  and  trails  over  every  bush 
and  shrub  in  its  vicinity,  clinging  to  them  by  means  of  its 
tiny  tendrils;  but  it  dififers  entirely  from  V.  Cracca  in  its 


/i/ui-  lo  Purpli-  I'l'iucri 


27' 


llowcrs.  which  aro  larj^cr,  iiiun-  maii\i'  in  hm-.  .md  i^r. iw 
ill  a  Maiity,  vcr\  l<  .■>».•  ta^hion,  a>  (t|)|i<i>i(l  to  the  ik'ii''C 
spikf-Iikc  raii'mi>  nf  the  I'nu   \'ctrli. 

lo  sri'  thi-  iiiiiiiiiiain  U'"n!>  Mind  !(\  thi'>i-  i\\.i  ^'rari'fiil 
plant-,  raall^  I'iiht-.m'-.  rrtfriinf  tn  h..A- 

"  riif  tiiillinii  ImihIi-iI   I'lintir  p'.ur-. 
<  '|mI  1iiu'>.  .iii'l  iiiiri'lc  .|\i-  " 

'(111  ii|)(.n  t!u-  lloucr'-  nf  thf  idrc^t. 

TIk'  .Islnij/iiliis.  O.vylri-f^is,  1 1,-ifySiiniiii .  and  I'iiitt  all 
U'loni^:  Ii'  thf  I'ca  hamily.  and  tluTctCrr  tlu'ir  iliur'>  :in- 
all  iiapiliDnaic'i.n- :  that  is  to  say.  tlit-y  haw  irri<,MiIar  InittiT- 
lly-shap(.'(|  lilussouis. 

r:ARSH  VETCHLING 

/.,i!h\iiL\   f'.iliislri.i.      I'l'.i    |''aiiiil_v 

Stems:  .myUil.  uinmil.  -IcmliT.  Leaves:  Ic.iilci-  tun  m  four  |),iir-, 
laiu  i'dI.iIc,  i.|i|.)1i)^,  |Hiliiii'(l  at  tlic  :\\>f\,  r.annlcil  ai  iIh'  ha-r.  Flowers: 
^\\\v  ililatc^!  and  ilaiii-iuil  alnive,  hairy  al"iiK  tlic  inner  ^nli-.  Fruit: 
pMil   Mat,   -iTiU  ^;lM!inlar. 

'I'lu-  purplf  tiouiTs  of  this  pLint  ■j,rt>\\  i.i  Iri.  i^c-hcadi-d 
ract-'iUfs  wluTf  the-  i^roniid  i>  nioi^t.  The  >k'nd'r  •-tviiis  arr 
unfiled  and  win-vd.  the  three  or  four  ]lail■^  of  leaflets  arc 
ohioni,'  and  ixiinted,  and  the  tendrils  ternnnatini;  the  stalks 
are  hranehed 

WILD  FLAX 

l.iintin   /.iWij/V.     IHa.v   I'"atnily 

Stems:  -ItMulrr.  t-ri'i-t.  Leaves:  irM\v<lcil,  -vsmIi-,  innl-1i?uMr,  a'.-ntf. 
Flowers:  ^n  lent;  inMiccK:  -cpaK  .nal,  olitUM-;  |iflal>  ti\c.  Im'^i-,  Mim-, 
fuK.icii.n-.. 

A  slender  dainty  plant,  uhieh  Ixnds  and  Iw.us  to  exerv 
passin,;,^  hreeze.  and  hears  terminal  rluster^  as  well  as 
racemes  oi  Io\elv  cerulean  llouers. 


3 


272 


lilut'  to  Purple  FloiviTi 


U: 


"  Itltlf  Wfti-  lur  r>f>  ;i»  tllf  f.iiry  ll:i\," 

wnitc  Knti^fclliiw.  aii<l  if  y<>u  ni!«i-  mt  tin-  wonderful  Itlno 
of  tlu'sc  hlossntns  you  will  wi'll  uiuliT'taml  tin-  loinpliiiu'iit 
ititcii(U'(l,  for  tlu-y  are  a  mar\i'll(His  fuli.ur.  ami  -'•  frail  and 
transhuont  that  tlu-y  witlu-r  at  a  •"inj^lf  tomli.  uliilf  the  deli- 
eatelv  veined  petals  fall  almost  a>  so<in  a^  the\  develop  into 
the  perfect  flowers:  the  stems,  on  the  eontrary,  thonj;h  slim, 
are  remarkahly  toiij,di.  A  really  Mne  tlowi-r  i->  a  rarity  in 
the  1  .ountains.  There  are  many  maiue>,  lulioirope'>.  vio- 
lets, purples,  and  lilacs,  hut  few  true  hlues. 

The  word  liuniii  eomes  from  the  (  eltic  word  liu.  mean-* 
inj,'  "  thread,"  and  from  it  also  is  deri\ed  the  I'lv^lish  word 
"  linen,"  tofjether  with  all  its  variations.  The  seeds  of  the 
I'Max  contain  o\\. 

CROWBERRY 
liiv.pi-lium  iii^niin.     ('riiuli«rr\    I'.iinily 

Miicl)  liraiichiil,  tin-  Nraiulic^  vpriMiliiiv;.  diii-ily  Icify.  Leaves: 
'iiU'ar-nMnnK.  cruwilnl,  thick,  dIiIum',  llii'  -tninijly  ri'Miliitc  margins 
ri>iinlii>li.  Flowers:  \cry  ^iiiall,  imriili^li,  -dlilary  in  tlic  niiiicr  asils; 
sepals  and  petals  nidstly  tlirir.  Fruit:  a  black  ilrnpe,  containiiiK  -i\  tD 
nine  nutlets. 

This  hlack-herried  herhaceous  shruh  resemhles  a  Heath, 

and  }.jrows  in  lart^^e  dense  mats  on  the  nioiuitaiti   sides  at 

hij,di  altitudes.     The  numerous  short   branches  are  thickly 

covered  with  tiny  narrow  leaves:  the  piupli>h  tlowers  are 

inc()nsi)icuous,  and  the  herries.  which  are  lartre,  round,  and 

of  a  dull  black  colour,  are  a  favourite  fruit  with  the  alpine 

birds. 

EARLY  VIOLET 

\'i«la  itcplttof'hylhi.     \'i(ilet   Family 

.•Xcaiilescent.  Rnntstncks  sliort  and  thick.  Leaves:  l(>nK-t>etioIed, 
cordate,  with  a  broad  sinus,  the  early  ones  reniforni,  the  latter  ones 


^-    , 


W  ;■  I.    I   1      ■. 
(  /.Ji',-;.'.';    /..  ■-  I-  .'  I 


■Jjc  ; 


b 


%''^  ■^^ 


.■;.i^; 


>v- 


^iS!^ 


kt 


I 


"■<^,rr:^- 


IL 


liluf  to  Purple  Fhjiicrs 


273 


acme  (,r  .uunimatc,  crcnatcly  to'itlieil.     Flowers:  larKc ;   pitab   \i!l,.its 
at  l»a>c  ;  >|)iir  >aci-atf. 

This  larjre  Karly  \'i(,!t't  is  really  of  a  true  violet  clour: 
it  ,i;rou>  most  luxurian  \y  m  very  iii..ist  j,'roun<l.  usually  on 
the  low  l)aiik>  ol"  .-  •  a'li.v  1  ;■  ir,  -'u 
that 


K'  marshes,  tor  it  is  there 


"Til     ,,.,rMl,.  vi.K-t.  lurk. 
With  all  tiie  Iovimv  dv  drcn  of  tiie  shaile." 

I'oets  have  ever  Icved  aii.l  jiraised  the  Videt.      The   Hard 
ot  A\<)ii  >anj4  uf  how 

"  X'iiilti-  liiiic, 
And  ladv-vmocks  all  silvtr  white. 
And  cuckoo-hiidv  (jf  ydhiw  hue 
l>"   paint   the    incad.iws    with    .|<1ik1ii"; 

later  eausinj^^  Oheron  to  relate: 

"I  know  a  hank  whiTccm  tiie  wild  thyme  iili.us, 
When    .ix-lips  and  the  iiiMldin^r  \i,,Iet  un.us." 

Miltoii  told  r)f  the 

■'  X'idlet  emhniidered  vale  "  ; 

and  Sc<jtt  claimed  that 

1  he  violet  in  iier  Kreenwoixl  hnwer, 

U  lure  hirehen  houghs  with  lia/H  niiii)-le. 
May  hoast  iierself  tlie  fairest  tliuver 
III  forest  Klade  or  ajjiscwood  dingle." 

Loti-  hefore  Shakespeare's  day.  I„,uc\er.  the  aneient 
Arahians  san-  its  praise.  It  was  the  favotirite  flower  of 
Mahomet,  just  as  it  was  that  of  Xapoleon  i.i  modern  time., 
and  has  since  hecome  the  emhlem  of  the  Boiiapartists,  wh) 
still  wear  it  as  a  token  of  their  devotion  to  a  lost  cause, 
rememhering,  perhaps.  Shake>peare's  proverh  that 

"  Violet   is   for  faithfulness." 

Xo  legitimist  in  France  will  ever  wear  these  flowers. 


■^ 


274 


liluf  to   Purple  Flout'rs 


'llic  luirlv  X'iok't  has  li 


the  1 


)ase. 


tlu 


vciiR'd  yellowisli-wliiic  patoli 
the  hack-  into  a  small  roui 


live  lari^v  petals  that  are  hairv  at 
wer  one  heint^  marked  with  a  tiny,  dark- 
teh  on  its  t'aee,  and  protnidin.t,''  at 
inded  sjjnr.  The  leases  are  broad 
ami  conspicuously  veined,  many  of  them  hein-  folded  in- 
wards when  younf,'. 

I'iola  adunca.  or  I)o<,^  X'iolet.  is  a  smaller  dark  purple  or 
white  species  which  s,^rows  on  dry  j^round  and  sends  out 
runners  tliat  hear  many  hlos^onis.  The  low  stems  hrancli 
out  from  the  ha^e.  the  leaves  are  o\ate  ami  >ome\\hat  cor- 
date, and  the  spur  is  rather  slender  and  curved. 

/'/('/(;  Sclkirkii.  or  Selkirk's  X'iolet.  has  dark  i^reen  or- 
hicular,  deeply  cordate,  crenate  lea\es.  whose  upper  surface 
is  si)arin,<,dy  heset  with  short  hairs  near  the  mari^in.  The 
pale  violet  tlowers  ha\e  an  ohtnse  si)ur  and  are  beard- 
less. 

I'iohi  pahistris.  or  Marsh  Violet,  lias  leaf  and  flower 
stalks  arisinj^-  from  a  very  slender  cree])in«,'  rootstock.  The 
flower  stalks  are  hmj^er  than  the  'caf  stalks.  The  leaves 
are  thin  cordate,  broadly  ovate  and  crenulate.  the  petals  are 
])ale  lilac  streaked  with  darker  \eins  or  sometimes  nearlv 
white,  the  flower  is  slightly  bearded,  the  spur  is  -hort  and 
the  stit;ni;i  not  bearded  but  somewhat  beaked.  This  is  not 
a  common  sjjccies. 


CUT-LEAVED  ANGELICA 

I.i'ftotuviiii   iinillitidii.     Parsley    I'':!iiiily 

Stems:  from  a  large  fiisitorm  ri)()t>tocl<.  Leaves:  iiiimatcly  decom- 
Iiouiuf.  Flowers:  in  large  iiniliels.  Fruit:  olifong-ellipticaf,  carpel 
Vvitli  dorsal  and  interniedialc  rilis. 

The  steins  of  this  handsome  .Xnjjelica  urow    from  one  to 
three  feet  hit^h  and  are  very  leafy  at  the  base.     'i"he  seg- 


'■•  .li 


rj-m^xm^-^^w. 


.z.^r^.m. 


I 


Blur  1o  Purple  Floucrs 


■/> 


lucnts  of  the  tcniatc-  auil  pinnate  Icaxe^  arc  finely  ent.  and 
the  small  1  iounish-pnrplc  tlouers  ;,n(.u  in  round  umbels 
three  to  tour  inche-  in  diameter,  u^iiallv  without  an  iu\oIu- 
ere.  'I'll  lateral  uin,L;s  of  the  fnut  are  hroad,  verv  thiek 
and  cork\,  and  the  <ee(K  are  llat,  the  --eed-faee  heinj;  con- 
ca\e.     The  oil-tuIie^  are  ol'^olete. 


MACOUN'S  GENTIAN 

(ii'iituiiui   .\[<u,>iiini.     (icnliaii    I'amily 

Stems:  slt-niKr,  simiiK-.  Leaves:  liiu.ir.  I'lowers:  -.c.liiary  at  tlic 
eti<l>  <if  ficpiijzatfil  criil  inMlmulfs ;  ral>  \-1iJk-^  laiuc'lau',  aiamiiiKiti  . 
tlicir  iiii(l-ril)-~  (k-i-iirniil  ..n  tlu-  tnlu-;  lor.^ila  iiarri.ul\  laiiipaiiMlaii-.  il~ 
1<iIkn  s|)atiilati--iililMiii;,  frini4cil  >n\  Im.iIi  >i''  ^.  and  aliii"-!  t'^'tliol  aiiuaid 
the  :\]K'\. 

A  lo\ely  deep  hlue  (ientian.  found  in  moist  jjlaees,  hut  iMt 
very  comtnon.  When  t!ie  days  iiiq;in  to  sji.uten  and  the 
earth  is  flooded  with  the  final  ,L;Iorv  of  tho-e  scarlets  ,ui<l 
\cllo\vs  that  precede  and  presa.L,'e  decay,  then  like  a  heantifiil 
henediction  the  (ientiaus,  "  coloured  willi  lleaxen's  own 
hlue,"  are  spi'  '  ihro.-id,  opeuiiii,^  their  petals  to  the  sun- 
shine at  mid,  1  clo>inLi;  them  ai,  lin  -uddeiilv  ;it  the 
first  touch  of  tl      v.nll  wind>  that  hlow  off  the  ice-lields. 

In  the  e.arly  fall  of  the  year. 

"  Tlicn  ifiifh  tli\    ^weet  ninl  f|iiict   cvc 
I.oiik  tlirmiyli  [{•.  trinm'^  tn  the  vkv, 
I'.lui-,  i)hu-,  a^  if  tliat  sky  Itt  I'.ill 
A  lldwir   from  its  ccnilcan   uall." 

There  lies  at  all  times  a  curious  siKerv  tinq'e  upon  the 
exterior  of  the  four  lar!j:e  frin_i(ed  lohes  of  the  corolla,  which 
are  delicately  and  darkly  veined.  The  two  ouu-r  calvx- 
1o1k-s  are  lonj^^er  and  n.irrower  than  the  two  inner  ones,  and 
the  hmls  are  very  long  and  pointed.     \\'hene\er  you  try  to 


fc 


,gm. 


276 


B/iii'  to  Pur  pi  I'  Floiii'rs 


<i=t 


piok  oiK'  of  these  (Icntians,  you  will  fmd  that  llie  whole 
pl.Mit  conies  up  out  of  the  .Ljrouiid  at  the  sli.Lrhtest  pull.  Thev 
are  extremely  elusive  tlowers,  seldom  -^ 'apijearitip;  in  the 
same  place  for  t\\  >  consecutive  years,  si.ice.  heinj^  animals, 
and  therefore  peri)etu,'(led  hy  seed  alone,  tlieir  reapiiearance 
the  follouinjj^  season  dei)ends  alt(.^a'ther  u])on  the  direction 
of  the  wind  which  hlows  the  'ittlt  hair\-  scales  hither  ;md 
thither  and  !)y  i^ood  fortuiu'  deposits  a  few  where  the  moist 
eartli  enahles  tiiem  to  t^a-rminate. 

Ccntiana  .\"iarcHa  rar.  acuta,  or  Xorthern  r.entian,  mav 
readily  he  disiin.^ihshed  hy  the  friiiLjed  crown  set  within 
the  throat  of  the  corolla-tuhe.  The  t1o\ver•^  are  (piite  numer- 
ous. <,'rowiii^-  in  clusters  on  sliort  stiff  stalks  diat  Nprint,''  ou. 
of  the  main  stem;  they  are  usually  pinkivli-puri)1e.  hut  some- 
times white.  The  traveller  should  >peci;dly  note  that  the 
corolla  is  divided  into  five  lohes  at  the  top.  and  that  the 
tiny  roots  ,L;row  close  to  the  surface  <»f  the  soil  and  are  very 
easilv  jiulled  up. 

(Jrntiana  propimjua.  or  l^^our-parted  Gentian,  is  some- 
what like  tlie  jirecedini;-  species,  hu.t  has  larj^er.  hrii,diter  hluc 
flowers,  whicli  are  not  nearly  so  closely  clustered  toc^ether; 
and  it  is  a  much  more  .q;raccfiil  plant.  The  corolla  is  four- 
parted,  or  cut  into  four  hhes.  as  the  iiiune  implies,  and  the 
calyx  is  also  four-cleft.  These  (lentians  are  occasionally 
white. 

Ccntiana  arcfophila.  or  Alpine  Gentian,  is  a  tiny  dwarf 
species  resenihling  6".  ,  ropinquo.  It  is  found  at  i'.nmense 
altitudes. 

Gcntlana  prostrata,  or  Dwarf  Cientian,  has  very  weak  and 
often  procumhent  stems.  The  leaves  are  covered  with  a 
soft  white  bloom  and  have  white  hairy  mar<,nns,  while  the 
flowers  are  solitary  and  of  a  loxelv  a/ure-hlue  colour,  also 


u 


K    I 


Mw..- 


T'L\ri-.  l.V 


I'olk-l'AkrKli    f  iKNTIAN 


278 


,j.i 

I 


?  . 


i! 


Nl 


~\ — ".'     •  • 


Blue  to  Purple  FIfjuers 


very  occasionally  white.     It  is  an  exceeding,'! v  tinv  plant, 
and  has  hecn  found  at  an  elevation  of  lo.ooo  feet.  ' 

Cciitiana  afUnis,  or  Larf,'e  Clentian.  has  ohlon;,'  obtuse 
leaves.  In  this  tall  handsome  Gentian  there  is  a  very  beau- 
tiful contrast  between  the  rich  jjreen  folia-e  and  the  azure- 
blue  flowers,  'i'hese  tlowers  -nnv  in  (Ien>c  clusters  anionij 
the  leaves  on  the  top  of  the  stems;  each  one  has  a  larj^rj^ 
K'-ay,  j,aeenish-blue  corolla,  divided  into  five  spreadinj^r 
lobes,  which  are  of  a  wonderful  cerulean  hue  inside,  marked 
and  spotted  with  white.  The  tips  of  these  lobes  are  very 
pointed,  and  sometimes  the  crnrn  calyx-lobes  equal  them  in 
lenf,^lli.  showin-  between  their  divisions,  while  at  other  times 
they  are  (juite  minute. 

C.cntiunaiiliiiua.  or  I'alc  Centian,  is  a  small  lo\v--rowinif 
plant  with  tiny  o\  al  ba^d  leaves  f..rmin-  a  rosette,  and  a 
few  ^^recn-blue  flowers,  subtended  by  a  pair  of  bracts,  at  the 
top  of  the  short  stalks  whidi  are  only  two  to  f,.ur  inches 
hish.  The  calyx  is  campanulate.  and  the  corolla  tube  i.s 
cylindrical  with  ovate  obtuse  lobes. 

SPURRED  GENTIAN 

Ihih'iiid  dcflcxa.  Gon.iaii  I'aniily 
Stems:  siiiK-fe  <.r  hrandicl.  slender,  erect.  Leaves:  tl.e  ba.al  ones 
ohovate  or  s,.atnlate.  ol.ttise,  narroue(t  into  i.etioles  tl.e  stem  ones 
.n:ite.  acute  sessile,  the  uppermost  smaller.  Flowers:  terminal  and 
axillary.  Fruit:  capsule  narrowly  ohlon^.  two-valved,  seeds  globose- 
ovoid,  smooth. 

A  plant  much  resemblinjr  a  Gentian,  with  tall  erect  stifif 
stems  bearing  pairs  of  ovate  leaves  up  them,  and  having  a 
tuft  of  larger  ones  at  the  base.  The  dull  greenish-purple, 
rarely  white,  terminal  and  axillary  flowers  are  most  curi- 
ously shai)e(l,  having  a  campanulate  corolla  four  to  five  cleft 


'^mL 


HI II I'  to  Purple  riouers 


27<> 


witli  till-  luhfs  ruiuoIiUo  in  tlio  hud.  and  cadi  uitli  a  hollow 
(Ictk'xcd  sjjur  or  |)rojcction  hdow. 

BLUE  GREEK  VALERIAN 

I't'li-nh'ittuni    ii'iit,-iluin.      riiliiiM'inmn    iMtiiily 

Stems:  trom  a  tiiiic<l  nint^'juk.  Leaves:  altcmati'.  l^•.•llU■t^  mnsiiy 
tun  iM  thrci-  (li\'!iMl,  ilu'  ilivi-i'iii-  tr"tii  r>iiiiiil  nv  ,il  tn  nMiPiii;  iiiuMr. 
Flowers:  ilin-c,  lurolla  witli  roinuli''!  Inlics.  Fruit:  (uuk's  ilirci-  m 
t'ai'li  ^'cll. 

This  sjitrios  of  (Irock  Wilcrian  <,to\vs  at  hii,'h  ahitiKk-s, 
the  hri.ulit  liluc  tlowt-rs  hoitii;  t-rcct.  traj^'ratit.  :uid  irrowiiit,' 
in  dcn>cl\  con.i,a->tc'd  heads.  The  plant  i>  hairy,  tht-  pctiolt-N 
of  tlic  raihcal  leaves  are  consiiieuously  seariou^-dilated  and 
>heathin<,'  at  the  hase.  and  the  leaflets  are  very  small,  and  so 
irowded  that  they  appear  to  he  growing  in  fascicles  or 
whorls. 

I'dli-iiioiiiniii  liiiiiiili-.  (>«•  furple  Greek  \'alerian.  h.as 
■^horter.  stouter  stems  than  the  jjreceding  species,  and  is 
iinK'n  branched.  The  leatlets  arc  mostly  ohlong.  and  the 
purplish  llowers  grow  in  tlal-topped  clusters,  the  a.nple. 
rounded  lohes  of  the  corolla  I)eing  nuich  luni.;cr  than  the 
tuhe.  The  seeds  ;ire  one  or  two  in  each  cell.  This  is  almost 
an  arctic-alpine  plant. 

MOUNTAIN  PHACELIA 

riniiiliii  .Villi  (•(/.     Water-lea  t    I'"aiiiily 

Stems:  Niiniile.  vir^'atc.  caiit'^cint.  leafy  to  the  tup.  Leaves:  pinnately 
p;irteil  into  ninneroiis  liiiea,  and  .iKain  [liniiatitid  ili\i>inns.  >;ilky-c,iiies- 
ceiit.  Flowers:  in  -Imrt  spike>.  crowded  in  a  naked  spike-like  thyrsns; 
calyx-lolie-  linear;  corolla  very  open-cainpanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle; 
stamens  I'ln^^  e\>erted. 

A  glorious  plant,  with  rich  purple-blue  flowers  clustered 
in  huge  long  spike-like  panicles,  and  handsome  (leejjly  cleft 


28o 


aim'  to  Purple  Flouwrs 


% 


UAkv^v,  wiiich  is  covfud  with  a  soft  wliitc  (l..\vn.  TIk- 
lonjf  piotnidin^--  stamens  ^\\v  a  fcatlu-ry  aiipoaraiicc  to  the 
iipeii  hell-shaped  hji^soiiis.  and  as  it  ^Tous  at  extrenidv  lii^di 
altitudes,  where  tlowers  of  any  kind  arc  rather  rare  and 
larj^e  showy  <.nes  ahnc.st  unknown,  the  Mountain  I'hacelia 
is  a  real  treasure-trove  to  the  traveller.  It  has  ;i  very  stronj,' 
disaj^'reeahle  odour. 

I'hacelia  lirterof^liylla.  c.r  I  Hue  I'h;.celia.  has  stout  muyh- 
hairy  .stems,  and  lanceolate  entire  |)ointe(!  silkv  white-hairv 
leaves,  pinnately  and  o|)|i(|iio|y  veined,  the  lower  one  taper- 
inj,'  into  a  stalk  and  usually  havinj,'  a  jiair  of  lateral  leatlets. 
I  he  l)lui.sh-pur|)le  llowers  i^mw  in  a  short  dense  terminal 
spike  and  sm.dlcr  axillaiy  spikes,  and  the  filaments  are 
nv.ich  exscrtcd  and  sparin.ijly  lieardcd. 

FALSE  FORGET-ME-NOT 

I  (itt'ilii  tlfiil'iiinlti.     I!nr,ii>i'   I';miily 

Stems:  sofi-liirsnte,  r.itluT  -triit.  Leaves:  i'li|..nu;  \n  liiuTir  I'litirc, 
sfssilc.  Flowers:  in  ihiiiutimis  raci'iiu-.  iuarl>  tiwt.  (Iciisily  lldwircd  ; 
o.rnlla  ftiiiiifl-form,  tive-l.iliccl.  Fruit:  mitk'ts  Kitk.l.  iJ.ipillo^c-tnl.iTcu- 
l.ili'  nil  tlu'  h.u-k.  the  iii.iif^iiis  armed  willi  a  >iiij;l(.-  row  of  llal  .siilmlalc 
prickk-s. 

i  here  have  pn.hahly  heen  more  ;>rt,aiments  hctween  travel- 
lers over  these  tlowers  than  over  any  other  plant  that  <jro\vs 
in  the  mountain  rci^ions.  Xinety-nine  persons  out  of  every 
hundred  will  ,<,rathcr  the  lovelv  skv-hlue  blossoms,  deli<rhtin<'- 
m  their  beauty  and  inhalinj,^  with  joy  the  delicate  fr;i,t;rance 
of  their  perfume,  under  tl;e  firm  conviction  that  it  is  the 
true  F()ri,'et-nie-not  they  are  pickin,^ :  whereas  —  alas  for 
the  shattering-  of  a  pretty  romance!  —  it  is  onlv  the  sweet- 
scented  blossoms  of  the  1%-dse  lM)r.i,a»t-me-not  thev  are  ,qath- 
erinjj:,  which  have  as  usual  practi.sed  a  successful  deception 
upon  the  unwary. 


M  .  i  I     \  1   \  .  \      1  '  i  I   \ .    I  ! 


i!  I 


:^^:.MJ. 


^^    r 


M^ 


..^^'r^^^j^^^-f 


*  '  «i 


'w:i 


lilUi'   to    Purple   I'/ou,r, 


28  r 

^"uml  w.th  ,.,Hkk-s  ,n   fact  tiny  l.nrs.  uhid,  ,..•  u  tlu- 

-"-..n  .KUMc.  of  StickscnI.  a,,.l  certainly  the..  ,M,U.  .....U  ,,^ 

stuk    an,I  Mu-k  very  fast  in.iee.l.  t.  tl.e  cl..,|„n,r  .,f  „,,..„„ 

;;;;;•  ;;:;--pa>sin.ani...a..     T.,e  tn.e   C  Jn-e-.: 

■Il>c-  ..e,n.  an.I  Ion.  ,,,rrow  loaves  ,,f  the  /.,/./.»/«  //,../- 
'-''/'' are  onere-Iuuh  a  slight  soft  .Iou„.  It  ^n.us  verv 
-•   -n.ler  tavo„rahIe  nrcnManu.s.  ...oh  as  near  ua.er  an.I 

:•••    ^--IK-n  sunshiny  sl„,..s.  an,!  its  tlouers.  I.h„  as  heaven 
t-Ht.  or  very  oaas.onally  white,  are  funnel-forn,.  the  tnl.e 

-n,  very  short  an.I  having  i,s  throat  nearlv  do...I  ,,.  ,ive 
"at  I"l'C's.  uhKh  ,onn  a  cirenlar  archinj,^  crest  in  the  centre 
iK'  tnu-  stan,ens.  an.l  the  style   with   its  nnnnte  capitate 
>ti.i:n.a.  are  set  m,s,.I,  ,l,is  hri-ht  vellow  circle  or  "  eve  - 
't   'natters    little,    after   all.    whether   these    llower^   are 
false     or  trne;  they  are  heantitul  to  look  upon,  and  verv 
fraj^rant.  as  tliey  hold  their 

I'i^h  up  in  sonie  alpine  n.eadow.  where  the  air  is  fresh  an<I 

-^-eson..n,d  where  the  whole  world  seen,  full  of  won- 
(lerful  possihdities. 

iMtMa  diffusa,  or  Rock  Stickseed.  is  sonunvhat  like  the 
J.recedmj,^  species,  hut  not  so  tall,  and  has  wider  and  more 
pointed  leaves.  The  hlue  (lowers,  too.  are  larger,  though 
fewer  u,  nunikT.  and  the  extrenu-Iy  pricklv  nutlets  have 
stalKs  more  than  a  (juarter  of  an  inch  lon<r. 

LiJtti'Ut  cchinata.  or  Burseed.  has  much  stnaller  leaves 


282 


li/ui-  to  Purple  I'loutrs 


\\ 


\ 


and  very  tiny  l.rij,'|jt  blue  llowtT^.  t-ach  indivi.lnal  l)l..ssoni 
IwitiK'  little  larj-cr  than  a  pin's  lu-ad  'llu'Si-  tlowcrs  ^tou  in 
cl..M-  leaCy-hraitcd  ramncs.  wliiili  an-  more  o"  less  one- 
sided, and  when  in  fruit  the  plant  k-ars  innumerable  tiny 
Inirs.     This  is  an  ininjdnced  plant. 

MOUNTAIN  FCRGET-ME-NOT 

MyiKfotis  „lf,-sliis.      Itnr.iKc    I'aiiiily 
Stems:   t-riTt.   tnfte.l.    Leaves:   uI,1„„k.   ij,„,„      Flowers:   in   ,l.-n,t- 
r.ii-.-m,s;  c.dyx  five  imric.l.  l„rM,u-  n,r.,II,,  s.,K..r-iur,„,  iIk   il„.,.t  «.il, 
small  lilimt  crcMs  at  llu'  I.mm'  ..f  tin-  mnmU-.l  l,,|,i„. 

This  is  the  real  true  F..rj,'et-nie-n..t.  It  -row .  ,r..ni 
about  four  to  six  imhes  h,i,rh  and  is  f.nnid  .mK  at  hij,ri, 
altitudes.  Its  tiny  luniuoise  IIowcts  ate  vit\  Ira-rant. 
I'niike  the  prickly  burs  of  the  "  balse  "  species,  llie  nutlets  of 
the  true  l"orjrft-nie-not  ;ire  (nute  smooth. 

There  are  imuimerable  stories  told  conceruin-,^  the^e  blue- 
eyed  llouers,  which  are  the  emblems  ot  nndyin-  love  and 
are  identified  with  our  most  roinantir  sentiments.  One  of 
the  most  charmin<.,r  Ic;.ri.,„|^  ;i|„,„t  ,i,^.,„  ^,„^^  ^]^^^^. 

"  U'Ikii   Io  ihf  tl<i\v<.T>   M.  hiatititiil 
'i  Ik-  Father  nave  a  naiiu-. 
'Iliere  caiiu-  a  little  liliie-eyed  ime 
(.Ml  timidly  it  came). 
And.  standiiii.;  ;ii   the   I'ailier  -   fe<t, 
And  RaziiiK  in  !Iis  f.ice. 
It   s.iid.  ill  low  and  trciiiMini.;   ll.ne•^, 
^■et  with   a  gentle  «race : 
'  Dear  Lord,  the  name  Thoti  v   vf>t  me. 
Alas !   I   have  forRot '  : 
Kindly   the    leather   Icnkid    llim  duuii 
.And  said,  '  horget  Me  not.'" 


.^'^ffs^tmh.^^A 


lilui'  i'j  I*  HI  pit    l/fju,rs 


:H.; 


TALL  LUNGWORT 

.1/.'/, // 1/  .    f'llll    :il,i!a.      I.'l.tk'i     I'':ill,'U 

l<iiiii;li-[iiilu»i  rtii      Stems:   lU't.  Iir.iiii  lu-.l   .il.i".f,   ilif  Iir.ii.lu--   ■.li-ii 
tk-r.    Leaves:  ilim,  innii.ii' 1>  •.tiiinl.  ili  ■  •     i  ii,.   -tiin  ■■k.iti   Lm. cLiii 
ai'tiniiii.ii'  .  '.  i  ,il  Ic.i.i--  '■\,,iti-,  r.'inilt'l      Flowers:  ^cM-r.i!  tlnwirril  i.i 
liHi»c  trriiiiii.il   iMi.i'U-  '  ,il>  \  I'll'!-   .iiulc.   ("I'lll.i    liiiiiul  [■■nil,  ^ri'-tcil 
ill  till-  i!iii..it. 

'I  lie  T.ill  I.iini^uiiri  Liriiu-  I'rum  '<ur  \<i  tlirco  tVfl  lii.L;li. 
aii'l  i>  I'lK'  lit  till-  li.iinl-i  iinf>t  iiit'iiilur-  •>!  a  l.iiiiil\  i.|  ci.ir^f 
;iii<l  liairs  i)laiit>  it  li.i-  >.r>  -li'i\\\  liliic  ll^wiT-,  llu'ir 
tnliv>  crt'-tnl  iii  I  lie  thi'  'a!  ami  llir  lulir-  mil)  -li^lillv  -prrail- 
ilt^'.       Ilir~ri^!ii\\    i!i  |. '1  i-r  tiiiiiiiia!  ilu-trr>. 

I'rnlialiK  11  !•<  liiiauH'  ilure  art'  -i  i  uu  nallv  lilnc  iiniun- 
taiii  wild  tli'UiT>  thai  uc  -]n«  iall\  \>v\/\  tlii^  -tnkiiii;  plant. 
<  >ii  i'\iT\  liaiitl  wc  -(.•«.•  sariMii^  -liaiK  -  nl'  |iiir|iK'.  tiiaiuo.  \i'>- 
k'l.  and  lK-l!iitrii|ic,       hut   \t.r_\    laials   ^l   lilm-. 

■•  i'.iin  '      ■  I  I  -  till    till'  "I  h'  .iwr,  till-  iI'MiLiiii 
(  l|   <  vnllii.i.  tlii'   u  I'U'  jmI..'  I    "l'  till    -1111, 
riu-    !.  HI    ..[■     I  li  -lnTll-,    .ill'l    .ill    lll^    II  .1111, 
I  1,1    I.I.  ..|i,,r  i.t  <l.iit(U.  •^•■\'\,  ui.iv.  all. I 

r.llU    '  I   1-     l!n       hlf     .t      W.lKt  -,     ■..   (Mil 

Ai.il  .il!   II-   li:i-.tl   -II.  .mi-. 

I'.'iu  '      (i.ntli-  .'■ii-lh   ..1   llii'   |..ri-t   L'Miii, 

.\l.iiiiiil   I.I  '.^ncii    III   .ill   till-   -\M>'t-t    'Liwir-." 

MiTtiiisiii  i'hliiiiijif(iliii.  I  If  r.liir  I  .nn:;\\i  iri.  i>  tint  mi  tall 
a^  till'  jironiliiiL;  >iK'(it>,  ^inwiiiL;  I'lih  li.itii  tniir  ti>  v\ii\\[ 
iiiclic's  lii,t;li,  tlu-  >tciii-  ii-ii.ilK  -nlitarx  Irmii  tin-  ^li'irt.  tliirk, 
I'oni-likf  riMit.  IIk'  Kmm'^  aic  tililmiL;.  ,!tnl  fiMii'lnl  .it  llii- 
apfx.  till-  li'Wvr  iiiH'^  ''ciir,;  ^iiialKr  than  ilir-t-  at  the  itinMle 
<if  ihc  stiMii.  'Ilir  \rr\  liiiLiht  ilt-ar  hhu-  tlnwciN  .in-  iniiinT- 
ciis  in  a  (.lii^c  Krniinal  i  lii^'a-r.  the  narn'U  l.iln'>  nt  the  I'mir- 
parti'il  calvx  arc  iiiiiiiiti.K  liairv,  ait'l  tin-  iiiimcliUrm  cnnilla 
lia>  an  ahruiitly  ililatcil  thru  it   uiili  iiuhv^cml  tif^t^  at   it> 


284 


liliie  to  Purple  Floicers 


\  1 


k 


\^ 


base  on  a  line  \\  iili  the  stamens.  The  nutlets  arc  (lull  and 
with  oil! use  anj^les.  they  are  wrinkled  at  maturity.  This 
plant  grows  in  moist  i)laces. 

DRAGON  HEAD 

Dracoirf'luiluiii  f'liriirioniiii.     Mitu  F:;niily 

Stems:  erect,  leafy.  Leaves:  ovate-lanceolate,  sliariily  cm-iootlied. 
Flowers:  in  \vlior!>,  crowded  in  a  terminal  si)ike. 

The  leafy  erect  stems  of  this  plant  are  crowned  with  dense 
whorle<l  spikes  (,f  small  purple-hlue  (lowers,  the  ui)per  lip  of 
the  small  slender  corolla  is  arched  and  notched,  the  lower 
one  heinj,^  three-cleft,  with  the  lar-e  middle  luhe  again  two- 
deft  or  notched  at  the  end.  The  leaves  are  long-shaped  and 
very  sharply  toothed,  the  hnver  ones  being  petioled  and  tlie 
upper  .sessile. 

HEART  OF  THE  EARTH 

PniiuUa  xuliiiuis.     Mint  I'amily 

Stems:  mnneron.s  slen.ler,  erect  or  procunii.ent,  nsnalK  Mniple. 
Leaves:  iliin.  ovate  or  oidunR.  ol.tuse.  entire  or  creiiate.  Flowers:  in 
den^e.  l.racted,  terminal  and  a.sillary  spikes;  calvx  cylin.lraceous  with 
lursute  teeth;  corolla-tnhe  inilated.  l.ilahiate.  the  upper  lip  entire, 
arched,  the  lower  lip  siireadinj,',  three-li.hed. 

The  dense  purple  spikes  of  the  I'niiicUa  are  \ery  common 
beside  ali)ine  streams  and  in  the  grassy  meadows.  This 
plant,  which  was  called  I'niiuila  by  Linn;i'us.  is  more  sig- 
nihcantly  named  Bninclh}.  because  it  is  suppo.sed  to  contain 
a  remedy  for  die  Ihaunc,  or  the  (|uinsy,  and  hence  some 
ancient  German  botanist  originally  called  it  Hnincllcn. 

It  is  not  an  attractive  flower,  for  its  elongated  spikes,  cov- 
ered with  dark  reddish  bracts,  have  usually  only  a  few  scat- 
tered blossoms  on  them,  and  e\en  these  are  insignificant. 


.ly'i 


liltie  to  Piirplt'  Fhjucn 


>S5 


The  leaves  j^^niu   in  pairs  up  the  stems,  and  are  fieciuently 
marked  with  reddish  patches. 


WOUNDWORT 

Sliulixs  piiliisliis.     Mint  l-'aniily 

Stems:  croct,  >iiiii.  >imi)l(.-,  n.-irrir-i--liisi'i(l  on  ilic  anulc--.  Leaves: 
firm,  l.iiut-iilati'.  (ililipiii;,  ,ilnin~t  -cs-ik-,  .Kiitr  at  tin-  ■a\<v\.  siilK<i|ilatt-  at 
the  l)aM',  (k'ntatc.  Flowers:  in  cln-tir-,  lorniini;  an  i-!iint;ati-(l  iutir- 
riiiitfd  sjiikc. 

The  Winindwnri  ha>  fmrn  six  to  ten  rrddi-Ii -purple  (low- 
ers in  each  .>f  the  \vlinrl>  tliat  encirele  its  stem  at  inter\als, 
and  also  hears  a  terminal  cluster  at  the  top.  Staclixs  means 
"a  spike,"  and  refers  to  its  elon<j^;itevl  llower-spikes,  while 
f'aliistris  si<,mifies  '"  j^n'owini^  in  swamps."  and  is  therefore 
])eciiliarly  appropriate  to  this  plant,  which  freipient>  verv 
moist  place>.  Pruhai)ly  it  is  sometimes  called  I  ledj^e  Xeltle 
hecanse  the  leaves  resemhle  those  of  the  true  .Xettle,  hut 
without  the  stin-^inj,--  properties  of  tlie  latter.  Staclivs  is  a 
very  hairy  plant,  its  leaver  and  stems  hein^^  a|i  covered  with 
i|nantities  nf  fme  hairs,  and  (ierade  claims  to  ha\e  cured 
wounds  I)\  hindini^  it  owr  the  cuts,  and  in  olden  da\>  these 
plants  were  fre(|uently  employed  to  stoj)  hleediiii;.  jicnce  the 
name  of  Woundwort. 


ti' 


CANADA  MINT 

Mentha   ciiiuuli-usis.     .Mint    I'aniily 

Stems:  trcit,  simpk'  cr  liraiiclK d.  Leaves:  (ililunK,  acnii'.  sliarply 
scrratf.  Flowers:  all  in  -liort  ami  litii-v,  -c-silc,  axillary  «I.Miu'nik's ; 
calyx  <il)l(inK'-fain|)ainilate,  pnkc-cciit,  tivc-tudtlicd ;  corolla  irre^nlarly 
fuiir-cjeft. 

The  traveller  has  only  to  pick  a  spray  of  this  i)lant  to 
know  its  name,  >'int,  from  Minthe.  a  lovely  nymph  whom 


286 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


the  jealous  Proserpine  chanj^ed  into  a  flower  so  that  she 
niijj^lit  not  win  the  a(hniration  of  I'hito,  her  lord  and  master. 
At  least  the  memory  of  tlie  ill-fated  beauty  is  kept  forever 
green  and  fragrant,  for  the  leaves  of  the  Mint  contain 
numerous  tiny  glands  in  which  is  secreted  a  volatile  oil  that 
has  an  excessively  strong  odour  and  flavour. 

The  llowers.  which  are  either  pinkish-purple  or  ])urplish- 
pink,  and  very  occasionally  white,  gnnv  in  dense  little  clus- 
ters in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Mentha  canadensis  var.  hmata.  or  Hairy  Mint,  closely  re- 
sembles the  j)rcce(ling  species,  but  has  densely  tomentose  or 
lanate  stems  and  untler  surfaces  of  leaves. 


f  ' 


f^; 


BLUE-EYED  MARY 

Colliiisia  tcnclhi.     I'igwort  Family 

Stems:  viry  sk'tiilcr  ami  weak.  Leaves:  oMonjr  or  laiiccnlate,  mostly 
obtiisc  at  the  apex  ami  narrowed  at  tiie  base,  entire  or  sparingly  tootlied, 
the  lower  ones  op|)o.siie,  the  upper  ones  in  whorls.  Flowers:  on  long 
pedicels;  corolla  variegated  blue  and  white,  ti)e  throat  longer  than  the 
limb,  which  is  two-lipped,  the  tipper  lip  two-cleft,  its  lobes  recurved,  the 
lower  lip  larger  ami  three-lnbed. 

A  pretty,  fragile,  little  plant,  with  numerous  variegated 
blue  and  white  bhjssoms.  It  grows  thickly  in  moist  places, 
seldom  attaining  more  than  eight  inches  in  height.  It  is  not 
unlike  a  verv  tinv  Lobelia. 


\   » 


LARGE  PURPLE  BEARD-TONGUE 

I'riistcnioit  fiuticosus.     Figwort  Family 

Stems:  diHTumient,  defiisely  spreading,  woody  at  the  base.  Leaves: 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  serrulate  or  entire.  Flowers:  in  glandular  hairy 
terminal  racemes,  calyx  five-parted,  corolla  tubular,  moderately  bilabiate, 
the  upper  lip  two-lobed,  the  lower  lip  three-lobed  and  bearded  within. 
Fruit:  seeds  numerous,  angled  but  not  winged. 


liliic  to   Purple  I-hjucrs 


2^7 


TIk'm.'  li;ni(I><)tiic  i)ur|)It'  and  |)iiiki>h  iIduit-  arc  an  iiuh 
or  niorc  in  k-n.i^tli  and  inrin  lari,'c  inat>  i-f  lirilliant  ciildtir 
upon  the  rocks  at  wry  Ih.ljIi  c1c\  atiims.  'I  lie  jilant  yn.us 
low  n])on  tlk-  ^riiund  and  lia>  nninorun--  slmrt  erect  sliii.its. 
hcarinj,^  the  lilos-oins,  wliicli  are  tul)nlar  in  slia])e  and  have 
two  h"i)s.  the  lower  one  hein;,^  thicklv  liearded  with  s,  .ft  white 
hairs,  t'custciiuni  conie^  from  tJic  ( ireek  pcntc.  "  ti\e."'  and 
slriiion,  "a  stamen."  and  refers  to  the  lari;e  tilth  stcril'- 
slanien,  uhicli  i>  simply  a  tilanient  uilhont  an  anther  and  i-< 
densely  haiiy  iike  the  lower  li]).  It  i^  to  this  pert  little 
hearded  ton.Li'ne,  which  ])roiects  far  hc-omd  iIk'  other  fi >ur 
lertile  st.amens,  that  the  tlower  owes  its  coiumon  name. 

ri'iisti'iiiiin  Mcii.riisii.  or  SnialMea\ed  l'>eard-ton<riie,  is 
a  densely  matted  prostrate  shrnh  with  lateral  leafv  hranches 
which  hear  erect  ilouerim;'  shoots  two  to  -ix  inche-  hiiL,di. 
The  leaxes  are  small  thick  oval  more  or  le-..  dentate,  most 
of  the  i)etioles  and  the  tlowcrin^^  >tems  hearin^^  >cveral  ])airs 
of  ohlont,''  leaf-like  hract^.  The  pnr])le  corolla  is  tnhnlar- 
fiinnel-form  and  hilahiate.  the  lower  lip  I)ein,t,'  hearded 
within,  and  the  sterile  filament  is  den•^ely  hearded. 

rcnsti'iiidii  f^r<>ci'nis.  or  I'.hie  l!eard-ton_mie.  has  sinooih. 
slender  stems  and  lanceolate,  entire  lea\es.  The  iIowcts  are 
l)ri<,dit  hlne  or  \ioIet,  and  are  set  in  dense  \erticill;ite  cln^ters 
ronnd  the  stem,  and  in  a  more  or  less  elonq;ated  head.  The 
calyx  is  <^lan(lnlardiairy  ami  deeply  cleft,  and  the  fnnnel- 
lorm  corolia  is  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length 
and  slightly  hairy,  the  lower  lip  heinj^^  hearded  within. 

J'ciistciiiou  liKiiiilis.  or  Sletider  l'.eard-ton<,nie,  has  nuincr- 
ons  stems  ,l;tow  in<:[  from  a  woody  h.ise.  The  hasal  lea\es 
are  spatnlate  or  ohlanceolale  and  short-petioleil.  and  the 
npper  ones  are  linear  and  .sessile,  also  ^  niewhat  clasping, 


288 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


i 


if  1 


I       y 


i'    3; 


h 


in 


they  are  all  entire  or  occasionally  serrulate.  The  blue  flow- 
ers ^row  in  an  upri^'ht,  loose  panicle,  the  corolla  is  tubular- 
funnel  form  and  bilabiate  within.  The  inflorescence  is 
slightly  visci(l-i)ul)escent. 

ALPINE  SPEEDWELL 

rcroiiica   al/'iihi  i'<ir.    iinahtsclwiisis.     [•"igwfyrt    Family 

Stems:  erect,  slender,  usually  simple.  Leaves:  (iMouj^,  ovate,  ses- 
sile, mostly  rounded  at  liotli  ends,  nearly  entiri.'.  Flowers:  in  ,i  short 
narrow  raceme;  corolla  rotate,  its  tube  very  short,  deeply  four-lobed, 
the  lower  lohe  the  narrowest. 

These  small  azure-blue  blossoms  win  the  love  of  many  a 
traveller  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  they  are  amonjr  the  last 
flowers  he  sees  growinj;  in  the  crevices  of  the  fjjreat  moraines 
below  the  j^laciers,  and  are  frcf|uently  the  flrst  ones  to 
Tueet  his  eyes  as  he  comes  off  the  snowy  ice-fields  after  mak- 
ing some  arduous  ascent. 

"The  little  speedwell's  darling  blue" 

renders  it  conspicuous.  thoug;h  its  flowers  are  very  stnall 
indeed,  being  clustered  together  at  the  tops  of  the  stems. 
One  marked  peculiarity  of  the  Speedwells  is  that  the  blos- 
soms, which  are  cleft  into  four  lobes,  usually  have  the  lower 
segment  narrower  than  the  rest.  The  Dutch  call  this  plant 
"  Honour  and  Praise."  Inr-cause  it  was  once  upon  a  time 
believed  to  contain  valuable  medicinal  pro])erties.  Many 
claimed  it  to  be  an  excellent  remedy  for  scrofula,  and  it  was 
the  great  Liimicus  himself  who  grouped  it.  together  with 
all  its  relatives,  under  the  family  name  of  Scrophiilariacccc, 
or  Figwort. 

The  term  J^cronica  suggests  far  more  beautiful  associ- 
ations. Here  the  plant  is  named  after  Saint  V^eronica,  who 
in  her  turn  was  thus  canonized  because,  according  to  an  an- 


Blue  to  Purple  Flouers 


289 


cicni   tradition,   slic   wiped   tlie  drops  of  aj^'onv    tmni   our 


S, 


ivioiir  s  tace  when  on  His  wav  to  C" 


irv.  and  c\cr  at'tcr- 


wards  her  kerchief  hore  the  vera  iconica,  "  tlie  true  hkeness," 
of  His  sacred  features. 

reronica  hnmifiisa.  or  'I'hymc-leaved  Speedwell,  niav  l)e 
recoj,niized  l)y  its  decumlient  I)ranchin<,'  stems;  that  is  to  say. 
the  stems  are  curved  near  the  ha>e  ami  he  partly  on  the 
j^^nnind,  r(jotin<,'  where  the  joints  touch  the  earth.  Tsually 
these  steins  },tow  in  i)airs  and  hear  at  their  ujijjer  ends  spikes 
of  pale  ,i(ray-hlue  hlossoms  striped  with  dark  hlue.  the  tiny 
tlowers  also  j^rowini,'  at  dose  interv:ds  lower  down  on  the 
stalks.  The  small  (ihlon;,'  leaves  j^^rmv  in  opposite  pairs. 
Occasionally  the  flowers  are  white. 

I '.  rotiicii  aiiuricaiia,  or  Water  Speedwell,  is  perennial  hy 
stolons,  or  leafy  shoots  developed  in  the  autumn.  The 
stems  are  stout,  often  rootinj^  at  the  nodes,  and  usually 
hranclu'd.  The  leaves  are  l.'inceolate.  acute,  serrulate  or 
entire  and  short-petioled.  The  iieduncled  raceme^  are  ixirne 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  the  tluwers  are  pale  hlue  with 
pur|)lish  stripes. 

BUTTERWORT 

/ '1 ;/.!,' !((',  i(/ii  Z'liliidiis.     l!l:i(|(UTWiTt  F.itiiily 

Stems:  >ca|)c  i,'l''i')roti-,  trill      T, eaves:  i'r>im  tlinc  t"  -(\cii  in  ;i  ro-rttc 
at  the  rase  of  ■liu  >^■:i\>t■,  ciiiin,,  .htM-e.     Flowers:  DiU'-llnwcri d  : 

calyx  tUc-iiartt'il  :  Cdrnlla  Iiilalii.itr,  iit-  iipinr  lip  two-ilcft,  tia-  lower 
line  tlire<.-clcit,  lia-e  ol  ilie  cordlla  saccate  and  contracted  intu  a  nectar- 
iferous, acute,  nearly  straight  spur. 

At  first  si,i,dit  the  lUitterwort  looks  like  a  lovely  larji^e  pur- 
ple violet,  hut  a  second  j^lance  reveals  its  rosette  of  verv 
pale  ji^reen  leaves,  with  their  iinolute  niar-^ins.  and  the 
traveller  at  once  reco<,mizes  the  riiu/iiiiiiln.  its  name  heing 
derived  from  the  Latin  l^imjuis.  "  fat,"  and  referring  to  the 


(i' 


zgo 


Blue  to  Purple  Floicers 


A 


S     ': 


horrible  slimy  f,'rcasy  secretion  with  which  its  leaves  are 
Coated,  and  which  renders  them  most  repulsive  to  the  touch. 

The  liutterwort  is  carnivorous  like  the  Sundew,  and  hy 
means  of  the  colourless  fluid  secreted  hy  the  .tjlandular  hairs 
ccnerin^'  tlie  leaves  it  catches  insects  and  the  irritation 
thereby  set  up  causes  the  glands  to  exude  an  increased  su])- 
ply  which  becomes  very  acid  and  capable  of  di.i,a\sting  the 
animal  matter  entrapped.  Later  tiie  dissolved  nitrot,enous 
matter  is  absorbed  and  assimilated  by  tiie  plant.  The  15ut- 
terwort  resorts  to  these  evil  insectivorous  practices  in  order 
to  obtain  sufficient  nitrofjen  for  its  nutriment,  as  it  usually 
gnnvs  in  ])laces  where  the  soil  is  deficient  in  this  respect. 

The  flowers  are  of  a  rich  purple  colour,  and  are  two-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  beinj,'  cleft  into  two  and  the  lower  lip  into  three 
lobes.  These  lobes  are  delicately  veined  and  the  lower  ones 
are  covered  with  white  hairs.  The  ct)roIla  terminates  be- 
hind in  a  lonj,'  .straight  spur.  The  liutterwort  always  grows 
near  water,  and  usually  in  swamps  or  other  very  niuist  places. 

ONE-FLOWERED  CANCER-ROOT 

Oiiibanchc  uiiiHura.     Rrooni-raiie  I'aniiiy 

Stems:  one  indi  long,  snlnerranc.in  or  nearlv  so.  Leaves:  none. 
Flowers:  solitary,  without  bracts,  corolla  with  a  lunti  curved  tube 
spreading  into  two  lips,  five  lohed,  yellow  bearded  within.  Fruit: 
capsidc  elongated,  egg-shaped,  seeds  numerons. 

The  Orobanchcs  are  beautiful  root-parasites,  whom  Na- 
ture has  rendered  destitute  of  green  foliage  as  a  punishment 
for  their  thievish  ways  of  imbedding  their  roots  in  those  of 
honest  plants,  and  thereby  drawing  nourishment  from  their 
neighbours,  instead  of  manufacturing  it  for  themselves. 
The  One-flowered  Cancer-root  is  stamped  as  a  pirate  by  its 
short    scaly    subterranean    stem    and    brownish    scape-like 


Mk 


S%:^ 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


291 


jKiduncIes,  on  which  the  solitary  \  iulct  tlnutTs  are  lM)rnc. 
(Jrolninclw  fascicnlalii.  or  Naked  taiicer-root.  has  scalv 
stems  which  are  tliickeiied  and  knotty  ')cio\v,  and  hear  on 
their  summits  one  or  more  chistered  pc(hnKles.  and  at  the 
end  of  each  of  the  latter  is  a  soHtary.  imrph^h  or  vellowi^h 
(lower.  Tlie  calyx  is  live-toothed,  and  the  corolla  tiihnlar. 
over  an  inch  Ion-,',  with  live  spreadinj,'  lohes  and  somewhat 
hilahiate.  This  ("ancer-root  is  parasitic  on  tlie  root-,  of 
.\rtemisia,  I*>io<jonum  and  other  plants  i^rowini^  in  sandy 
soil. 

BOSCHNIAKIA 

Boschtuakia  slii'hihu  iti.     lliMi>tii-r.i|)(.'  I'.iiiiily 

Stems:  four  to  twelve  inclu--.  Iiinli.  Leaves:  111  .m.'.  Flowers:  r.ilyx 
short  willi  two  sct.iCfous  l)r;iitk'ts  ,it  l>.i>i-,  irrcKulai,  the  lulli  snlml.itc 
from  a  liro.id  l)ave.  coroll.i  venlricoii,  uppiT  liji  t-riit.  Fruit:  c.ipsulc 
rIoIiosc,  seeds  liglit-coloured,  witli  ;i  >|K>iiKy  coat. 

Boschniakia  is  a  parasitic  herl),  and  has  stnut.  thick,  pnr- 
plish-hrown  clustered  stems,  the  dense  scales  heinj;  much 
imhricated.  It  flowers  from  near  the  tjround  in  conedike 
spikes,  and  the  hilahiate  corolla  has  an  entire  upper  lip.  its 
mar<,nns  involute,  and  a  naked  twodol)ed  lower  li]).  the  sta- 
mens heiu",'  densely  woolly  at  the  hase.  Its  cuniinun  lK)St 
plants  are  (laultheria  and  Arctostaphylus. 


lU 


HAREBELL 

Camfanuhi  rotundif,    'a.     C'amiiaiinla  I'aiiiily 
Stems:  slender,  ereet.  simple  or  liraiiched.     Leaves:  lias.d  ones  orliic- 
iilar  or  hroadly  ov.ite  to  cordate;  cmliiie  ones  sessile,  linear.     Flowers: 
buds  erect  on   slender  pedicels,  tlowers  drooping  or  siireading;  corolla 
campanulatc,  five-lobed. 

These  hells  of  hrilliant  purplc-1)lue  are  familiar  to  every 
traveller  in  the  temperate  zone,   for   from   "  P>onnie  .Scot- 


292 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


;ii 


land  "  to  the  Pacific  Slope  tlic  IIarel)dI  j,'race.s  many  a  hill 
and  dale. 

I'oets  in  every  aj,'e  have  sunjj  of  this  llouer,  which  is  the 
real  lilueliell  of  Scotland,  the  favonrile  tloial  emhleni  of  the 
"  l-and  o"  cakes  and  hrither  Scots,"  for,  as  the  old  >onj,' 
says : 

"  I.i't   till-  prdtnl   Iiwlian  hoa^t  nf  his  ji  ssatr.iiic  ImuiTs, 
\\\>  pastiirts  (if  iK'rfmiif.  and  rMsc-ci>l(iiiri-(l  dells, 
Wliili'  Imnilily   I   sinK  <>{  iIium-  wild  littK.  ilcwir-, 
'I'lif  liliu'lii'lls  (if  Scdilaiid.  tlic  St-.itiisli  lilmlulls." 

The  name  r»tinhlif,>lla  refers  to  the  round, sii  heart- 
shaped  hasal  leave  ..f  tlie  i)lant  which  uitlicr  -  'Hv,  while 
the  stem-leaves,  which  are  numerous,  narrow  and  pointed, 
remain.  .\  marked  characteristic  of  these  llowers  is  that, 
althou},di  the  Inids  i,'row  erect  on  their  slender  stalks,  the  full- 
blown hlossoms  droo])  or  are  horizontal  in  order  to  protect 
their  pollen  fn  .m  the  rain.  The  name  1  larehell  refers  to  the 
hair-like  stems  of  the  plant,  and  the  common  term  Uluehell 
is  usually  reserved  for  the  Wild  Hyacinth,  which  is  a  very 
(lifTerent  flower,  havin,-.;  thick  juicy  stalks  and  resemhlin.i,' 
the  ijarden  sjjecies. 

The  Harebell  is  extremely  hardy  and  m.iy  he  found  in  the 
crevices  of  the  cliffs,  defyinj,'  the  fierce  alpine  storms  or 
j,'-rowin.t,f  on  dry  wind-swept  meadows,  or  strikin^j  its  roots 
into  the  tim'est  patch  of  soil,  .so  as  to  jjain  a  foothold  on  the 
ed!i:e  of  some  terrific  precipice,  where  its  delicate  hells,  so 
"  darkly,  deejily,  beautifully  blue."  bend  but  never  break  be- 
fore the  blusterinfj  jj^ale.  This  wonderful  vitality  of  tiie 
Campanula  is  commemorated  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  when,  de- 
scribint,'  I'.llen  in  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,  he  savs: 

"E'en   llic   liclit   linrcbill    raided   its   head 
I'"Iastic   fmiii  her  airv  tread." 


IM   Mil  VI 


i 

re 

1 


f 


I  =^ 


I  I  \i;l  i;i  I  I. 
(  I  aiiij'dnuld    1 1  liindil'Uui  ) 


-"'3 


294 


lilui'  to  Pur  pit'  Floii'crs 


1^ 


.1 


\\i' 


'I 


Caiiif>aniila  lasionirf'a.  or  Antic  I  larcltfll,  is  a  low-grow- 
injj  spccii's  with  lint-ar  acntt-  ^t-ssik-,  tonally  entire  u])\)vr 
leavo>^.  the  lower  ones  heint;  spatitlate  and  narrowed  into 
petioles,  while  the  hrij^ht  hlue  llowcrs  are  nearly  erect  an<l 
solitary  ..n  the  short  stalks.  This  Harebell  },'rows  on  the 
alpine  siinunits. 

BROOK  LOBELIA 

/.oh,  Ha  Kiiliiiii.     l.ulidi.i  I'.imily 

Stems:  K;ify,  Kl.iltrMu-.,  |i,iiii(  nlatilv  liram  lied.  Leaves:  Iowt  om-i 
".liiiliil.-ili-.  olitiiM',  alnicis.  iniirr;  ii])|.ir  cut,.,  si-s,ili-.  linear,  .•iciile.  Flow- 
ers: in  louse  raci'iiics ;  lalyx-liiln-  tiirliiiialf.  licmis|iliiTif.  loin's  lamc- 
ol.ili';  i-orolia-tiilic  sl.ainhl.  oMiiiiif,  ilniijid  to  I'lf  li.i-c  on  one  side. 
tvvo-li|i|)eil,  irrcfjularly  ti\i'-lolic<l. 

Those  who  are  familiar  with  the  cultivated  fjarden  species 
of  Lobelia  will  easily  reco.!,Miize  tlie  mountain  l'>rook  Lobelia, 
which  usually  j^rows  at  the  extreme  ed!.,^e  of  a  stream,  or 
half  immersed  in  some  warm  wet  swamp,  where  its  j,'rass- 
like  stems  bearin<,f  their  racemes  of  sky-blue  blossoms,  spring,' 
up  in  little  companies  anionjjst  the  water-weeds,  the  P.utter- 
worts.  and  the  I'ly-sputted  Orchis. 

LARGE  PURPLE  ASTER 

Aster  iiiiispiiuus.     Coiuposite  I-aniily 

Stems:    stout,    ri^'id.     Leaves:    ov.ite,   oMon.t,',    acute,    serrate,  ly. 

Flowers:    in    innnvrons   coryniliosely   eyniose   heads;    involucre   1  idly 

canii)annlatc,  its   liracts   in    several   seriis ;    rays   in   a  single   ser.  ,,   not 
very  numerous;  disk-dowcrs  tnlndar,  perfect. 

In  August  or  September  the  mountain  incac'ows  and  for- 
ests teem  with  many  of  these  Howers,  for  then 

"  Kverywliere   llie   purple   asters   n  k1, 
And  head,  ;ind  w.ne,  and   Hit." 

They  are  the  pret'-  heralds  of  .\utumn,  some  of  them  tall, 
handsome,  and  statt.y,  like  the  Large  Purple  Aster;  some 


5         ' 

r 

i 


PLATK  LVII 


I'.KcuiK     I.Mr.ll  1  \ 

(  /.••1',-liii    Kdlinii) 


296 


f^ltie  fr,  Purple  Flowers 


% 


,  I 


b'  i 


Minte  small,  s.mmc  I.i^r  at„l  I.tamhin;,'.  and  ntlu-rs  ai^ain 
sirai^'IU  and  slcndi-r.  but  a!',  i.ndinjr  t..  ^lorifv  ih,  earth. 
'Ilu-  .Istrr  co„stia,„s  is  tlie  !.,  -est  and  hand-onu-^t  ni  all 
Its  tnlHT.  as  its  name  su^^j^ests.  I'  is  verv  branching'  .n<l  has 
lar^'c  k-avcs  that  arc  sharply  .<.'hcd:  whik-  the  invohurc 
or  ^rmi  cni,  which  IrnKK  the  |1,.um.  is  nirionslv  fumied  l.v 
several  series  of  tiny  narriiw-(v)i-  i 
horizontally  and  jjive  it  a  »rii  ;<  ' 
this  Aster  are  a  Ir.vely  iiriy  ,r), 
the  centre  are  polden  yello\ 

.Ister  I'remotili.  or  I'reni     t '.- 
species.     It  also  has  purple  r.\      ' 
disk-tlowers.     All   the    Aster- 
tubular  disk-tlowers  crowdei.  t    ^'.i 
surn.unded  by  the  rays,  or  r.\-:l,. 
.shai)ed.  the  wlidc  bi-infr  held    ojyrf' 

involucre,  of  bracts.      The  leaves  ,,f    I  n  :no,n-s   .\ster  are 
quite  suK.oth  at  the  edj^'es. 

The  .\sters  ar.'  niuch-pri/.e,l  Hovvers.  because  they  conn- 
to  us  at  ..  .se.iM.n  when  the  whole  world  is  ualkiu-  in  russet 
j,'arl)  al..r,-  u  penitential  pathwav  th.ii  K-ads  to  u  inter's 
pri.son.  Only  the  (;..l,len-r. -ds  aixl  .\sters  are  left  to 
linf,'er  throu^di  the  soft  -ray  days  of  late  autumn,  an.l  u  hat 
could  be  more  beautiful  than  these  M„ssoins  of  purple 
and  },'old.  which,  where  the  s,„i  strikes  li^dit  with  his  rnddv 
lances,  bejewel  the  burnished  lustre  of  bare  braiahes  anil 
brown  fallen  leaves? 

Aster  fromicHs.  or  T.eafy-bracted  .\ster.  is  a  slout- 
steninied  erect  sfjccies.  with  violet,  purple,  or  white  rays. 
It  has  many  flowers  .^rowin-  on  short  stalks,  which  spring 
out  at  intervals  from  the  axils  oi  the  claspin-  smooth- 
edged  leaves,  all  the  way  tip  the  long  main  stems;  and  the 


bracts,  which  -land  out 
I,  learance.  The  ravs  of 
' .  and  the  disk-flowers  in 


'•r,  K  p   \ery  c 'iiimon 

tiler  ' >r  •■   ni^h-veltow 

.     iicr'>u>,    tiii>. 

•  '■'  'sc  cluster  aiKJ 

oh  are  straj)- 

'1     I  green  cu]).  or 


lUm-  t'i  Piirpii    llout'fs 


297 


lir;Kt>  of  ilif  -rcin  mvi.liKre  arc  very  ooii>|(icu.>iis.  cs|»c- 
iialK  till-  outer  aiul  lower  >crifs.  wliuli  spn-atl  lortli  lioii- 
zoiitally  and  arc  almost  like  tiny  leaves.  This  \>ter  iiMially 
yrows  near  water. 

.Istc  /:nt/i-liiunuii.  or  I-.nj^'eltnatitrs  Aster,  is  a  r.iilur  tall 
rolnist  plant,  of  n.ar-e  .ipiiearanie.  with  eln-^lers  of  pmple 
(lowers,  eaiii  one  },'"'^^"iK  ""i  it'>  own  induulnal  axillary 
.stalk,  or  el>e  in  ;i  lernim.il  i\nie. 

A  coniin..n  laii^Iidi  name  for  .\>ter>  i-  Mieliadnias 
Daisir,.  I)vean>e  they  l.looni  at  the  feast  of  Saint  Mieh.iel, 
aceordin},'  to 

"  riu-  1  .iltiiil.ir, 
I'aitlifiil  tlir  •null  .i  ilidiisaiiil  yi;ir>. 
()t  till'  |i;iifiiii|  r.iii-  111   iln«iT-, 

I'.S.Ht    fii  ll.lj^.  tX.nt   In    liiinr>." 

./.s7<T  Linilhxiinits.  or  Lnidley's  .\Mer,  has  tall  stout 
ste(n>  liranehed  alM.ve.  thick  f,'laI)roiis  leaves,  the  lower  ones 
crdato  at  the  hase.  -harply  ■^errate  and  iicnfc,  and  the  upper 
ones  ovate,  nearly  entire  and  sessile.  The  violetdilue  flow  • 
CIS  are  i  i  ininiepn,s,  .md  the  ten  to  twenty  rays  are  n 
(|iiarter  to  |]alf  an  imh  loni.^-. 

.Liter  la-ris.  or  Smooth  \>Ier,  lia>  thick,  n^nallv  entire, 
ronj^di-inarf^'incd  leaves,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  stronjily 
cordatc-cl;lspin;,^  the  l.asal  and  lower  ones  -.jraduallv  nar- 
rowed int(.  \\'\w^v<\  petioles.  The  pttrple-I.hie  flower  heads 
are  nmnerous,  the  involucre  heini,'  canipainilate.  its  hracls 
ni,'id  ;i(Ute  a|)pres>ed  and  iinhricated  in  se\er;d  series.  The 
rays  niimher  fifteen  to  thirty. 

.Istrr  h'irliardxoiiii,  or  Kichardsou's  .\ster.  is  h.nrv  and 
much  hraiK  hed  from  the  hase.  The  leaves  are  oMonjj  spatii- 
late  and  serrate.  The  violet-purple  tlower  heads  are  soli- 
tary. terminatin<,^  the  hranches.  and  the  involucre  is  broadly 


>ii 


« ' 
III 

'Si 


298 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


♦  » 


i  I 


canipanulate,  the  bracts  being  narrowly  lanceolate.with  acute 
loose  herbaceous  tips. 

Aster  major,  or  Great  Northern  Aster,  has  tall  stems 
which  are  leafy  to  the  summit  and  very  hairy.  The  leaves 
are  lanceolate,  partly  clasping  by  a  narrowed  base,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green  above  and  rather 
paler  l)eneath.  The  purjile  flower  heads  are  usually  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  short  branches.  The  rays  number  thirty  to 
forty-five. 

Aster  c  Hi  o  mar  (J  i  not  us,  or  Hairy-margined  .\ster,  has  tall 
round  stems  tinged  with  red.  The  basal  leaves  are  smooth 
with  hairy-fringed  margins,  .serrate,  and  ta])ering  into  wing- 
margined  petioles,  the  upper  leaves  are  oblong  and  sessile. 
The  light  blue  flower  heads  are  few  in  an  open  panicle,  and 
the  linear  in\olucral  bracts  are  fringed  with  hairs  on  the 
margins. 

Aster  sibiricus,  or  Violet  Aster,  has  broadly  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  .solitary  violet  flowers  terminating  th»'  coryinbi- 
form  branches.  The  involucre  is  short,  its  bracts  narrowly 
lanceolate  with  acute  loose  herbaceous  tips. 


I'l 


1^ 

if- 


BLUE  FLEABANE 

Erigcron  acris.     Conipositi.   I-'amily 

Stems:  liirsitte-pnhescent,  slender,  simple  or  hrancheil.  Leaves: 
pnhescent,  entire,  the  lower  ones  spatulatc,  the  upper  ones  ()l)lon;.»,  ses- 
sile; involucre  hemispheric,  its  hracts  linear,  hirsute.  Flowers:  rays 
numerous,  tubular;  pistillate  flowers  filiform;  pappus  simple,  copious. 

A  very  common  species  of  Fleabane,  which  has  numerous 
small  flowers  growing  in  a  cluster  at  the  top  of  each  slender 
stem,  and  also  a  few  solitary  axillary  blossoms  lower  down. 
The  whole  plant  is  hairy,  the  lower  leaves  being  spatulate 
and  the  upper  ones  oblong,  all  with  smooth  perfect  margins. 


1  i 


W 


Blue  to  Purple  Flowers 


299 


The  I'lcabanes  differ  tn.in  the  Asters  in  one  very  essen- 
tial particular,  namely,  that  the  rays  of  the  former  are  nuuh 
narrower  and  very  much  more  mimen.us  than  those  of  the 
latter,  forminj,'  a  thick  fine  frin-e  nmnd  the  ed^a-  of  the 
flowers.  Also  the  I'leahaues  hloom  earlier  in  the  season. 
They  are  extremely  prolific. 

lirujcron  f^lilhuirlf^liicus,  or  Lavender  I'leal.ane.  has  a 
thick,  finely  cut  lavender  frin,i,^e  encirclinj,'  its  vellow  disk  of 
tiny  tubular  florets.  The  leaves  are  very '  claspinj,'  and 
toothed,  and  the  ray.;  often  nuniher  one  hundred  an<l  twenty. 

Eriiicron  iinitJonis,  or  Arctic  Meahane.  is  a  tinv  dwarf 
plant.  j,'rowinj,r  from  one  to  six  inches  hi<,di,  and  found 
only  on  the  loftiest  mountain  sumnu'ts.  It  has  a  sin.s^le 
.slender  stem,  which  is  clothed  at  the  ha-e  hv  a  small  cluster 
i-i  ;.:iiooth-marji,nned  hairy  leaves;  a  few  little  narrow  leaves 
also  gnnv  hi-her  u]).  At  the  top  is  a  solitary  purpli.sh 
flower.      The  whole  plant  is  very  hairy  and  woolly. 

Eriyeron  laiiaftis.  ..r  .\lpine  I'leahane.  is  also  a  sjjecies 
which  p^rows  at  .threat  elevation-  It  has  Ix.th  jnirple  and 
white  flowers,  and  is  covered  u  iih  :i  s.ift.  whitish,  woolly 
coatinj,'. 

Eriijeron  salsit(/iih>siis.  or  Lar-^a-  Purjile  I'leahane.  is  the 
kinj,'  of  its  trihe.  It  has  very  lar;.,re  ai  1  lovely  purple  flow- 
ers, with  hi-,'  yellow  disks  and  a  few  small,  thick,  smooth 
leaves  clin.i^'injr  to  its  stout  downy  stems.  The  ra_\  s  number 
from  fifty  t..  seventy,  and  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  are 
narrow  and  spreadin,!.,'.  This  i)articular  rica').me  is  (piite 
unmistakable,  for  it  is  much  lari,H'r  and  handsomer  than  any 
of  the  other  mountain  species,  and  makes  the  aljjine  meadows 
and  slopes  quite  <^ay  during  its  flowering  season,  which  is 
in  the  early  autumn. 


300 


Blue  to  Purple  Flouers 


ti 


U'l 


PURPLE  SAUSSUREA 

Saussurcii  di-iisu.     Composite  Family 

Stems:  luarly  smniitli  with  a  (icctimheni  i,;;-e.  Leaves:  thin,  ohlong, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  siiuiate-deut.Uc.     Flowers:  several   w  a  corynib. 

'Ihis  plant  fjrows  chielly  on  stony  slopes  and  in  other  dry 
places  anionj^  the  mountains.  The  dark  ])ur|)le  (lower  heads 
are  (piite  haiulsunie  and  '^rvw  in  a  coni])act  terminal  eorymb. 

WAVY-LEAVED  THISTLE 

Ciirduus  uiuhiiitit.i.     Composite   l'"amily 

Persistently  wliite-tiimentose  t'nroui;lio'.it.  Stems:  stout,  leafy. 
Leaves:  l.mciol.ite  in  outline,  acnte,  sessile,  nndul.ite,  lohed,  tiie  lolies 
dentate,  tri,-in).;ular,  very  prickly.  Flowers:  solitary  at  tiie  ends  of  the 
branches. 

This  reddish-purple  Thistle  s^rows  from  one  to  three  feet 
hij:[h  and  is  a  fine  handsome  plant  with  large  Ion*,'  leaves, 
whose  edi^es  are  wavy  and  triangularly  lol)e(l.  the  lohes  lxMnj]f 
sharply  toothed  and  very  prickly.  The  big  flower-heads 
j;;row  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  are  surrounded  by 
larfje  in\c)lucres  of  prickly  bracts. 

Every  traveller  knows  that  the  Thistle  is  the  national 
floral  emblem  of  Scotland,  and  has  been  ever  since  that  day 
when  a  barefoot  Danish  soldier,  steppintj^  inadvertently  upon 
its  spines,  jj^ave  i  cry  of  ])ain  which  aroused  the  sleeping 
Scottish  camp  and  saved  Scotlard.  The  motto  which  Scots- 
men afl'ix  to  this  flower  is  "  Xciiio  iiic  impunc  laccssit  "  (No 
one  touches  me  with  imptim'ty),  or  in  the  vernacular,  "Ye 
maun't  meddle  wi'  me."  .\nd  assuredly  we  are  quite  con- 
tent to  leave  it  alone  in  its  prickly  glory,  only  pausing  a 
moment  in  passing  to  admire  its  fine  richly  coloured  flowers. 


:.  I 


1.1 


i„iri'*#  f*f^ 


Jf<f 


siwrB??5M5{srfiK§(?sm^ 


Wfi'W-. 


BIui'  to  Purple  Fl'juers 


3<'i 


CHICORY 

Ciihoriuir   liit\hu.i.     Giin|H)sitc   l-'amily 
Stems:  l.raiK-l.i..K.    Leaves:  sicn-lvavc-s  .,1,|,,„«  ..^  la.ueulau-,  rartlv 
cla.p.nK    tlR.   InvMT   spatnlatr     Flowers:   ^..siK-.   axillary   ur   tvnHi,>ai 
i<nut:  achciH's  Mnatc,  ,.a,,,Mis  nf  nunicn,,,,  Miiall  cl.atTv  Males    h.rininK 
a  short  cnnvn.     X.it  indiis'tiiiais. 

'I  Ik-  Chicory,  or  Succory,  is  a  common  H,,\vcr.  wliosc 
lon^.  ,Ieei)  tap-root  is  dried,  roasted.  ^ro„nd  and  used  so 
mucli  as  an  adulterant  .,f  cffee.  The  name  Chicrv  is  nf 
Arahian  origin,  the  Frcncli  call  a  salad  made  of  its  blanched 
leaves  "  Harhe  de  Capucin."  and  children  lo..k  f..r  the  "  lUne 
Sailors  "  hy  the  roadside,  while  I'.merson  has  written  of 

"Smoiry   ti)  match   the    sky." 

The  j^rey-hlue.  and  S(.metimes  pinkish  or  white  flowers, 
ijrow  dose  a.t(ainst  the  tall  hranchin-  stalks,  sometime  siti- 
jjly  and  sometimes  in  clusters,  and  are  composed  onlv  of 
ray  flowers,  fnc-toothed  at  the  edj,'e  and  set  in  a  flat  j^reen 
receptacle.  The  base  lea\es  are  snatulate  and  usuallv 
strongly  incised,  the  upper  (.nes  bein.i,'  reduced  to  oblong' 
bracts.     Tliis  is  an  introduced  plant. 


1 .;  ■ 


m 

ii:: 


ix'^^^^mt^mii^smw 


MM 

III  'V 


i**'  I 


P3 


'■:      • 


I;      • 


f     '• 


ymmmst,mmm?TB^<mi 


WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  XORTII 
AMERICAN  MOUXTALXS 

SFXTIOX  \'II 
YELLOW  TO  ORAXGE  FLOWERS 


'^^% 


Ar^'Tf    K 


<  *  ! 


'« 


\i  I ' 


SFXTIOX  VII 
YELLOW  TO  OKAX(;i":  JLOWF.RS 

WESTERN  SKUNK  CABBAGE 

Lysuliitiin  kamtscluitcciisc.     Arum  I'.imily 

Rootstock:  hori-ontal,  thick.  Leaves:  dlilnnj,',  acuic.  Flowers:  per- 
fect, cri)W(k(l,  covering  the  spadix.  >pathc-  willi  a  hroad  aciiti-  hlailc  nar- 
rowed to  a  sheathing  petiole.  Fruit:  lle^hy  herrie^  iiiimersti!  in  the 
spongy  a.xis  of  the  spadis,  seedN  large. 

This  evil-.snK'lIinj;  tnarsli  herli  has  such  liaiidsomt'  foliajje 
and  gh^rious  Ifiiion-ycllow  spathcs  finclopiii!,'  tht-  tlcshy 
sjjikes  of  tiny  tl(»\vcrs,  that  it  ahvays  attracts  the  c\c  of  tlic 
traveller.  It  rescinhlcs  a  hu.i,'e  .\riini  Lily,  with  the  differ- 
ence that  in  the  Western  Skunk  Cabhaj,^'  the  s])athe  is  erect 
and  pointed,  extends  somewhat  over  the  tlower  spike,  and 
is  not  curled  back  at  the  top,  as  in  the  case  of  the  wliite 
Arum  Lily. 

MOUNTAIN  LILY 

Lilium  moiitaiiHiii.     l.ily  Family 

Bulb  composed  of  narrow,  jointed,  floiiy  scales.  Stems:  t.iil,  leafy. 
Leaves:  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  en(l>,  all  verticillate,  the  margins 
finely  roughened.  Flowers:  erect,  perianth  red<li>li-()range.  <<(  six 
spreading  segments,  each  one  gradually  narrowed  into  a  claw,  purple- 
spotted  below. 

Lilies  grow  in  many  climes  and  are  of  divers  hues. 
White  and  yellow,  orange  and  red,  tall  and  stately,  they 
flourish  conspicuously  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  mmintain 
tops,  beneath  blazing  tropical  suns  and  close  beside  the  eter- 
nal snows. 

305 


'! 


i  i 


PLATE  LVIII 


1  1 1 


B 


VI 


I 


k 


V 


u  ^ 

u   .s 


306 


Yellow  to  Oranije  Flouers 


307 


The  Muuntaiti  Lily  is  one  <tf  tlie  handsomest  of  the  al- 
l)ine  flowers,  and  early  in  Jn'y  its  red-tinted  tawny  hells 
render  the  woods  attractively  jjay.  As  if  conscious  of  their 
j,d(»ry.  the  larj,'e  hrifjht  blossoms  j^row  erect  on  tall  stems, 
round  which  circlinpf  clusters  of  dark  {,'reen  narrow-pointed 
leaves  are  set  at  intervals;  the  outer  surface  of  the  sef,nnv'nts 
is  pale  oranjje.  while  the  open  hells  are  of  a  vivid  reddish 
hue  within,  and  spotted  with  purplish-l)r(jwn.  Lartje  an- 
thers crown  the  six  lonj;  stamens,  and  the  stigma  is  thrce- 
lohed. 

This  Lily  does  not  fear  the  drought  of  long  summer  days, 
hut  grows  in  stately  splendour  in  the  driest  thickets.  It  has 
assumed  a  gorgeous  garh  of  flaming  orange  in  order  to  at- 
tract those  Msects  that  pollenize  its  Howers :  for  while  the 
brilliant  colour  quickly  attracts  the  hees.  the  purplish  spots 
and  lines  unerriigly  point  out  to  them  the  most  direct  route 
to  their  desired  goal,  namely,  those  nectar  grooves  which  lie 
at  the  hase  of  each  segment. 

Truly  was  it  said  that  "  even  Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was 
not  arrayed  like  one  of  these";  for  the  wild  orange-red 
Mountain  Lilies  shine  with  a  beauty  unequalled  in  the  alpine 
forests. 

WESTERN  LILY 

I.ilium  columhianum.     I.ily  F;imily 

Btilb.  with  lanceol.ntc,  acute,  closely  apprcsscd  scales.  Stems:  slender. 
Leaves:  in  whorls.  sc.i.ttcre<i  above  ;in(l  helow,  narrowly  lancc'()late, 
sharply  acuniiniite,  thisi  Rlahrous.  Flowers:  ractmo'^c,  or  in  whorls  on 
stout  pedicels,  six  servients  of  the  perianth  rcvoliitc. 

This  \\  estern  Lily  somewhat  resembles  the  Turk's-cap 
Lily,  for  it>^  head  is  drooped  and  its  floral  leaves  are  revo- 
lute.  or  rolled  backwards,  being  bright  orange  in  colour  and 
thickly  spotted  with  purple  on  the  inside.     It  has  six  very 


'1 
If 


;i 


PLATE  LIX 


1) 


\i^ 


If"  »: 


Mountain  Lily 
(Lilium  inoiitauum) 

308 


Yellow  to  Or<in(fi'  hloavrs 


3<K) 


1(111,1,'  st;mioti>,  which  tcnniiiato  in  Iar;,'t',  .iMi.tii:.  yellow  an- 
IIkts  ;  llir  scj^Miictits  of  the  piriaiith  arc  not  ilauod.  as  in  the 
Mountain  Lily,  hut  are  joined  toj,'ethcr  at  the  l)a>i'.  tonnin^' 
a  perfect  hell. 

.\s  ill  all  the  sjiecies  of  f.iliiiiii.  the  hulh  consists  of  a  In^f 
nunilier  of  overlappiiij,'  scales,  which  are  merely  thickiiictl. 
un(lc\c1oiic(l  leaves.  ser\  iii},'  as  storciiouses  for  the  starchy 
wealth  of  the  iiiant.  Any  one  of  these  scales,  if  separate*! 
from  the  mass,  will  develoi*  into  a  tiny  hulh. 

\'er\  r.idiaiit  are  these  clustere<l  W  est< ni  Lilies,  which 
Inirti  like  torches  in  the  jjreeii  alpuie  meadoWs  at 

"Till-  tiiiu-  wlii'ii  lilii'~  Mow. 
.\ii(l  ili'uds  .irc  lii«lii--t  ill  till'  :iir." 


YELLOW  FklTILLARY 

Stems:  simpk-.  Ic.ify,  Leaves:  li'u.ir.  st  miutimI  or  viTiiiillate. 
Flowers:  usually  s<ilit.ir>.  in'ililiui;,  n.irrow-c.iiniiaiinlalr.  Fruit:  c.ip- 
sitle  ineml)ran;K'c'ni>.  nlildiij;  in  siilinl<)l)i)sc.  >cc<l-  miiiicrnii--,  linri/.intal, 
Il;it.  in  two  rows  in  <-.'irli  coll. 

The  I'ritillarv  is  too  well  known  to  re(|uire  much  descrip- 
tion, and  this  mountain  species  is  particularly  .atractivc  w  ith 
its  lari,'e  oraiijj;e-yellow,  iioddinjj  flowers,  that  are  sometimes 
purplish,  jjrowinj,'  solitary  at  the  top  of  the  leafy  stems, 
which  sprinjj  from  a  scaly  hulh.  The  leaves  are  llat.  lon^' 
and  narrow,  and  the  sei,nnents  of  the  narnnv-campaiuilate 
perianth  are  ohlou.i^^-spatulate.  ohtusc  and  somewhat  spread- 
injj.  This  is  one  of  the  earliest  flowers  to  hlooiii  in  the 
spring. 

YELLOW  ADDER'S  TONGUE 
l:i ylliiduium  ^ruiHliUi'ruiii.     Lily  F.imily 

Stems:  scape  ^totit.  Leaves:  broadly  lamcolato,  aiiiii-,  |)alc  Rrecn. 
Flowers:  one  to  sovcral  in  a  terminal  raceme;  perianth  liroadly  funnel- 


3IO 


Yeliow  t'j  Orantfe  Flouers 


'# 


v.       : 


k  is 


iorm,  of  six  ili>tiiit"t  >cKiiU'iits;  'nittT  onri  l.inrf'>l:ilf,  •)liiii>f,  iiiiitr 
<)lll■^  iiarrumr,  aciiininair,  with  ti.ir  siunt  lijaliiu-  tvcUi  at  l>a«c,  all 
strmiKly  rfvulntc. 

A  lovely  yellow  flower.  fre(|iieiitly  called  "  Siiow  I.ily." 
from  llie  tact  that  it  f^rows  in  such  dose  proximity  to  the 
j^reat  alpine  tti^cs.  "Do^-toDth  \'iolet  "  is  yet  another 
name  for  this  plant,  and  refers  more  partictilarly  to  the 
while  Ijiill).  which  is  supposed  to  re>emhle  the  canine  teeth 
of  a  d«)j(. 

Adder's  Tonjjue  prohahly  refers  to  the  pointed  anthers, 
which  are  six  in  mimhcr  and  extremely  conspicuous;  hut 
"  Snow  Lily  "  is  by  far  the  more  appropriate  desij^nation  for 
a  blossom  which  appears  at  the  edj^e  of  the  avalanches  ;ind 
follows  the  retreatint,'  line  of  the  snow  when  the  warm 
spring'  sunshine  melt>  the  j,'reat  white  masses  in  the  valleys 
and  sets  the  flowers  free.  At  hij,di  altitudes  you  will  (tften 
stc  numbers  of  pale  j^reen  pointed  leaves  forcing;  their  way 
up  through  the  soft  covering,  and  myriads  of  bright  yellow 
blossoms  rising  Init  a  few  inches  alxjve  the  thin  ca'^pet  of 
frozen  crystals,  b'rom  l)etween  two  or  three  of  these  large 
leaves  (somewhat  like  those  of  the  Lily-of-the-\'alley  ) 
springs  the  slender  stalk,  which  terminates  in  a  single  bud, 
or  occasionally  in  a  small  rnceme  of  drooping  golden  Ik'IIs. 
Soon  the  six  jiointed  segments  of  the  perianth  unfold  and 
expand,  gradually  n/lling  backwards  until  they  liecome  com- 
pletely recurved,  leaving  the  whole  length  of  the  stamens 
exjMJsed.  These  segments,  or  floral  leaves,  are  an  exquisite 
shade  of  yellow,  softening  to  cream  colour  at  the  base  in  the 
centre.  The  style  bears  at  its  summit  a  deejily  three-cleft 
stigma,  each  division  thereof  being  also  recurved. 

Great  colonies  of  Yellow  Adder's  Toi.gues  grow  in  the 
mountains,  where  their  faint  fragrance  .scents  the  air  with  a 


leti 


#S.: 


'm 


1  1 .1  \  lliyfiiniii:   ,^i  iiiiilitlt>riiiii 


!      t 


N 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


311 


delicious  perfume.  Late  at  evening,  when  beneath  the  star- 
sown  purple  of  the  sky  you  return  from  making  some  alpine 
ascent,  the  pure  flames  of  these  wild  Lilies  gleam  in  their 
leafy  setting  with  a  pale  golden  light,  and  illuminate  the 
green  brink  of  your  path;  and  when  the  noonday  is  glori- 
fied, and  the  flag  of  the  sun  floats  top-masted  in' the  skies. 
then 

"  You  see  gems  in  yellow 
Nodding,  each  one,  to  his  fellow, 
Strewing  all  the  country  lanes 
With  divinely  huilded  fanes. 
Where  the  benisons  are  breathed  but  ne\ er  spoken." 

Erythronium  grandHlorum  var.  parvHlornm,  or  Small  Yel- 
low Adder's  Tongue,  is  not  so  tall  as  the  preceding  species. 
and  has  rather  narrower  leaves  and  smaller  flowers. 

YELLOW  BLUE-EYED  GRASS 

Sisyrinchium  californicum.  Iris  Family 
Stems:  scapes  broadly  winged.  Leaves:  much  shorter  than  the 
scapes,  bracts  of  the  spathe  more  or  less  unequal,  the  longer  atout 
equalhng  the  ped.cels.  Flowers:  bright  yellow,  segments  of  the  per- 
ianth obtuse  or  acutish,  style  cleft  to  below  the  middle.  Fruit:  capsule 
obovate-oblong.  i-apsuit 

This  plant  has  a  name  which  is  rather  an  anomaly.  The 
tall,  broadly-winged  scapes  are  two-edged,  and  have  a  soli- 
tary, sessile  spathe.  while  the  leaves  are  shortish  and  nar- 
row.    The  bright  yellow  flowers  are  extremely  attractive. 

LARGE  YELLOW  LADY'S  SLIPPER 

Cyfiripedium  pubcscens.  Orchid  Family 
Stems:  leafy.  Leaves:  oval  or  elliptic,  acute.  Flowers:  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lip.  yellowish-greeu  striped  with  purple  ■ 
petals  very  narrow  and  twisted,  lip  much  infl.^te.l.  bright  y.-lbw  witii 
green.sh-purple  lines,  a  tuft  of  white  jointed  hairs  at  the  ton  of  the 
mterior;  stamen  sterile,  triangula.  ,  stigma  thick,  incurved       ' 


312 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


^S 


ll 
11 


,11 


[I   »« 


11  ^»'  c> 


In  the  dry  sun-warmed  forests,  where  the  birds  trill  their 
sweet  antiphons  and  the  smooth  surface  f)f  the  pools  reflects 
with  steadfast  truth  the  cone-laden  branches  of  fir  and  pine 
and  the  fleecy  clouds  that  float  across  the  azure  sky. —  there, 
unafraid,  rejoicinjj  in  its  weird,  almost  unearthly  l)eauty.  the 
Larf,'e  Yellow  Lady's  Shpper  flaunts  its  p^audy  flowers. 

At  the  first  sis,dit  of  these  exquisite  orchids,  which  also 
j,'row  on  the  open  arid  moraines  close  t<)  the  glacier-,  you 
catch  your  breath,  and  a  thrill  runs  throu<,'h  all  your  veins; 
there  thev  stand,  fjolden-brij^ht,  surrounded  by  a  halo  of 
romance  and  mystery 

There  is  little  need  to  describe  this  Cypripaiimn,  for  its 
showy  inflated  sac.  flanked  by  long  spiral  petals  and  purplish- 
green  sepals,  distinguishes  it  ;it  once,  even  to  the  unprac- 
tised eye.  The  leaves  of  the  Large  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper 
grow  alternately  on  the  slender  hairy  stems,  and  are  large, 
long-shaped,  pointed,  many-nerved,  and  plaited.  The  name 
C\pripcdium  is  derived  from  the  Greek.  an<l  means  Venus's 
sock  or  buskin. 

Cxpripcdium  paniflorum,  or  Small  Yellow  Lady's  Slip- 
per, much  resembles  the  preceding  species,  but  may  be  easily 
distinguished  by  means  of  its  smaller  flowers,  the  inflated 
sacs  of  which  are  of  a  much  deeper,  richer  shade  of  yellow, 
and  are  often  marked  with  reddish-purple  spots  and  lines, 
and  also  by  its  wider  oval-shaped  leaves  and  thicker  stems. 

In  July,  that  ex(iuisite  month  which  lies  within  the  very 
heart  of  summer,  should  you  wander  amid  the  mountains 
when  dawn  trumpets  forth  the  glittering  rise  of  day.  then 
pause  beside  some  sluggish  alpine  stream,  which  lies  coiled 
in  sleepy  curves,  for  there,  far  removed  from  the  haunts  of 
men.  you  may  be  fortunate  enough  to  f^nd  the  fragrant  little 
Cypripcd'um  parMorum. 


Yellow  to  Ornnye  Flouers 


3'3 


Unlike  tiic  Large  species,  this  Small  \'ell(»\v  Lady's  Slip- 
per usually  seeks  the  seclusion  of  the  hazy  hollows  and  the 
moist  misty  woods.  Rightly  have  these  lovely  sweet- 
scented  (lowers  been  proclaimed 

"  Goiden  slii)iKTs  mt'ct  f'T  fairies'  ftet." 


YELLOW  POND  LILY 

Nymt<hcra  f^clyscfaln.     Water-I.ily  I-"aniily 

Leaves:  all  floatiiin,  cinlu  to  fmirteen  inches  in  diameter,  l)roa<I-ovatc, 
thick,  fleciily  cordati-,  on  stont  lialf-cylindrical  pctinlcs.  Flowers:  tw<> 
to  five  inche'<  in  diameter;  seiials  eiglit  tn  tweUo.  inie(iiial.  concave  ami 
roundish;  petals  eleven  to  eighteen,  dilated,  truncate,  siiorcer  than  the 
stamens.     Fruit:  Rlohose,  indeltiscenl. 

This  Pond  Lily  has  numerous  rounded  concave  sepals, 
which  are  of  a  dee|)  orange-yellow  colour  inside  and  usually 
streaked  and  blotched  with  jnirple-rcd  on  the  outside,  and 
assume  the  function  of  petals;  for  the  real  petals  of  this 
plant,  though  very  numerous,  are  inconspicuous  and  resem- 
ble the  stamens,  being  thick,  short,  and  fleshy. 

Tie  Yellow  Pond  Lily  is  not  so  beautiful  as  its  cousin, 
the  White  Water-lily,  yet  the  golden-hued  mountain  speucs 
is  very  fragrant ;  it  has  handsome  floating  foliage,  and  flow- 
ers which  i)oets  have  not  disdained  to  praise. 

Longfellow  described  Hiawatha's  canoe  as  floating 

"  Upon  the  river 
Like  a  yellow  leaf  in  autinni', 
Like  a  yellow  water-lily." 

This  Pond  Lily  grows  in  still  waters  and  'ow  streams, 
where,  springing  from  thick,  horizontal,  (leci)ly  subinerged 
rootstocks,  the  long  stalks,  which  are  flattened  on  tiie  inner 
side  and  rounded  on  the  outer  side,  uphold  th  j^Icaining 
floral  cups.     In  many  an  alpine  lake 


'li 


I 


314 


Yelloiv  to  Orantje  Flowers 


f*  m 


V. 


II 


"^  K :. 


■i  ■ 


"  The  brislit  Symphmi  loves  to  lave, 
And  spreads  her  golden  orbs  along  the  dimpling  wave." 

Nvmpluca  signifies  "  a  water-nymph,"'  and  the  l)<)tanical 
family  to  which  this  Vellcnv  Pond  Lily  belongs  is  called  in 
the  Latin  Symphicaccic,  or  Water-lily  Family. 

MEADOW  BUTTERCUP 

l\\iiiuiuuliis  acrts.    Crowfoot  Faniiiy 

Stems:   erect,  liairy,  branched   al)Ove,   roots   fibrous.    Leaves:  basal 

.mes   tnftcd.   iKtmlod.   tlircc-to-sevcn   parted,   the  divisions   sessile   and 

cleft    into   innnerous    narrow    acute    lobes;    upper    leaves    three-parted. 

Flowers:  unnK-rous;  petals  five,  yellow,  conspicuous.    Not  indisenous. 

lucry  child  knows  and  loves  the  hright  yellow  flowers  of 
the  common  Duttercup.     Kvery  child  has  sung  of 

"  Buttercups  and  daisies. 

And  all  the  pretty  flowers, 
GruNsing  in  the  sunshine 
To  tell  of  happy  hours." 

Vet  the  Ranunculus  acris  is  the  enemy  of  the  farmer. 
Cattle  will  not  eat  of  its  acrid  leaves,  and  even  the  hands  of 
man  are  fre(|uently  scarred  and  blistered  hy  the  caustic 
juices  contained  in  t'^^  stalks  and  leaves  of  this  plant.  High 
up  in  the  mountains,  however,  where  the 

"  Buds  of  yellow  hue 
Do  paint  the  meadows  with  delight," 

we  welcome  these  brilliant  Buttercups ;  there  they  can  harm 
no  one,  but  only  please  the  eye  with  their  finely  dissected 
foliage  and  tall-stemed  golden  flowers. 

If  you  cut  vertically  through  the  middle  of  this  Ranuncu- 
lus, you  will  find  that  its  receptacle  is  a  long  cone,  from 
which  the  five  green  sepals,  the  five  yellow  petals,  the  numer- 
ous stamens,  and  the  carpels  all  spread  out  successively. 


Yellow  to  Ornnqe  Flowers 


31S 


Care  must  he  taken  not  to  co^fu^e  the  Ranumiili  with  the 
Potcntillas,  which  latter  Ijelonjj  to  the  Rose  I'amilv  and  are 
also  descrihed  in  this  Section,  for  the  hlossoms  of  the  two 
plants  Somewhat  resemhle  each  other,  though  a  close  inspec- 
ti(jn  and  comparis(jn  of  them,  tofjether  with  their  stetns  and 
leaves,  will  always  serve  to  plainly  demonstrate  at  once  the 
differences  which  exist  hetween  them.  One  point  of  vari- 
ance which  may  he  specially  noted  is  that  the  h'atimicttlus 
usually  has  simple  lohed,  or  divided  or  dissected  leaves, 
whereas  the  Potcntilla  usually  has  compound  leaves;  that  is 
to  say,  the  Raniinciilits  has,  in  most  cases,  leaves  that  are 
much  cut  up  and  lohed.  hut  the  rotcntilla,  as  a  rule,  has 
leaves  formed  of  several  entirelv  separate  leaflets.  Tliis 
distinction  is,  however,  not  arhitrary.  thoufjh  it  exists  in  the 
majority  of  cases.  Also  each  petal  of  the  Ranunciilits  has 
a  tiny  pit.  or  si)ot.  covered  hy  a  scale,  on  the  inside  of  the 
claw,  near  the  hase.  This  spot  is  al)sent  in  all  the  Potcn- 
tillas. The  Meadow  Buttercup  has  tihrous  roots.  This  is 
an  introduced  plant. 

Ranunciilits  Macoiinii,  or  Macoun's  Buttercup,  is  an  erect, 
very  hairy  plant,  growing  from  one  to  two  feet  high,  and  has 
yellow^  tlowers. 

Ranunculus  Eschscholtaii,  or  Snow  Buttercup,  grows  at 
very  high  altitudes,  close  to  the  snow  and  always  near  water. 
A  cluster  of  much-divided  leave-  grows  up  from  the  hase 
of  the  plant  on  long  slender  stems,  and  half-wav  up  the 
flower-stalk  there  is  a  circle  of  narrowly  lohed  leaves,  and 
also,  frequently,  a  single  hud.  The  large  yellowish  caly.x. 
which  is  covered  with  hrown  hairs  on  the  outside,  gives  the 
flower  almost  a  douhle  appearance.  The  head  of  the  fruit 
is  oblong. 

Ranunculus  Cymbalaria,  or  Creeping  Crowfoot,  as   its 


3i6 


Yellou-  to  Orantfe  Flowers 


V-  % 


', 


name  denotes,  is  a  •^niall  creepinj,'  plant,  havinj,'  minienms 
runners  which  root  at  the  joints,  whence  sprinj,'  up  little 
clusters  of  leaves.     The  flowers  are  yellow  and  very  tiny. 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  capillaccus.  or  Water  Crow- 
foot, has  tiny  white  and  yellow  llowers.  'I"he  fine  thread- 
like leaves  are  entirely  suhmerjijed  under  the  surface  of  the 
alpine  lakes  and  pools,  where  the  plant  j^rows  abundantly, 
while  the  broader  three-lohed  leaves  float  \\\vm  the  face  of 
the  waters.  Tliese  thread-like  leaves  are  common  to  several 
kinds  of  acjuatic  plants,  and  such  minute  division  enables 
them  without  a  larj^'e  expenditure  of  material  to  exi)ose  a 
larj,'e  surf.ice  to  the  carbonic  acid  fjas  dissolved  in  the  water. 

h'anumiilus  rcf^tans,  or  Creepint;  Spearwort.  has  small 
yellow  llowers  with  from  four  to  seven  petals,  trailinpf  stems 
that  root  at  the  joints,  and  extremely  narrow  jjrass-like 
leaves.  The  flowers  are  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  prostrate 
creeiiinj;;  stems. 

Ranunculus  rcf'cns.  or  N'ellow  Crowfoot,  is  a  hairy  plant, 
which  s|)reads  by  means  of  its  runners  and  forms  larj,'e 
l)atches  upon  the  f;round ;  it  has  leaves  which  are  divided 
into  three  parts,  each  one  of  which  is  lobed  and  toothed. 
The  flower-stalk  is  grooved,  the  sepals  are  widely  spread, 
and  the  petals  are  half-erect.     This  is  an  introduced  i)lant. 

Ranunculus  pynniuus,  or  Pij^my  P.uttercup.  is  a  very  tiny 
|)lant  fj^rowing  onl ,  i  v-  to  three  inches  hi.qh  on  the  alpine 
summits.  It  has  deeply  three  to  five  lobed  basal  leaves  with 
slender  stalks,  and  similar  sessile  stem  leaves.  The  jjctals 
of  the  wee  yellow  flowers  slightly  exceed  the  sei)als  and  the 
fruit  heads  are  short-oblong. 


Yi'llow  to  Orfinf/c  Floivers 


V7 


MARSH-MARIGOLD 

Ciilllhi  t'aliislris.     C'rnwf,,nt    I'"amily 
Stems:  cmt    n,K.-,..-,wn  H„wc.c-.l,  tin    |,,ucr  ,1..w.r  s„Mn„l..,l   In    a 
petal.M.l  la.Kn.latc  l,ra...     Leaves:  ruun.lM,   .„  .,l,l„„„  ...r.latc-,  l.^n^.r 
than  w,.k.    nrcKularly  croatc-i,., „1h-.1.     Flowers:  xdinu;  sc,.al>  p.tal 
oi.l,  laiUHulaic.  act.;  ,.ciaK  nunc;  stamn,.  an.I  ,„sti|s  nnniemus. 

'I'his  is  a  >|)Ion(li(I-|,M,kin-  mar.sli  pl;mt.  with  lar-c-  nmn.I- 
ish  «l...ssy  k.a\c.s  ..f  a  .krp  l,ri-lit  .i^rcTn.  a.,.1  fmc  vclluw 
I)I-.ssunis  that  arc  tin^a-d  with  piirpk-  ..n  the-  o„t>i,k-.  '  It  ro- 
sc-mhlcs  a  Iarj,a-  liiittcrcup.  Tlic  name  Mari-nl,l  is  ;,  o.r- 
nipti.m  ni  ••  Mary's  -,,i,i,"  f„r  thi.»  ik.wor  was  (k-<hoatr,l  t.. 
the  H,.ly  \ir-i,i  in  the  Mi.klle  .\j,n-s.  a  fact  to  which  Sliake- 
speare  refers  in  Cynilnlinc.  when  he  causes  the  imisicians 
to  sing: 

"Hark,  Iiarlv!  tlif  lark  ;it  lu'avcn^  ^atc  sinj^-s, 
And  rii,;Iin-    Kin--  arise, 
His  >tifiK  In  water  at  tlmse  springs 

On  clialic'd  tloucrs  tliat  lif>  ; 
And  uinkinj,'  MarylnKN  l)ft;in 
I  ()  dpi'  llu'ir  gulden  cyt-s." 

The  Marsh-inari<,n.l.l  has  no  petals,  hut  its  five  or  more 
petaloid  sepals  do  ,hity  instead.  The  k-a\es  of  this  ex- 
tremely succulent  plant  are  mostly  Iieart-shaped  at  the  hase. 
and  just  helow  the  tlower  is  l)..rne  a  petal-like  lon--sh;,i)ed 
hract. 

Ofttintes  amid  the  mountains  you  will  sf^-  (l;,(  „„,j.t 
meadows  literally  ahla/.e  with  these  showy  l)lo.„,.ns.  which 
turn  the  marshes  into  a  veritable  I'iekl  of  ihf  ci,.th  of  (inld. 

YELLOW  COLUMBINE 

. /i/»(/,'.i,'i<;  /hiri-Siriis.     C'rf>\vi'i.>t    l\miily 
Stems:    v,n,,„tl,.     Leaves:     tcrnate:     Icailrt^     rn„n,l-o,r.lai>-     tlir.e- 
partcl.   tlH-    -..-MR.nts   car^dy    tuo-lK-i.     Flowers:    >d).>u,    pendnl..„s; 


3i8 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


:i 


petals  five,  with  short  spreaciiiiK  lips,  and  prmluccd  backwards  into  lung 
tubular  spurs;  sepals  rellexed,  longer  than  the  spurs. 

This  Columbine  grows  at  great  altitudes,  atid  may  be 
found  amongst  the  rocks  at  a  height  of  8000  feet,  where 
the  soil  is  so  hght  and  sparse  that  there  seems  to  he  no  foot- 
hold for  any  vegetation  at  all.  much  less  for  such  tall  and 
graceful  plants  as  these  Aquilcfjias.  which  stand  from  one 
to  three  feet  high  and  bear  alxmdant  blossoms  of  pale  yel- 
low, pendent  on  their  brittle  stalks. 

The  foliage  of  the  ^'ellow  Columbine  is  much  smaller  and 
more  delicate  than  that  of  A.  formosa;  but  it  is  equally  dark 
green  alK)ve  and  pale  green  iK'ncath.  Xo  prettier  sight  can 
be  seen  than  clusters  of  the-.e  wild  elfin  flowers  growing  at 
the  edge  of  some  barren  cliff,  their  fragile  loveliness  r.hining 
against  a  sombre  background  of  stony  walls,  from  the  height 
of  whose  overhanging  ledges  the  blossoms  nod  down  at 
the  traveller,  as  they  sway  ..iid  swing  at  the  bidding  of  the 
breeze. 

ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  GRAPE 

Ucrbcris  rcpcns.     Barberry  Family 

A  low  Kl.il)rous  shrub.  Leaves:  petiok-d,  pinnate,  the  leallets  three  to 
se\en.  oviite,  obtuse,  truncate  at  the  ba>e,  sissile,  thick,  finely  retriculated, 
dentate  with  spine-bcariuK  teeth.  Flowers:  in  short  racemes,  the  ch's- 
ters  terminal  and  a.xillary,  niany-tlowereil,  yellow.  Fruit:  a  glob  se 
dark  lilue  berry. 

This  shrub,  which  is  exceedingly  ornamental,  has  yellow 
wood  and  bright  green  fdliage,  which  turns  to  a  lovely  red- 
dish colour  in  the  autumn.  The  tiny  vivid  yellow  flowers 
grow  in  short  thick  clusters :  they  have  six  bracted  sepals, 
with  six  petals  opposite  them,  also  six  stamens. 

Bcrbcris  aquifolium,  or  Oregon  Grape,  is  a  taller  shrub 
than  the  preceding  species,  Vvith  five  to  nine  oblong-ovate, 


Yf/low  to  Ornnf/e  Flowers 


V9 


pointed,  pinnate  leaves,  which  are  spiny-f.othed  and  verv 
green  and  shiniiifr  ,,n  the  npiR-r  Mirface.  The  Inid  >iales  are 
trian^nhir.  and  the  tiny  yell..\v  (lowers  grow  in  terminal  and 
axillary  clusters. 


ARCTIC  POPPY 

/'i//'(/rrr  iilf^inum.     I'-ippy  I'amily 
Sterna:  sc-.p^  crt-ct,  l,ir»ue.    Leaves:  all   l,as.,|,  p|„„.ntdv  Inhcl  ..r 
ceft,    the    IuIk-,     linear,    aa.te.    Flowers:     SMi.tarv.    Fruit:    cai.Milc 
ohovoiil,  (IciiMly  l.fsct  with  iTfct  liri.ily  hair.. 

This  is  .piite  an  alpine-arctic  plant  and  gr..ws  onlv  ..n  the 
high  summits.  It  has  a  iL.wer  varying  in  colour  fm-n 
yellow  to  reddish-orange,  which  grows  on  the  t-.p  ,,f  a 
slender,  very  erect  stalk,  and  is  tormed  like  a  coin.n..n 
Poppy,  hut  has  onl>  tour  petals.  All  the  leaves  grow  at  the 
base  of  the  plant  and  are  long-.liaped  and  l.-hed. 

GOLDEN  CORYDALIS 

C  tiryJiilis  uiiirti.  I'iimit"ry  I'.itiiily 
Commonly  l.nv  and  -,,rea.lin«.  Leaves:  llndv  .lissertcl  ini„  ..MnnR- 
ol)ovatf  si'KnKMits.  Flowers:  in  .i,<.rt  >i.icatc  r.uenic. ;  cur-lla  tnl.ular. 
irregular;  petals  four,  ono  of  tin-  onti.-r  pair  ~piirrf<l  at  tlic  hasf  tliJ 
i.Ucrior  ones  narmw.  ludc.l  on  the  l.avk;  si>ur  half  the  length  of  the 
body  of  the  corolla.     Fruit:  |)0(!>  spreading;. 

This  plant  generally  grows  low  upon  the  ground,  the  very 
finely  dissected  lolia^T  si)rea(ling  out  into  large  patches  that 
are  gemmed  hy  the  clusters  of  golden-yellow  flowers,  whose 
form  at  once  .suggests  that  of  the  Wild  P.leeding-hcart. 
When  the  ripe  pods  split  oi)en  they  di.sclose  and  scatter  nu- 
merous bright  shining  .seeds. 


I 


.1^" 


Yi'Uoic  10  Or/intft'  h'l.ut'rs 


t 


GOLDEN  WHITLOW  GRASS 

I hiilui  iiuini.     Mii^l.inl   !  .imily 

Stems:  l.r.nuliiiik'.  jmiIm  v,  ,.|ii.  If.ifv  i..  tlic  inll'ircM-ciKf.  Leavrs: 
l>a-.il  'tH-  in  tiit'ls,  s|),itul,iti',  olitUM.  -li^'liily  ili-iitatf;  stiin-lea\i-^  uli- 
l"tik'.  I'litc.  Flowers:  ytll.tw,  piials  twiix-  llic  k-i.Kth  of  tlic  c;.l>  \.  i-ii- 
tiri'.     Fruit;  \u>i\-  ai  nii-,  at  Unutli  .IJKlitlj  twisted. 

A  plant  that  roM-mhU^  a  licacU  Mustard,  luit  is  imich 
snialk'i-  and  has  a  n.-nlati-  tnt't  nf  U'a\cs  at  I  lie  liasc.  Tiny 
sinj^k-  k-axcN  alx.  j,'r<.\\  u|i  nn  ilu-  lirancliiii'  stnns,  and  the 
littk'  deep  yellnw  tlip\\cr>  j^rnw  in  cluse  clusters. 

/'/-(//'i;  alpitui.  (ir  Alpine  Whitlow  flrass,  is  a  tinv  spocio 
found  at  extremely  hi.^h  altitudes,  'i'ho  k'a\es  are  all  l>a>al 
and  j,'ro\v  in  a  dense  tuft,  v.  Iiile  the  tiny  dusters  of  little 
.\ello\v  llowers  are  svt  on  the  top  .,f  short  naked  stalks. 
The  whole  plant  is  hairy  and  seldom  exceeds  four  inches 
in  hei^^ht. 

niabii  tinvlis.  or  Arctic  Whitlow  (Irass.  has  numerous 
slender  matted  branches.  an<l  lance-shaped  hairv  leaves 
which  ha>e  a  stmnjrly  marked  mid-nerve.  The  llowers  are 
yellow  and  inconspicuous.  ;uul  the  whole  plant  is  covered 
with  tiny  hairs  and  a  whitish  hlooin.  it  j^row  s  at  hi<,di 
altitudes. 

Prahd  i/huialis.  or  Pale  N'ellow  Whitlow  (Jr.iss.  ^rows  on 
the  summits  of  many  moutitains.  It  has  stroni^Iy  keeled 
le,i\es  .and  the  petals  are  pale  yellow,  hccoming  darker  at 
the  base. 


■I, 


% 


BLADDER-POD 

I'hysaiit!  c//i/ 1  i/iiik^/'ii.     .Mu--tar(l   Family 

Stems:  liicmiiln'iit  >ir  a-cciuliiiK,  sltiuk-i.  simpk'.  Leaves:  spatulau, 
tiu'  lia>al  iiiK>  iiliiii-f.  entire,  n.irrowcil  into  niar^'iiiid  pctiok-^ ;  sicni- 
liMMs   nc.irly   M-^ik'.   .icntc,  nuicli   Mnalk-r.     Flowers:   yellow,   in   ter- 


PF.AM-  IS. 


321 


MICROCOPY   RESOIUTION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2| 


in  IIS 

1112.0 


|40 


1:25    i  1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


^     APPLIED  IM/1GE     Ir 


'653   East   Main   street 

Rochester,   Ne*   ycv        t4609       fSA 

(716)   482  -  OMO  -  Phone 

(716)   288  -  5989  -  Fa» 


[I- 

■f:t 


m 


r.f 


M' 


322 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


minal   raciincs.     Fruit:  pods  didyni.   is,  variable,   with   large,   strongly 
inflated  cavities,  eniarginale  at  base  and  summit. 

A  most  curious  and  interesting  plant,  which  grows  on 
high  rocky  slopes  and  forms  patches  upon  the  ground  hy 
means  of  its  rosettes  of  pale  green  leaves  and  decumbent 
stems.  The  little  yellow  flowers  are  cruciform  and  incon- 
spicuous, and  grow  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  long 
slender  stalks  which  spring  out  from  below  the  c^n^ral 
rosettes  of  leaves,  wbile  an  irregular  circle  of  c  .cr  Iea\es 
grows  beyond  them  again.  It  is  the  large  inflated  pods, 
of  a  delicate  gray-green  hue.  which  give  this  plant  its  com- 
mon name  and  constitute  its  greatest  attraction.  They  are 
really  exquisitely  cpiaint,  and  so  unusual  as  to  always  attract 
the  notice  of  the  passing  traveller.  The  leaves  are  spatu- 
late  and  small.  The  name  Physaria  is  derived  from  the 
Greek,  signifying  "  bellows,"  and  refers  to  the  inflated  fruit. 


^i 


^1 


\       V 

I 

I  f,  ;, 


NESLIA 

Neslia  pankulata.     Mustard  Family 

Stems:  slender,  branched  above.  Leaves:  lanceolate,  acute,  entire, 
sagittate-clasping  at  the  base.  Flowers:  racemose.  Fruit:  silicles 
small,  globose,  wingless,  reticulated,  indehiscent.     Not  indigenous. 

This  herb  is  usually  one  to  two  feet  high  and  has  lance- 
shaped  leaves  with  even  margins,  which  are  arrow-head- 
shaped  and  clasping  at  the  base,  and  grow  all  up  the  slender 
stems.  The  small  ascending  yellow  flowers  form  elongated 
racemes.     This  is  an  introduced  plant. 

HERB  OF  ST.  BARBARA 

Brassica  Sinat'islrum.    Mustard  Family 

Stems:  erect,  hispid,  with  scattered  stiff  hairs.  Leaves:  oval,  coarsely 
dentate,  the  basal  ones  pinnatifid.    Flowers:  showy,  yellow,  in  elongated 


U  l. 


:v_;K:.iP'2tH;^i««iL . 


Yelloii'  to  Orange  Flowers 


323 


racemes.     Fruit:  the  >ili(iues  elongated,  ses>ile,  tipped  with  a  tiaitencd 
conic  beak.     Not  indigenous. 

A  handsome  species  l)earing  showy  yellow  flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes,  and  having  large  oval  leaves  that  are  very 
coarsely  toothed,  rough  to  the  touch,  and  conspicuously 
veined.  The  basal  leaves  are  lohed.  Like  all  the  Mus- 
tards, it  has  four  cruciform  petals.  This  is  an  introduced 
plant. 

HARTWEG'S  TANSY  MUSTARD 
Sisyiiihrium  IlarUcegianum.     Mustard  Family 

Stems:  slender.  Leaves:  pinnate:  leaflets  lanceolate,  obtuse  and 
acutely  tootiied.  Flowers:  small,  yellow.  Fruit:  the  siliques  erect  on 
ascending  pedicels,  linear,  i 'ongated. 

A  coarse  uninteresting  plant,  with  pinnately  cut  leaves, 
the  tiny  leaflets  being  sharply  toothed.  The  flowers  are 
small  and  yellow  and  the  pods  long  and  narrow. 

Sisymbrium  altissimiim,  or  Tall  Hedge  Mustard,  has  tall 
freely-branching  stems  and  lower  leaves  which  are  runci- 
nate-pinnatifid,  the  narrow  lobes  often  auriculate,  and 
smaller,  very  deeply  cut  ujjper  leaves.  The  pale  yellow 
flowers  are  inconspicuous.  The  pods  are  rigid,  very  long, 
divergent  and  hardly  thicker  than  the  short  pedicels.  This 
is  an  introduced  plant. 

Sisymbrium  cancsccns,  or  Pale  Tansy  Mustard,  is  a  soft- 
hairy  species  with  long  deeply  cut  leaves  growing  out  almf)st 
at  right  angles  from  the  stem;  very  small  yellowish  floAcrs 
and  pods  in  long  racemes. 

Sisymbrium  incisum,  or  Western  Tansy  Mustard,  is  a 
similar  plant  to  the  Pale  Tansy  ^hlstard,  but  is  greener  and 
less  hairy,  and  has  longer  nice  slender  pods  and  one-ranked 
seeds.  The  leaves  have  n*  •  auh  a  fringed  appearance  as 
those  of  Sis\mbrium  cancsccns. 


3^4 


Yi'llou^  to  Orange  Flowers 


if,' 


TREACLE  MUSTARD 

lirysiiiiuiii  parz-iflorum.     .Mu>tar(l  Family 

Stems:  erect,  siinple.  Leaves:  olilanceolatc  or  liiuar,  ol)tiisc,  entire 
or  dentate,  tlie  npijcr  >e--sile,  tlie  lower  sleii(ler-|)eti<ile<l.  Flowers: 
pale  yellow.  Fruit:  tlic  silitiues  eloiig.iteil,  linear,  four-angled,  valves 
strongly  keeled  hy  a  prominent  mid-vein. 

'Phis  common  Treacle  Mustard  has  very  small  pale  yellow 
flowers  and  rather  whitish  leaves,  which  latter  jjrow  in  a 
tuft  at  the  base  of  the  ])lant  and  alsf)  alternately  all  the  way 
up  the  stif/  -rect  stems.  The  flowers  have  four  tin\  gteen 
.sepals  and  four  yellow  petals,  which  latter  are  cruciate,  or 
set  i'-  the  form  of  a  cross.  The  Treacle  Mustard  helonfjs 
to  the  Cntcifcrcc.  or  Mustard  Family,  all  of  whose  members 
have  four  cruciform  petals. 

STONECROP 

Si'dunt   stfiit>[>i'lalum.     Orpine   Family 

Flowering  branches  erect.  Leaves:  alternate,  crowded,  but  scarcely 
imbricated  except  on  the  sterile  shoots,  sessile,  linear,  entire.  Flowers: 
in  a  tbree-to-seven  forked  cyme,  compact;  petals  narrowly  lanceolate, 
very  acute,  much  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes. 

This  plant  is  well  named  Scditm,  from  scdcrc  "  to  sit." 
for  it  sits  very  happily,  and  in  lowly  fashion,  upon  th'^  bleak 
bald  hills  at  hij;;h  altitudes.  It  is  a  most  uncanny  plant. 
The  tiny,  pale  green,  juicy  leaves,  crowded  on  the  thick- 
short  stems,  are,  like  human  flesh,  easily  bruised ;  and  each 
of  the  brij^ht  yellow  flowers,  which  s^row  in  dense  clusters, 
has  four  or  five  narrow  poin'.ed  petals.  There  are  ten 
stamens,  the  alternate  ones  beini,'  attached  to  the  petals. 
The  five  erect  carpels  are  tipped  with  lons^  conspicuoi  ;d 
diver<;^ent  styles,  crowned  by  fat  stij^finas. 

The  smooth  clammy  foliage  of  the  Stonecrop  reminds  the 


Yt'i'lou-  to  Orange  Floivers 


'?2.<; 


travfller  foRihly  i)f  the  narrow  j^ap  which  Hc>  hctu  .ic 

Animal  and  the  \'e,i,'etahle  Kinijdotns,  for  the  icnuh  i-t  it-; 
tleshy  leaves  is  most  repulsive,  resemhiinf^f  tliat  of  some  I'oM 
nioist  ho<ly.  I'ortnnately,  however,  it  is  redeemed  from 
bcin},'  entirely  ohjectionahle  hv  the  twinkhn^^  httle  <,'olden 
blossoms,  which  are  as  heaUhy  and  nattnal  in  their  appear- 
ance as  the  fohajLje  is  the  verv  reverse. 

"  I'luwtT  ill  tlu'  iraiuiicd  wall, 
I  pliK'k  ynu  out  <if  the  craiiiiii'^. 
I  hold  yon  here,  root  and  ,'ill,  in  my  liaiid, 
Little  tlowcr  —  hut  if  1  conld  undt-rstand 
What  yon  are,  root  and  all.  ;ind  .all  in  all. 
1  should  know  what  (iod  and  ni  ui  is." 

"  No  deeper  thout^ht  was  ever  uttered  hy  jioet."  says  John 
Fiske,  in  his  beautiful  work.  Throuiih  Xaturc  to  God:  "  for 
in  this  world  of  plants,  which,  with  its  maj;ician,  chloro- 
phyll, conjurinjj  with  sunbeams,  is  ceaselessly  at  work 
brinjj;in^f  life  out  of  death  —  in  this  quiet  vef,'etable  world 
we  may  find  the  elementary  principles  of  all  life  in  almost 
visible  operation." 

Care  must  be  taken  not  to  confuse  the  Yellow  Saxifrajje 
with  the  Stonecrop.  The  former  has  tiny,  thin,  ordinary 
leaves,  while  the  latter  has  leaves  that  are  thick,  fleshy,  and 
very  juicy.  This  i)eculiar  foliaj^e  of  the  Stotiecrop  enables 
it  to  retain  a  quantity  of  moisture  durinj^  the  di\-  season, 
an  attribute  which  proves  extremely  useful,  since  it  j:^njws 
in  crevices  and  crannies  between  the  rocks,  where  the  sparse 
dry  soil  affords  little  or  no  sustenance  to  the  roots;  hence 
its  ability  to  imbibe  and  retain  moisture  throufjh  its  leaves 
renders  it  fit  to  tlourish  (jn  these  .sandv  and  stony  slopes. 


i»i 


326 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


'^t^ 


'Wl 


r 


% 


»t 


YELLOW   SAXIFRAGE 

Saxiftat^ii  aizoidt-s.     Saxifrage   Family 

Stems:  leafy.  Leaves:  alternate,  linear,  tliick,  fleshy,  inucroiiate- 
tipped,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  tiie  margins  sparingly  ciliate. 
Flowers:  several,  corymhose;  i)etals  f've,  oldoiig,  yellow,  usually  spotted 
with  orange;  calyx  fi\e-lolH.'d,  hase  of  the  capsule  adnatc  to  the  calyx; 
stamens  ten,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Fruit:  ovary  two-celled,  two- 
lohcd  at  the  sunnnit ;  styles  short ;  stigmas  capitate. 

Thi.s  Yellow  Saxifrajjc  j^rows  amotifj  the  wet  rocks  at 
hijjli  altitudes.  It  has  slender  stems,  adorned  with  al- 
ternate leaves,  which  are  long  and  narrow  and  edged  with 
a  few  fine  hairs.  The  ilowers  grow  erect  and  (jpen  out  very 
wide,  their  petals  being  usually  spotted  with  orange.  The 
ten  stamens  are  conspicuous,  and  so  is  the  large  two-celled 
ovary,  while  the  styles  are  short  and  tipped  with  roundish 
stigmas.  This  plant  grows  in  dense  tufted  clusters  from 
two  to  six  inches  high,  and  may  be  found  in  the  most  sun- 
forsal<en  crannies,  where  the  icy  breezes  blow  across  the 
snow-fields. 

GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE 
Chrysosflenimn   tctiandnim.     Saxifrage  Family 

Stems:  erect,  branched  above.  Leaves:  alternate,  reniform-cordate, 
doubly  crenatc  or  somewhat  lobed.  F'owers:  corymbose,  axillary 
Fruit:  capsule  membranous,  short,  inversely  cordate. 

A  marsh  plant,  or  growing  in  the  moist  shade,  from  two 
to  six  inches  high  with  alternate  rounded  blunt-toothed 
leaves,  and  orange-yellow  flowers  that  usually  have  four 
calyx  lol)es,  coloured  within,  the  four  to  eight  stamens  being 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  a  disk. 


Yelloix'  to  Ornnfft'  Flowers 


327 


CREEPING  SIBBALDIA 

SibbalJia  f<ioctiml'ciis.     SaxifruKC  F-'.-miily 

Stems:  woody,  decumlKiit  ur  crceiiitii;.  Leaves:  tliri't-inliohitc, 
leaflets  obovate,  cuneatc  at  tlie  base,  tlirce  to  five  tonthfil  at  tlic  aptx. 
Flowers:  nunieroiis,  {)t'tals  oblong,  very  small,  calyx-lobes  o1)1oiik- 
ovatc,  longer  and  broader  than  tlie  bractlets. 

Tliis  depressed  shrubby  plant  is  found  as  hi,i,Mi  as  ten 
thousand  feet.  It  has  tliree-foliolate  leaves,  the  sepiicnts 
of  which  are  \vedj:je-shaped  and  three-toothed  at  the  apex. 
The  fjreenish-yellow  flowers  have  \cry  small  petals  and 
larf^e  broad  calyx  lobes  with  pointed  tii)s. 

SILVER  WEED 

Potentilla  Auscriua.    Rose  Family 

Stems:  tufted,  spreading  by  slender  runners.  Leaves:  pctioled,  pin- 
nate, leallets  se.en  to  twenty-five,  oblong,  ohlanceolato,  obtiuse,  tlie  lower 
generally  smaller,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above,  silky-pubescent  below. 
Flowers:  petals  broadly  oval,  entire,  exceeding  the  ovate  i-.cutc  calyx- 
lobes  and  oval  bractlets.     Fruit:  receptacle  villous,  achenes  glabrous. 

The  Silver  Weed  is  a  tufted  plant,  with  elont^fated  jiinnate 
leaves  composed  of  from  seven  to  seventeen  leaflets,  which 
are  sharply  toothed,  green,  and  smooth  on  the  toj),  and  very 
silky  and  whiti.sh  underneath.  A  characteristic  feature  of 
the  Silver  Weed  is  the  minute  pairs  of  leaflets  which  gnnv 
between  the  real  leaflets,  l)Ut  are  merely  tiny  pointed 
growths.  The  yellow  Howers,  which  are  typical  of  the 
whole  genus  and  have  five  bracts,  five  sepals,  five  petals,  and 
numerous  stamens,  grow  on  slender  naked  stalks  that  spring 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  The  flowers  are  very  pretty 
and  velvety,  and  commonly  grow  in  the  moist  meadows,  for 
there 

"The  Silver  Weed  with  yellow  flowers. 
Half  hidden  by  tiie  leaf  of  gray, 


i 


■f^^-*^-. 


32« 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


f         I 


''Hi 


!Mc>oms  on  the  bank  of  that  clear  brook 
\\'hf><ie  mnsic  I'heiTs  my  lonely  way." 

The  Silver  Weed  creeps  alcMij;  the  f^Tonml  by  nieans  of 
slender  iiiaiiy-joiiited  ruimers,  and  its  stems  are  usually 
curved  and  winding'.  When  the  fruit  ripens  it  consists  of 
a  head  formed  of  several  little  achenes.  or  nutlets.  The 
Potcntillas  are  very  numerous  in  the  mountain  regions. 

Potentilla  dissccta,  or  C'lMumon  Cincpiefoil,  is  a  low  al- 
pine plant,  more  or  less  silky  and  hairy,  and  has  a  yellow 
flower  with  a  hve-hjhed  caly.x  and  five  roundish  petals.  It 
resembles  a  miniature  rose.  The  foliage  consists  of  from 
five  to  seven  toothed  leaflets  on  each  stem,  the  terminal 
leaflet  being  three-lobed  at  the  apex. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  this  sj)ecies:  Potentilla 
(Ussecta  var.  yhuicopUylla,  or  Smooth  CitK|uefoil,  has 
siuooth  green  leaves;  Potentilla  ilissecta  var.  multisecta.  or 
Dissected  Cinquefoil,  has  whitish  silky  foliage,  each  leaflet 
being  long  and  narrow;  and  Potentilla  tlissecta  var.  pinuati- 
secta,  or  I.eafy  Cinquefoil.  has  more  numerous  leaflets  and 
a  one-flowered  steiu,  which  grows  only  about  three  inches 
high,  the  whole  plant  being  smooth,  with  the  exception  of 
the  hairy  calyx  and  tufted  apices  of  the  leaves. 

Many    of    the    Cimpiefoils    (cinque,    "five";    feuilles. 
"leaves")    have   five-parted   leaves,   hence   their    -^ ;  =  s  ■ 
name. 

Potentilla  nonrgica,  or  Rough  Cinquefoil,  is  .    < 
weed-like  plant,  with  leaves  that  are  divided  into  three  leaf- 
lets, and  yellow  flowers  that  grow  in   rather  close  leafy 
clusters. 

Potentilla  Hippiana.  or  Woolly  Cinquefoil,  is  a  stout 
plant,  with  quantities  of  densely  floccose  and  silky  foliage. 
The  leaflets  are  whitish  and  woolly  on  both  sides,  and  deeply 


Wi 


Yi'llou    to  Ontnt/i'  iloiurs 


.129 


(lentatfd.     'I  he   lloucrs   are  bright   ycllwA.   and   khav    in 
f^racefiil  tcnninal  clusters. 

i\>tcntillii  finiiilis.  or  Small  Cimim-foil.  ha-  vory  ^niall 
leavvs.  heart-shapcil  in  outlitio  an<l  composed  of  from  three 
to  seveti  leaflets,  which  are  white  and  W(M)lly  beneath  and 
green  and  silky  on  the  top.     The  Tttlc  flowers  are  yellow. 

I'otnitilla  nhi\i.  or  Alpine  CiiKiiiefoil.  grows  at  great 
altitudes  and  is  found  at  S500  feet.  It  is  a  tiny  i)lant.  with 
small  trifoliate  white  and  woollv  leaves  ami  wee  terminal 
yellow   flowers. 

In  studying  the  Potcntillas  it  is  wi^e  to  refer  to  the 
Kanunculi,  also  recorded  in  diis  Section,  at"!  note  the  close 
resemblance  yet  distinct  variations  which  exist  l)etween  the 
two  genera.  The  differences  between  the  foliage  of  the 
Potcntilhis  and  that  of  the  RauuncnU  have  already  l>een 
referred  to  in  the  description  of  the  latter  plants,  but  it  may 
be  further  noted  here  that  the  stamens  of  the  Rattitnciili  are 
hypog>nous.  or  borne  at  the  base  or  below  the  ovary,  while 
those  of  the  Potcntilhis  are  pcrigynous,  or  bon  <«n  the 
perianth  around  the  ovary. 

Potcntilla  unithmi.  or  One-flowered  C'in(|Ucfoil.  is  densely 
Ci'espitose.  from  a  woody  base,  and  has  small  closely  tufted 
leaves  jjahnately  divided,  the  leatiets  being  deeply  cut  and 
very  white-woollv  on  both  sides.  The  bright  yellow  flow- 
ers are  solitary  on  short  stalks  and  the  petals  are  broad, 
notched  at  the  ape.x,  and  nuich  longer  than  the  narrow, 
dense  y  hairy  sepals. 

Potcntilla  fruticosa.  or  Shrubby  Cincptefoil,  renders  the 
dry  sunny  alpine  meadows  very  gay  in  July  and  .\ugust 
with  its  lovelv  bright  yellow  flowers,  which  resemble  large 
buttercups  and  grow  on  low  bushy  shrubs,  amid  nuich 
silvery  foliage,  composed  of  tiny  compound  leaves  covered 


^mE^mms^m..^\..wmM:  _> 


1^ 

Hi 


't 


V 


I      :|15 


mi 


33" 


Yellow  to  Oranifc  Flouers 


with  a  soft  silky  down.     The  hark  on  the  slender  steins  is 
txtremcly  shreddy. 

YELLOW  AVENS 

(,V»»>i  .t/riV/i(»i.     Rose  Family 

Stems:  .TMi-ndinK,  ixitH-scfut,  branched  above.  Leaves:  basal  ones 
lyratc-i'ini'^'le;  K'alKts  live  to  seven.  olK.vate.  cnncalc,  dentate,  witli  a 
few  smaller  ones  interspcrsiMl.  tlie  terminal  one  l,ir«e-t;  stem-leaves 
M'>,ile,  with  tlir.e  to  five  ovate  acnte  seKments.  Flowers:  several,  ter- 
minal, of  five  petals. 

This  is  a  common  plant,  with  hrij^ht  yellow  five-pctalled 
flowers  and  lariLje  foliajje.  ICach  leaf  is  pinnately  divided 
ami  has  one  hijj  terminal  se},'ment  and  from  four  to  six 
s.naller  leaflets,  interspersed  with  sonic  very  tiiiy  ones. 
The  n^ost  noticeable  feature  is  the  fr-tit.  which  consists  of 
a  hali  of  see<ls.  each  one  termi  lating  in  an  elon^'ated  l)arl)€d 

style. 

(iciiiu  macrophyllum.  or  Lar^e-leaved  Avens.  is  very  like 
the  preceding  species,  hut  it  has  much  lar,t,'er,  coarser  foli- 
age It  also  has  bright  yelli>w  llowirs  and  a  bur-like  head 
of  seeds,  each  one  of  which  terminates  in  the  same  slender, 
jointed,  hooked  style  which  is  a  distinguishing  character- 
istic of  this  genus  of  plants. 

P.olh  the  ^■ellow■  .\\ens  and  the  Large-leaved  Avens  have 
lobcd  and  toothed  leaves  and  smal  'ove-scented  flowers. 
They  are  rough  hairy  plants  and  resemble  weeds. 

I'nattractive  as  is  the  coarse  foliage  of  the  Gcnms.  yet 
their  jirimrose-tintcd  blossoms  gleam  like  jewels  of  pale 
gold  amidst  the  dark  green  leaves,  and  these  redeem  the 
plants  frotii  utter  ugliness. 


^1 


■  f0 


Yfllou-  to  Ornn/fi'  I'lo-uirs 


^^^ 


DRUMMOND'S  DRYAS 

/'rvd.v  Ihiiinmiiitdii.     Ui>>.c   l'";iiiiily 

Liw.  tiifK-i!,  lurliaic'iiis  »lir  !».  Stems:  wixidy  at  the  li;i>tv  Leave*: 
oval.  iTfiiatf  (li'iiiate.  urecii  aii<l  j'ilir'>ii>  al)nvi',  wliiti- laiu'-rfiit  1>« - 
math.  Floweri:  yfllmv,  Milii.;:,.  ial\\  iicrsi^iciit.  it*  tiiln-  cuinavf. 
hirsute  lulu'd;  pt'taK  iinnuTiPiis  ;   -.tNlr  <■!•  nigalfd  and  pliinwisc  in   unit. 

Ihis  insifinifuant  littU'  yellow  tlowcr,  whiili  meekly 
<lnH>|)s  its  head  as  if  vi'tiseimis  <if  its  laek  nf  j^ihkI  l(Mik><. 
has  the  most  lovely  plutiiose  seed-lieads  i;iia,!.,'itial)le ;  and 
there  are  few  prettier  Mj^hts  in  the  niouiUaitis  than  that  of 
sutne  lovv-lyiii},'  alpine  meadow  literally  eovefd  with  these 
frail  feathery  tufts,  risin;.,'  up  on  their  Ion},',  slender,  woody 
stems  several  inches  alnne  the  prostrate  foliaj,'e,  half  of 
which  is  curled  over  to  show  its  silvery  lining,';  for  all  the 
leaves  of  Drunimond's  Dryas  are  f,'reen  and  siiininfj  on  the 
top  and  white  and  silky  luiderneath.  The  llower  consists 
of  numerous  small  yellow  petals  enclosed  in  a  short,  hairy, 
green  calyx;  hut  as  soon  a>  these  die  and  fall  off.  the  stalk 
elongates  and  the  seed-head  fpiickly  develops.  This  plant 
will  grow  in  tht  poorest  soil,  and  is  most  frecpiently  found 
on  arid  gravel  heds  and  in  the  gravelly  I)attnres  of  the  alpi'ie 
streams. 


YELLOW  MELILOT 

Melilotits  officinalis.     I\  a  I'aniily 

Stems:  ascending,   oce   to   four   fiet   liiyh,  hranciiitiR.     Leaves:    tn 
foliolatc,  petiolcd,  rallier  distant:  Icallcls  oblniiK,  serrate,  narrowed   .A 
tlie  liase,  rounded  at  the  apex.     Flowers:  in  slender  racemes;  standard 
equalling  the  wings  and  1  eel.     Not  indigenous. 

'  he  Yellow  Melilot,  or  Sweet  Clover,  closely  reseuiMes 
ttie  W'iMte  Sweet  Clover.  It  has  spike-like  racemes  of  tiny 
clustered  flowers,  which  are  fragrant  and  extremely  deli- 


|tii^_   ^  _ 


.r^2 


Yfllou    to  Ortint/i'  I'loin'rs 


ii\ 


,r 


I 
I 

I 

i 


'^h 


rate  Ixitli  in  >lia|»<.'  and  hue,  ami  aw  iMirno  im  lall  l)rat»'h- 
iii^'  >ti-ins,  wlicli  frn|ucntly  attain  a  height  «if  three  c  r  •  .en 
fitnr  feet,  'llie  leaves  are  trifnhnlate  and  NUiell  very  sweet 
when  dried.  They  dr<M)|)  m  a  pe- nhar  fasliion  at  ni^^Iit- 
tinie.  tlu-  upper  leatlei  and  one  side  leaflet  ilnsiii};  tnjjether, 
tmtil  the  vertical  surface  of  each  eoines  in  contact  with  thai 
of  the  other,  while  the  third  leaflet  is  K-ft  alone.  cxiMised 
to  the  chills  and  rains  of  the  hours  of  darkness.  This  is 
an  introduced  plant. 

LOCOWEED 

l).vylri'f'is  I.amhcrli.     IVa  Famify 

Silk>-|iiit>fNC«."it  witli  nppresst'd  li.iirs,  ai-iili'>i'iMii,  tnftcil.  Leaves: 
•  m|(1  piiiiiati.' ;  Iralli'ts  fiiu'.ir,  otiloiiK,  acute;  |ii'tiiiiuf<'s  jiniyir  tliaii  llii' 
loa'fs.  Flowers:  in  far^i'  (fcii><c  licaif^,  or  >|iitvi's.  Fruit:  pint-,  iinnm- 
pfflfly  two-ccilcd,  ciiriai'voits,  si-ssifc,  tTtvt,  (ivoiil-cjfiiulric,  fonK-aciim- 
iiiatc. 

A  handsome  rich  cream-coloured  or  yellowish  species  of 
O.vytrof'is.  with  soft  whitish  silky  foliajuje  and  very  fine 
lar},'e  l1ower-s|)ikes.  It  usually  jjrous  on  the  dry  alpine 
meadows. 

Oxyliof'is  month  ola,  or  Mountain  Oxytrope.  is  silvery- 
puhescent  throujjhout  with  very  hue  hairs.  The  leaflets  are 
ohlonj,'  and  jiointed,  sometimes  rather  Munt  at  the  apex,  and 
the  flowers  ''  pale  yellow  and  ^'row  in  dense  heads  on 
lonj;  stalks.  The  cal}x  is  covered  with  lonj^  white  and 
short  black  hairs.  This  species  j^rows  in  the  hij;h  alpine 
meadows. 

SCOULER'S  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT 

Hypericum  Scoulcri.     St.  John's-vort  Family 

Stems:  >impl<.'  or  sparingly  titanclied  alxive,  often  witli  small  hraiicli- 
k'ts  nmwing  from  running  ri'otstocks.     Leaves:  opposite,  ohtusc,  dasp- 


.  /  •  i  im»^imi  '•jtv  *""*» .  -'m»rw<    -t  jt.' :  j- 


Il- 

L'll 
•ft 

It- 

T, 

at 
is 


m: 

111' 
m- 
m- 


nf 
IK" 

nc 

■y- 
irc 
nd 
on 
nd 
ne 


cli- 
,sp- 


I  )ni  M  M'i\;i'     I  lK^  A- 
(  /  >r\\i\    I  hum;;:  ■;;./.•!  < 


^m^j^m^ 


f 


iv 


i 


' 


i 


r!| 


kl 


ir' 


r/^,L  .li 


1 

;:    '^1 

1 

. 

! 

ii 

kkiil 

-fe^E"^"!*  \.  - 


Bsv^isErsaari 


■ar— 55 


TffiR99aBR9QBSeiSBl 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


333 


ing.  entire.    Flowers:  in  panicle.l  cymes  stamens  mnnerm.s    i„  tl.ree 
fascicles.     Fruit:  capsule  conical  to  glol.osc,  one  to  five  celle.l. 

\  handsome  plant  growing  from  one  to  two  feet  high, 
having  clasping  entire  leaves  which  are  usually  black-dotted 
along  the  margins,  and  bright  yellow  rosin-scented  flowers 
•growing  in  an  open  branched  cluster.     There  are  many 
quaint  superstitions  connected  with  this  plant.     It  was  for- 
merly believed  to  be  a  safeguard  against  the  evil  sp.nts  who 
walked  abroad  on  St.  John's  Eve.  and  was  gathered  by  the 
country  people  with  great  ceremony,  and  httng  up  over  their 
door,  io  avert  thunder  and  lightning:  while  its  ancent  n.nme 
.,f   I',a1m-of-thc-\Varrior's-\Vound  denotes  that  Us  healing 
properties   were   much   prized.     It   was   also   called    buga 
D^MUonum  because  it  was  believed  to  be  a  sovereign  remedy 
to  cure  melancholia,  a  fact  Iluxford  refers  to: 

"  So  then  about  her  brow 
They  bound  Hypericum,  whose  potent  leaves 
Have  sovereign  power  o'er  all  the  sullen  hts 
And  cheerless  fancies  that  besiege  the  mind; 
Banishing  ever,  to  their  native  night. 
Dark  thoughts,  and  causing  to  spring  up  withm 
The  heart   distressed,  a  glow  of  gla.kkning  hope, 
And  rainbow  visions  of  kind  destiny." 

YELLOW  VIOLET 

Viola  iihibclla.    Violet  Family 
Stems:   glabrous,   slender,    from   a   short   fleshy   horizontal   rhizome. 
Leaves:  radical  ones  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  short-pet.ole<l,  reniform- 
cordate,  crenately  toothed.    Flowers:  bright  yellow. 

This  is  a  small  plant  which  bl.wms  close  to  he  ground, 
and  is  found  chiefly  at  high  altitudes. 

"When  beechen  buds  t)eRin  to  swell, 

.\nd  woods  the  bluebird's  warble  know, 
The  yellow  violet's  modest  bell 

Peeps  from  the  last  year's  leaves  below." 


^ 


r 

•1,1        I 

1  f 


11? 


^'l§v 


334 


Yelhu^  to  OrntKic  Floucrs 


Its  l.riK'hl  golden  tlowers  are  finely  pencilled  in  the  centre 
Nvith  black  lines,  and  grow  on  short  slender  stalks  annd  a 
mass  of  small  roundish  leaves. 

riola  orbknlahu  or  Kound-leaved  Yellow  Vn.let.  has  a 
thick  rontstock  with  a  few  fihrous  rootlets,  mostly  rounded. 
heart-shai>ed.  crenulate  basal  leaves,  slightly  hairy  <.n  the 
upper  surface:  and  yellow  petals,  the  lower  one  bemg 
purple-veined.     The  spurs  are  short  an<l  saccate. 

{■U,la  scmpcrvvcns,  or  Tra,  ing  Yellow  Violet,  has  weak, 
decumbent  stems.  an<l  spreads  by  means  of  long,  slender 
rootstocks.  The  leaves  are  mostly  basal,  and  are  rounded, 
cordate  at  the  base  and  finely  round-toothed  at  the"  edges. 
The  vellow  dowers  grow  on  long  stalks,  and  the.r  petals 
are  sparinglv  veine.l  with  brown  near  the  base,  the  spur 
being  short  and  hke  a  sac.  This  species  grows  chieily  m 
burnt  woods. 

SILVERBERRY 
EUcagnus  avgcnica.  Oleaster  Family 
Sto1o„ifcrou<.  .ilvcry-scaly.  much  branched.  Leaves:  alternate  oV 
l,,,!^^  oatc.  densely  silvery-scurfy  on  l.-.h  sides,  acute  or  ohtuse^ 
F  owers:  one  to  three  in  the  axils.  ,edicel!ed.  fragrant;  per.anth  s,K.ry 
without,  vellow  xvi.hin,  tubular  below,  the  upper  part  campanulate.  four- 
lobed,  the  lobes  ovate.     Fruit:  oval,  silvery. 

\  most  extraordinary  and  attractive  shrtib.  growing 
from  two  to  twelve  feet  high  and  entirely  covered  with  a 
lovelv  silver  coating.  The  leaves  are  small  and  very 
crinkled  and  wavv.  and  the  fi.nvers  (,uite  tiny,  thetr  bell- 
shaped  four-lobe<l  corollas  being  silvery  on  the  outside  and 
pale  vellow  within.  The  stems,  branches,  leaves,  and  frmt 
are  completely  silvered  over  and  thus  may  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished. 


! 


nl^«TaijH«.KKjnc^  ■ 


I'LAIK  LXI 


i 


SiLVERBERRY 

{Elcragitus  argentca) 
335 


-'-^'MV-O''^    '  ■.t.'-VIIl^i* 


< 


l.\ 


1^ 


:!'i 


k' 


336 


Yellow  to  Oran(je  Flowers 


CANADA  BUFFALOBERRY 

Shcpherdia  canadensis.    Oleaster  Family 

Leaves-  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at 

the  inle   RrTen  and  sparingly  stellate-scurfy  above,  densely  s.lvery  ^tel- 

te  "urfy  1  e  eath.  some  cVftl..  scurf  brown.     Flowers:  m  short  sp.ke. 

at  the  noac:  of  the  twigs,  yellowish,  buds  globose;  per.anth  four-l-bed. 

Fruit:  oval,  drupe-like,  red  or  yellow. 

This  shrub  somewhat  resembles  Elccagms  anjcntca,  but 
is  not  nearly  so  silvery  in  api^earance.  the  stems  bemg  cov- 
ered with  a  brown  scurf  and  the  leaves  being  .green  atul 
slightly  brown-scurfv  on  the  top  and  silver-coated  only 
underneath.  The  yellow  flowers  are  small  and  grow  m 
short  spikes  at  the  joitits  of  the  twigs;  the  fru.t  J-""^'^  ^ ;J 
a  bright  scarlet  or  yellow  berry,  the  flesh  of  which  ts  e.hble, 
though  very  insipid,  and  contains  a  tiny  smooth  nut. 

The  Canada  Bufifaloberry  grows  from  four  to  eight  feet 
high,  usually  near  water,  and  when  in  fruit  is  extremely 
ornamental. 

YELLOW  WILLOW-HERB 

Efilobium  lutettm.    Evening  Primrose  Family 

Stems-  slender,  nearly  simple.    Leaves:  ovate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed 

sesT  Flowers    from  the  axils  of  the  upper  somewhat  c-wded  leaves 

coToUa  funnel-form,  rarely  expanding,  the  lobes  deeply  notched,  calyx 

short  and  deeply  cleft. 

The  pale  lemon-coloured  flowers  of  the  Yellow  Willow- 
herb  grow  in  quantities  near  running  water,  or  in  the  deep 
moist  vallevs  where  the  rushes  whisper  in  their  husky 
throats  and  the  moss  weaves  lace-like  patterns  to  cover  the 
ground  The  plant  stands  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  high, 
and  has  large,  conspicuously  veined  leaves,  with  wavy  mar- 
gins, which  are  very  sharply  toothed.  The  flowers  are 
extremely  pretty  and  delicate  in  hue;  their  four  petals, 


>2sriai*-"f7':  f.^i0-isiMmif. 


Yellow  to  Orantfe  Flowers 


337 


folded  in  fuimcl-fnnn.  rarely  expand,  and  are  held  up  in 
green  calyx-cups,  which  in  their  turn  are  cleft  int(.  f.nir 
narrow  slender  divisions. 

COMMON  EVENING  PRIMROSE 

(r.iiolhcni    biennis.     I'.vcniiig    I'riiiiro-c    Family 
Stems:  erect    >,o„t.  ua.ul-Iik..     Leaves:  l.,Hc-,latc-,  acute.  narr.,we.l 
I«.al>-I,racte.i;  caly.x-tul.f  slen.U-r.  the  l..l.e>   li.uar.  rellexcd. 

The  Kvenin-  IVinirose.  whose  l.ri.i^ht  vellow  l.I..ss<.nis 
open  in  the  twilight,  somewhat  resenihles  the  ^'eIlow  Wil- 
low-herh.  whose  paler  iL.wers  1,1, mmu  at  the  hiddinj;  of  the 
sunshine.  Se.:i  in  the  daytime,  the  I'venin,t,'  Primrose  a])- 
pears  faded  and  unintercstin-:  hut  viewed  at  m\dit.  its 
fragrant  dowers  are  exceedingly  attractive.  The  jilant 
j,'rows  to  an  average  height  of  three  feet,  and  has  alternate 
lance-shaped  leaves  and  erect  huds.  \o  so.,ncr  has  the  sun 
set  than  the  Inids  hegin  to  expand,  the  closelv  closed  calyx 
suddenly  hursting  open  with  a  loud  pop,  and  then  one  In- 
one  the  petals  slowly  unfold,  until  the  whole  sulphur-col- 
oured flower  is  wide-hlown  and  sends  forth  its  sweet  fra- 
grance to  scent  the  eveninjr  air 

"  A  ttift  of  cvcniui;  priinroses 
O'er  which  the  niiiul  iiiJKht  iinvcr  till  it  dozes, 
Rut  tli.it  it's  ever  startled  I)y  the  leap 
Of  buds  into  ripe  flowers." 

A  single  summer  night  suffices  to  consume  the  vitality 
and  heauty  of  this  flower,  which  a  ?ning  is  fresh  and 
fair  and  newly  hlown.  and  hy  noon  .  A-s  faded  and  most 
dejected.  It  is  strange  how  very  fragrant  and  lovelv  are 
many  of  these  "  flowers  that  hlow  when  the  heat  of  the  day 
is  o'er,"  such,  for  instance,  as  the  Xij,dit-hlooming  Jessamine, 


!    i| 


WW '"..  ak:  '  ■..  .f     ;_.*ft» 


'mBssmB?: 


Yflloiv  to  Ornnt/e  Flowers 


4 


M 


^t:  rl 


>]l 


i,  - 


338 

the  Ni^'ht-l.l.-oming  Cereus.  and  the  Xi.^ht-bloeniing  Cactus. 
The  vellow  petals  of  the  R veninj,'  Primrose  shine  so  luini- 
nouslv  in  the  dusk  that  they  easily  attract  the  crepuscular 
moth;,  which  fertilise  the  plants  by  carrying  the  abundant 
sticky  pollen   from  <me   flower  to  another.     The  number 
four'is  conspicuous  in  this  tlower.  which  has  four  petals,  a 
four-parted  calvx.  eight  stamens,  a  f,.ur-celled  ovary,  and 
a  four-cleft  stig-ua.     XNhen  the  cor<.lla  f:  les.  after  ,ts  sm- 
de  nieht  of  revelrv.  it  soon  shrivels  and  drops  off.  and  then 
the  oblong  capsule  containing  the  seeds  quickly  matures 
HEART-LEAVED  ALEXANDERS 
Zicia  cordata.    Parsley  Family 
Stems:  erect,  br.inche.l.    Leaves:  upper  stc<n-lcaves  compound.  sl,ort- 

peS.;ernaK.  the  segments  ovate.  --^'^-''-'^^^^  '  '"1  U  lo^w    '; 
petioled.    somet.n.es    un.Hvicled.    Flowers:   m    umbels.   e.ght-to-tNvelve 

rayed.    Fruit:  globose-ovoid. 

The  bright  sinning  green  leaves  of  this  Parsnip  and  its 
brilliant  golden  umbels  of  minute  flowers  combme  to  render 
it  one  of  the  manv  handsome  plants  that  deck  the  camp 
alpine  meadows.  It  has  stout  hollow  stalks  and  very  glossy 
f„liage.  the  leaves  being  ternate.  or  arranged  in  threes  with 
broad,  wavy-margined,  sharply  toothed  leaflets.  It  has  a 
most  disagreeable  odour. 

NARROW-LEAVED  PARSLEY 
Lomathim  tnlcnwtum.     Parsley  Family 
Stems-  from  a  deep-seated  elongated  fusiform  root.    Leaves:  biter- 
nate Ttriternate.  the  leaflets  n.rrow.  linear.     Flowers:  m  an  unequal 
umbel  of  five  to  eighteen  rays  with  slender  bracts. 

The  vellow  flowers  of  this  tall  Parsley  have  no  involucre. 
The  stems  are  purplish  at  the  base  and  the  leaves  are  deeply 
cut  into  narrow  leaflets.     The  fruit  is  narrowly  oblong  with 


yfci3>ifajd 


fTT^EiWirW*  1 1  ll'I'IB  I  il'i'Mlf     I       I      II  ii  -S 


Yi'llo'u-  to  Or/in f/r  i  i  jiccrs 


.119 


narrow  wings,  and  the  oil  tula-s  an-  vi-ry  lar,i;c  and  <..litary 
in  the  intervals  between  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  rihv. 

Loinatiiiin  Martiiulalci  :ar.  (iii;/iistatiiin.  or  Martiniiale's 
Parsley,  is  caulescent  and  liranchini,'  witii  elotit^Mted  pe- 
dnndes.  The  leaves  are  pinnate  or  Iiijiinnato  with  lonihcd 
segments.  The  flowers  are  yellow,  and  the  frnit  has  hn.ad 
nings  and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  rihs:  the  oil 
tiihcs  are  .solitary  in  the  intervals,  and  the  seed- face  is  con- 
cave with  a  central  longitndinal  rid.^e. 

NARROW-LEAVED  PUCCOON 

Litluisfi-niiiini  >i>it;iislifi'liiiiit.  IInraKc  I'aiiiily 
Stems:  l.raiu-lud,  cnrt  <>v  avci'n.lin«.  Leaves:  limar,  sessile,  .ncntf. 
Flowers:  of  tun  kinds.  i„  terminal  Icaiy  rao  nus ;  cnrolla  of  the'i-arlii-r 
ones  snlvcT-fonn,  l.riKln  ydlow,  livr-lohcl.  tin-  |,,Ih.s  iTo-i.-di-niiculaf. 
the  throat  crested;  later  flowers  mneli  smaller  and  |,ah-  vellou.  elei^toi;- 
amoiis.  ahundantly  fertile,  tlieir  i)edieels  reeurve.l  in  fruit.  Fruit: 
nntlets  white,  smooth,  shining:,  ovoid,  more  or  h-s  piiti'd,  keeled  on  tlie 
inner  side. 

The  French  call  this  Tncco.m  /'/./;/,',•  aiix  Pc/hs.  because 
of  the  hard  stony  seeds  that  matme  in  the  calyx,  and  which, 
though  at  first  soft  and  green,  gradnally  become  hard, 
white,  and  shining.  It  i.s  on  account  of  these  nntlets  that 
the  plant  is  named  from  the  (}reek  Vthos,  "a  stone."  and 
sl>crm,  "a  seed."  The  flowers  .-.re  a  pretty  lemon  colour, 
the  earlier  ones  being  of  a  much  deeper  shade  and  larger  in 
size  than  those  which  appea-  later  in  the  summer.  They 
grow  in  close  leafy  clusters,  nd  h;ive  a  long,  salver-form. 
five-cleft  corolla.  The  stems  and  leaves  are  quite  downy. 
This  Tuccoon  grows  in  small  tufts  or  mats,  from  six  to  ten 
inches  high,  and  is  usually  found  on  the  dry  open  lands, 
where  its 

"  Leaves  and  branches,  crossed  and  linked, 
Cling  like  children  and  embrace." 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


*it 


\:\ 


ih 


t 


-^40  

lithostcnnum  nuicralc,  or  Hairy  Pucccon.  has  numer- 
ous soft-hairv.  very  leafy  stems  Krowin^  from  a  cn.wn  of 
thick  roots.  The  leaves  are  narn.w  and  tapcnij,'.  and  the 
vellow  tlowers  are  densely  c'oNvded  in  a  leafy  thyrsus. 
The  narrow  sepals  are  hairy,  and  the  campanu  ate-.unnel- 
form  corolla  is  twice  as  lonjj  as  the  calyx,  and  sdky  outsule 
The  white  hony  nutlets  are  ovate,  pointed  and  polished. 
Both  these  Puccoons  have  a  sweet  smell. 

YELLOW  BEARD-TONGUE 

rcnstcmon  i.  •fcrtus.    I'lKwort  Family 

Stems:  sWn.ler.    Leaves:  lower  on.-  1  '-'='»-  ^^^^t.^lT^^ 
n-irrow    t.cti.-lcs.   mostly   entire,   tl.e   cauli..c   ses^le   M    a   '"^^^''^  \ 

F  owers    thyrsus  spiciform.  interrnpte.l,  .lensc.  many-tlowere.l  dusters. 
S"  very  narrow,  lo-.er  lip  conspicu.ntsly  l.ear.le.l  wUlnn. 

The  Yellow  Reard-tonj^uc  grows  high  up  on  the  moun- 
tains. The  llowers.  which  vary  in  hue  ^rom  yel  ow^  t.. 
cream  colour,  are  set  in  several  dense  clusters  round  ahout 
the  stem,  encircling  it  at  intervals. 

YELLOW  MONKEY-FLOWER 

Mimulus  Langsdorfii.    Figwort  Family 
Stems-  ertet     Leaves:  ovate,  sessile,  denticulate.    Flowers:  terminal; 
ca?yxT.mria'e-can,panulate;  coroUa-tube  cylindric.  its  lm„,    n  .^nate. 
the  upper  lip  erect,  two-lobed,  the  lower  lip  spreadtng.  three-lobed. 

\  small  plant  bearing  abnormally  large  quaint  flowers, 
bright  yellow  in  colour  and  usually  spotted  with  browmsh- 
red  in  .id.  the  corolla.  The  lower  three-cleft  lip  is  heaydy 
I  arded  within  by  soft  fine  hairs,  and  so  tiny  are  the  iittle 
roundish  leaves,  and  so  slim  the  short  stems,  that  the  big 
bright  blossoms  appear  rather  top-heavy  for  so  small  a 
plant.     Not  actually  growing  in  the  water,  but  rather  on 


ll- 


^jfl»r'jy 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


.14' 


those  low  marshy  islands  s<>  frt'(|ucntl\  set  in  the  middle  of 
the  alpine  streams,  you  will  find  myriads  of  these  \'ell(>\v 
Monkcy-llowers  nestlinj;  amid  the  mosses  and  reeds  whieh 
sprinjj  up  so  luxuriantly  between  the  sttnies  hy  the  river's 
brink. 

Mimulus  ninschattis,  or  Musk  Flower,  is  liairy  and  very 
sweet-smellinj,'.  The  stiMis  are  creepinj,'  or  ascendinj^.  and 
the  sltMider  !)ranches  are  six  to  twelve  inches  lii},'h.  The 
ovate  pointed  toothed  short-stalked  leaves  are  rounded  at  the 
base,  and  the  brij^ht  yellow  (lowers,  },'rowin!,'  on  a  short  stalk, 
have  a  funnel- form  corolla  with  a  spreadinj;  limb. 

Mimulus  alf>inus,  or  Alpine  Monkey  h'lower.  is  a  detise'y 
matted  i)lant.  perennial  by  stolons,  atid  ''  )und  j^Towinj,'  at 
high  altitudes.  The  leaves  are  oval,  ami  the  solitary  yellow 
tlovvers  terminate  the  short  stems. 


PELICAN  FLOWER 

Orthocarl>us  luttus.     Figwort  Family 

Stems:  strict,  erect,  hr.niiched  .ilmvc,  tlensely  leafy.  Leaves:  ascend- 
ing, linear,  entire  or  sometimes  tlirce-dift,  sosilo,  lon^j-.icuiniiia*'-; 
bracts  of  the  dense  spike  lanceolate.  Flowers:  in  dinse  spikes,  ycllo.v; 
calyx  tubular,  with  acute  teeth;  corolla-tube  slender,  the  limb  two-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lower  lip  saccate,  thrcc-tootlied. 

An  uninteresting  member  of  the  numerous  Figwort  Fam- 
ily. It  has  dense,  slender,  erect  spikes,  covered  with  tiny 
leaves  and  bracts,  and  numerous  bright  vellow  flowers. 
These  flower.^  have  a  single  upper  lip  and  a  three-toothed 
lower  lip;  they  are  very  fragrant,  and  the  large  pouch  and 
queer  slender  l)eak  suggest  the  name  of  Pelican  Flower. 
This  plant  is  usually  found  in  dry  soil. 


I 


a 


tii 


342 


Yt'lloxc  to  Onfrtfjf  Floiurs 


1^ 


U   ! 


jf '^!.'  ■>, 


rM 


^  ELLOW  RATTLE 

Nliiihinlliiis  C'»i.>/./A.'//i.  FiKworl  Family 
Stems:  >UMitUr.  Leaves:  laminate,  ^c^j-ili'.  i(iar«ily  MTratf-ilcnIatc, 
aciitf,  bracts  n\ati-,  iiu  i>v<l-<U  ntaii',  'lii'  tii'tli  :u-intiiiiaic.  Flowers:  in 
liTiiiiiial,  (iiif--.i(li-(l,  lialy-liraitfd  -pikes,  ami  -nliiary  in  tlir  ni>licr  axils; 
ealy\  nim-li  inllatiil,  i-Mn-iiii-imusly  viiiiy  in  frnit ;  corolla  very  irri'i!«- 
lar.  Iwo-lipped;  tlie  ^alea  conii>res>e(l.  arlud,  iniinitely  two-tootlicd 
lielow  llie  eiilire  aiie\,  liie  lower  li|>  tlireeloheil,  >iireailinK. 

Tilt'  tiaiiif  \clIo\v  Kattli-  has  hirn  ;,Mvni  In  this  plant  on 
account  of  the  way  in  which  the  ripcncl  seeds,  \vl  ich  he 
loose  ii^  the  ( apsules.  rattle  whenever  the  wind  shakes  them 
to  and  fro.  It  is  a  linn  erect  plant,  ns.ially  {^rouinj;  from 
six  to  ten  inches  hij^Mi,  and  chietly  conspicuous  hy  reas  ,n  of 
its  inflated  ,i,'reen  llower-cups  and  hri^dit  yellow  hlossonis. 
the  lips  of  which  frefpiently  are  spotted  with  iniqjle. 

GREATER  BLADDERWORT 

(I'-'uuhiiia  xulijivis  rur.  (imiriinint.     lllaiMerwort   Family 

Stems:  immersed,  M-ai)e  stont,  nakeil,  iliree  to  four  inclies  liinli.  witli  a 
few  siales.  Leaves:  two  to  three  jiiimately  many-parted,  capillary, 
hearing  many  hladilers.  Flowers:  three  to  twenty  in  a  raceme  on  siiort 
pedicels,  the  sides  of  the  lip-  retlexed,  spur  conical,  slender,  rather  acute. 
Fruit:  capsule  many  seedetl. 

The  (ircater  Hladderwort  '.  a  very  curious  plant  which 
grows  in  shallow  pools  and  ponds,  and  has  yellow  llovvers 
similar  in  structure  to  those  of  the  P.uttei  wort.  The  leaves, 
usually  much  crowded  on  the  floating  hranches,  are  divided 
into  thread-like  segments  bearing  the  numerous,  velvety- 
looking,  little  air  bladders.  In  the  autumn,  buds  termi- 
nating the  stems  fall  ofif.  and  are  buried  in  the  mud  at  the 
bottom  of  pools  until  si»ringtime,  when  Uvy  root,  and  the 
new  bladders,  at  first  filled  with  water,  soon  fill  with  air. 
and  the  plant,  leaving  the  mud.  rises  to  the  surface  of  the 


V.I 


wsm^:?BOivfrxfsj^TJi>sgwi^ir^xjL3yu»mrwi^7^ 


Yi'Hou-  to  Ortirnh'  Ilourrs 


n^ 


pool  and  flowers,  the  hl.iddiTs  fef<liii;,'  it  liy  iiu'aiis  '>\  tlirir 
trapinii)^.  The  pale  ^nvn  hladilir^  are.  howi^ir.  its  nio^i 
interestiiij;  feature,  for  lia\  iiij^  no  roots  the  plant  \]<k\\^  snh- 
nierjred  hy  nieaiH  of  thiNe  tiny  intlated  l)a!lo. in^.  wh'ise 
hristle-hke  appenda.L;es  ^M\e  thein  the  appearaiue  of  crtts- 
taceaiis.  These  Madders  lia\e  an  opeiiinj;  elo^rd  h\  a  \al\e 
...id  fiirni-lied  with  a  few  projeotini:  hri'^tles  ihat  u'uide  in- 
sects to  tlie  aperture,  whieh  thev  enter  hy  pre^^ini,'  aJ;ain^t 
tlie  hd.  ln>ide  the  li!ad<Ier  is  covered  with  ^'laiuhilar  proc- 
esses that  seem  to  ahsorh  tlie  lluid  ]>ro(hu-ts  of  decay,  hut  do 
not.  hke  tlie  I'.utlerwoit  and  Sundew.  (h,i;est  tlie  trappeil 
victim  and  ahsctrh  the  anitn.d  matter.  '"he  yellow  dowers 
grow  In  racemes  of  three  to  twenty  pt  i...  top  oi  the  stalUs 
on  pe(hccls  which  are  recurved  in  fruit.  'I'hey  ha\e  ;i  tw<>- 
hpped  c<»roIIa  with  an  erect,  entiri-  upper  lip.  and  a  hroad 
threodohed  lower  lij)  that  has  a  lar-^e  p.date.  and  :i  conic 
spur  nearly  as  lonjj  as  'he  li]>  to  which  it  is  apprcssi-d. 

['triciilaria  Intcruwiiin.  or  ^'^'lIow■  lil.adderwort,  has  also 
a  naked  scape  hearinj,'  one  to  I'inc  yellow  tlowers.  the  upper 
lip  of  whose  corolla  is  much  lon,i.',er  th;in  the  palate,  the 
acute  spur  heinjj  a])pressed  to.  and  as  Ioul;  as  the  very  hroad 
lower  li]).  The  slender  pedicels  are  erect  in  fruit.  The 
hranchcs  are  tloatini,'.  and  the  leaves  more  or  less  scattered, 
with  linear,  Hat  sejjjments  and  luistle-toothed  m.-irijins. 
The  hladders  are.  with  rare  excei)tions.  home  on  leat^LSs 
hranches. 


1 


i 


INVOLUCRED  FLY  HONEYSUCKLE 

Loiiici-ia   iiixiihurala.     !)■  iKV-ucklr    I'aniily 

Leaves:  ovate  or  o\a'.  acutf  or  acuininati'  at  the  apex,  ttarmweil  at 
the  base;  iiediiiirles  axillary:  liracts  fuliaccous,  o\ate:  hractUt^  also 
larKe.  at  length  stirroiiii<lin)?  tlie  fruit.  Flowers:  in  ii.iirs,  yellow; 
corolla  piibeseent,  fmiiiel-forni.  the  linih  five-l"l.e<l,  tlie  loUes  sliort.  little 


^v-1 


'a'j.i-Q» 'I  )•>•■"•»■. 


..*i:"   iP^  \  7ftV 


"■:vAiiii««k'  "■ 


344 


YcllfiM    lo  Ornmif  ll'tucrs 


\h 


Minailing;  staim-ii»  and  nI)1c  ■*liKhtly  cxsertiil.     Fruit:  lurries  luarU 
t.la.k. 

'litis  is  ofic  of  tJK-  sm.ill-tlnwcrrd  I  loticysiukk'^  \\\w\\ 
^fMu  in  tlu"  fnnii  cif  a  hiisliy  >liruh.  It  in-ars  yt'lluu  fmiiid- 
foriii  twin  lilnssDiiis.  tcriiiiiiatiii)^'  tlu-  loiij,'  :U'n<!cr  pcdmuk's 
wliirli  spriii)^'  from  the  a\iis  of  the  k-avt-s.  'riifsc  lilossulns 
art'  conspicuously  itivolucrcd  ( licncc  the  coinnion  uanic)  l)y 
larj,'f  hroad  Icaf-iikc  hracts.  which  arc  (,'ri'cti  in  the  llower- 
iivr  season  and  turn  a  warm  re<lihsh  colour  in  autumn,  when 
surroundin;^'  the  fruit.  The  live  stamens  protrude  sli,i;htl>' 
heyond  the  corolla,  hut  the  style  is  much  e\seried.  and  is 
tip] led  hy  a  larj^e  ant'ier. 

'Ihe  huolucred  I'ly  Honeysuckle  is  a  stra;,'}j;lin;^'  shruh. 
}.jrow  in^i  from  two  to  si\  feet  hi,i,di :  the  leaves  are  loujj- 
>li;i]ied  and  have  hairy  m.ir.^in^'.  'vA  when  in  fruit  the  red- 
dish-hlack  livrries  are  joined  toj^e'her  in  !>airs.  it  is  not  a 
plant  that  is  likely  to  attract  the  triveller's  interest,  for  it  is 
noticerihle  only  hy  reason  of  its  rich  luxuriant  folia,u:e.  since 
the  llowers  are  small  and  the  herries  (|uite  dark  in  hue. 

l.oiiiicra  iitiilh'itsis.  or  r>u>h  h'ly  Honeysuckle.  j;ri>ws 
from  three  to  five  feet  hiijli.  .md  is  hnmchinjj^  and  very 
Inishy.  Tlie  leaves  are  cthlou;,'  and  hrii^dit  freen  and  have 
wavv  smooth  margins.  'Ihe  pale  yellow  (lowers,  whose 
corollas  are  cleft  into  two  lips,  j^^row  in  pairs  on  lon^j  slen- 
der peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  are  suh- 
tendcd  hy  small  hracts,  in  which  latter  respect  they  differ 
materially  from  the  Involucred  IHy  Honeysuckle,  which  has 
very  larjje  hroad  hracts.  The  fruit  consists  of  e.titj-shapcd 
herries,  which  are  more  or  less  joined  together  and  arc  (jf 
a  lovely  translucciit  scarlet  colour. — 

"Like  a  (li'ul)lc  clRTry.  seemiiiR  iKirtcil." 


i\ 


HrsH  Fi.v  H(i\Kvsfc'Ki.E 
(Loiiiccia  iitahciisis) 

345 


^1 


\s--i^ujrarj'i 


''H^sajj^nBk^^.wa'  •f—'^^m^-wjca.jtmii.-jcz^m^uKrw 


346 


Y  I' I  low  to  Orange  Flowers 


r 


t    h 


fit  .^ 


GOLDEN  ASTER 

CItrysdf'sts  rillosa.     Composite  Family 

Stems:  villdus.  Leaves:  alternate,  oblong,  obtuse,  the  iipppr  ones 
sessile,  tlie  Inwer  ones  narrnwed  into  a  petiole,  pale,  canescent  vvitli 
appressed  hairs.  Flo\wers:  heads  few,  tenninatinR  the  short  branches; 
rays  oblong-linear;  involucre  hemispheric.     Fruit:  achenes  obovate. 

The  yellow  Aster  is  a  very  hairy  plant,  it  affects  dry  or 
.sandy  soil,  and  ji^rows  from  six  to  ei,t;hteen  inches  hi_<;h.  The 
stems  are  simple,  and  near  the  summit  short  hranches  spread 
out,  terminalinj;  in  the  solitary  heads,  which  are  composed  of 
hoth  tuhular  and  radiate  ilowers.  These  brii^'ht  golden 
flowers  are  enclosed  in  an  involucre,  which  is  funned  of 
.several  series  of  tiny  green  bracts.  The  name  Chrysofsis, 
from  chrysos,  "  gold,"  and  o/^sis,  "  aspect."  is  peculiarly  ap- 
plicable to  these  gay  yellow  blossoms,  which  glorify  the  dry 
waste  places  with  their  shiuing  splendour. 

Chrysof^sis  hispida.  or  Hairy  Golden  Aster,  is  a  lower 
plant  than  the  preceding  species  and  has  numerous  stems 
growing  from  a  woody  rootsiock.  It  is  hispid  or  rough- 
hairy  throughout.  The  leaves  are  spatulate  entire  and 
s])reading.  obtuse  at  the  a])ex  and  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
long  petioles.  The  flower  heads  are  numerous  and  bright 
yellow,  and  the  involucre  iias  lancec/.ate  hirsute  bracts. 

CANADA  GOLDEN-ROD 

Scliiloi^o  lanadciisis.     Composite  Family 

Stems:  stout,  little  branched,  pnberulent.  Leaves:  alternate,  lance- 
olate, triple-nerved,  acute  at  each  end,  tiie  lower  ones  shari)ly  serrate  and 
petioled,  the  upper  ones  smaller,  entire,  sessile.  Flowers:  heads  numer- 
ous, of  both  tubuhr  and  radiate  flowers,  on  the  spreading  or  recurving 
branches  of  the  large  and  dense  panicles;  involucre  canipanulate,  the 
bracts  linear,  itnbricatul  in  several  series;  rays  in  one  series,  pistillate; 
disk-flowers  nearly  all  perfect;  corolla  tubular,  five-cleft. 


Ycllou-  to   Oraiu/c  Floucrs 


347 


Tlie  Golden-rods,  many  spocic.s  of  which  jj[ri'\v  ahiin- 
dantly  in  the  mountain  (hstricts,  are,  toLjether  with  the 
Asters,  the  handsomest  of  the  late  autumn  tlowers.  Re- 
taining the  rich  glow  of  the  summer  sun  in  their  rijie  yellow 
hlossoms.  they  brighten  the  slopes  and  border  the  trails  with 
a  retlectetl  glory,  h'or  the  (lolden-rod  is  at  home  in  all 
kinds  of  jjlaces  :  hy  the  dusty  wayside  and  in  the  deej)  green 
forests;  close  to  the  borders  of  the  ice-I)orn  streams,  and 
out  in  the  open  meadows,  where  the  rays  of  liglit  at  noon- 
tide shine  strongest.  In  each  of  these  localities  the  tall 
wands,  bearing  their  wealth  of  golden  florets,  wave  gently 
to  and  fro,  and  never  can  we  mistake  the  feathery  jjlumc^ 
of  the  larger  species,  or  the  straight  woody  stems  of  the 
smaller  ones,  which  are  so  thickly  crowned  by  the  tiny  radi- 
ant tlowers  of  this  (|ueen  of  Nature's  garden. 

It  is  a  more  difficult  matter,  however,  to  dififerentiate 
between  the  many  species  of  ( iolden-rod  tijat  grow  at  high 
altitudes.  The  Canada  Clolden-rod  is  perhaps  the  easiest 
one  to  recognize,  since  it  is  the  largest  as  well  as  the  h.ind- 
somest  of  its  tribe,  and  has  big  branching  panicles  of  close- 
clustered  blossoms,  very  long,  narrow,  ])ointe(l  leaves  of  a 
dull  grayish-green  hue,  and  stout  woody  stems,  which  have 
a  cottony  appearance  and  attain  an  average  height  of  three 
feet. 

So  numerous  are  the  Golden-rods  on  this  continent  that 
it  is  possible  to  note  only  a  few  of  the  more  conspicuous 
species  which  the  traveller  is  likely  to  find  and  gather  in  the 
course  of  his  wanderings  amid  the  great  bills,  where 

"Along  the  roadside,  like  the  tlowers  of  S"1<1 
That  tawny  Iiicas  for  their  gardens  wrought. 
Heavy  with  sunshine  droops  the  Golden-rod." 


1 


t  . 


fll 


.)i 


Yelloiv  to  Oranf/e  Flowers 


348 

.V,W/(/ar/o  dccumbcns,  or  Field  Gclclen-rod.  has  tall,  stiff, 
wand-like  stems,  which  terminate  in  <lcnse  cmpact  panicles 
of  {lowers,  and  sparse,  long,  narrow  leaves,  with  even  mar- 
jrins.  It  is  very  beautiful  to  walk  across  the  alpme  fields, 
where 

"The  Golden-rod  lights  slowly 
Its  torch  for  the  Autumn  blaze," 

and  where  tlie  other  fall  flowers  unite  to  celebrate  the  pass- 
in-  of  summer  in  a  riotous  splendour  of  scarlet,  purple,  and 

"soli(ia,,o  mnltinuliata,  or  Xortliern  Golden-rod.  is  a 
;oarser  species  with  small  loose  clusters  of  rather  IrirKe  deep 
yellow  flowers,  wliich  terminate  the  leafy  downy  >    -ms. 

•'How  deepening  bright,  like  tnountV      \-»me,  doth  burn 
The  C.oldcn-rod  upon  a  thousand  I      '. 
Tl-.is  is  the  Autumn's  flower,  and  to  my  soul 
A  token  fresh  of  beauty  and  of  life, 
And  life's  supreme  delight." 

Solida<jo  missonricnsis,  or  Mountain  Golden-rod.  has  a 
perfectly  smooth  slender  stem  and  short,  broad,  branching 
panicles  of  vellow  flowers.  The  leaves  are  thick  and  lance- 
shaped,  wit'h  entire  rough  margins.  It  grows  in  dry  sod 
and  rears  its  clusters  of  gohlen  bloom  where  the  sunlight 
an<l  shade  interlace  at  the  edge  of  the  forests. 

Solhhvjo  ucnwralis.  or  Gray  Golden-rod.  is  so  called  on 
account  of  its  gray-green  cottony  stems  and  leaves.  The 
latter  are  lance-shaped  and  sharply  toothed. 

Thus  we  see  that  the  Golden-rods  grow  everywhere. 
from  the  high  hill-crests  to  the  deep  sweet  valleys;  that 
some  species  attain  to  a  height  of  s,x  feet  under  certain 
very   favourable  conditions,   while  others  grow   in  dwarf 


??^T^ 


iMKi.n  Gmi.den-roi) 
(Sulidii};,!  dccuiilhciis) 


II 


349 


'!  ■  ■ 


K'\ 


1. 


., 


i    ii 


l 


'■) 


I 


f  *  \ 


Yellow  to  Orange  Flowers 


350 

alpine  forms,  well-nigh  prostrate  upon  the  ground ;  some 
are  slen<ler-steniniecl.  some  have  stout  woody  support;  some 
bear  big  branching  panicles  of  abundant  bloom,  whde  others 
again  have  but  few  blossoms  closely  clustered  about  then- 
erect  stalks.  Yet  in  spite  of  all  these  differences  between 
the  Narious  species,  the  Golden-rods  are  quite  unmis- 
takable as  a  genus. 

SoluUujo  clo,ujata,  or  Slender  Golden-rod.  has  smooth 
slender  stems  and  lance.^late  leaves  pointed  at  both  ends  and 
snaringlv  toothed.  The  flowers  grow  in  an  elongated  nar- 
rmvlv  pyramidal  cluster,  and  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  are 
linear,  'the  yellow  rays  being  small  and  slender.  The 
achenes  are  pubescent. 

YELLOW  FLEABANE 

Frigcrou  aureus.    Composite  Family 

This  is  a  dwarf  herbaceous  plant,  with  a  tuft  of  tmy 
crreen  leaves  at  the  base  and  one  or  two  minute  ones  clinging 
to  its  stems.     It  grows  only  from  three  to  six  inches  high 
and  is   found  on  loftv   summits  at  8000  and  9000   feet. 
The  flowers  resemble  bright  yellow  daisies,  and  are  rather 
ragged  looking.     At  times,   as  the  traveller   stands  upon 
some  mountain  top.  where  the  earth  seems  very  c  ose  to  the 
skv  of  perfect  blue,  the  gamboge  blossoms  of  the  \:  ellow 
Fleabane.  covering  the  ground  with  a  torrent  of  bloom 
seem  to  surge  across  the  alpine  plateaux  in  a  succession  of 
golden  waves. 


Yellow  to  Orantje  Flowers 


35' 


BLACK-EYED  SUSAN 

Rudbcckia  liirla.     Composite  Family 

Stems:  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  often  tufted.  Leaves:  tliick, 
serrate  with  low  teeth  or  entire,  laiueolate.  the  lower  and  ha.vil  ones 
petioled,  the  upper  ones  narrow,  sessile,  acute.  Flowers:  heads  few  or 
solitary.  Fruit:  achencs  four-angled,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  ape.x, 
pappus  none. 

This  plant  has  many  names,  and  amonjr  them  that  of 
Golden  Jerusalem  possibly  fits  it  best,  since  it  has  truly 
shining  orange-yellcnv  flowers.  It  is  hairy  throu<,diout. 
with  thick  lance-shaped,  almost  entire  leaves,  strikinj,'  tlower 
heads  of  ten  to  twenty  bright  rays,  and  a  dark  purple-brown 
globose  disk  that  is  extremely  prominent. 

GIANT  SUNFLOWER 

Jlcliaiillius  f^igantcus.     Compos'    •  '^■^.--'ly 

Perennial  by  fleshy  roots  and  creeping  roolstoc^:,.  ...  ms:  erect,  his- 
pid, branched  near  the  summit.  Leaves:  lanceolate,  veiy  rough  al)ove, 
pubescent  beneath,  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Flowers:  rays  spreadinfe,  entire;  disk-tlowers  perfect,  fertile;  corr)lla 
tubular,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  five-lobed;  involucre  hemispheric, 
hirsute. 

What  the  cultivated  Sunflower  is  to  the  other  dwellers 
in  old-fashioned  gardens  the  wild  Giant  Sunflower  is  to  the 
other  dwellers  in  the  woodlands.  It  is  the  gorgeous  orna- 
ment and  lord  of  the  locality,  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
of  the  many  flowers  that  might  fairly  be  designated  by 
die  term  liclios.  "  the  sun."  and  aiithos,  "  a  flower  " ;  for  the 
yellow  Asters,  Gaillardias.  Arnicas,  and  Ragworts  are  really 
all  equally  amenable  to  this  title. 

The  Giant  Sunflower  has  large  blossoms,  composed  of 
numerous  bright  yeilow  rays  and  a  disk  of  perfect  fertile 


'  I 


K 


n 


1 1 


h- 


I  'III'**' 


3S2 


Yclloi.'  to  OnifKfi-  Floiii'ts 


norcts.     The  leaves  arc-  lance- ^iKq.cd  an.l  very  rou^h  to  the 

^^The  Irish  i)..et.   M.-re.  referring,'  to  this  llower  as  an 
emhleni  of  constancy,  has  sun;<  that 

••The  Sunll.nvcr  fu.ns  on  lur  ii'"\  \n1um  be  sct^  __ 
•|  lie  same  I'nk  xsliidi  slie  turn'.l  ulieii  he  n.>e. 

Hut  fact,  utuortunately.  refuses  to  corroborate  ^-^ '^'^^^^^^'^ 
fancy  for  ahis!  the  Hclianllws  -l-.s  not  turn  Us  ^'.^  K''^^ 
nower-face  fro.n  east  to  we.t  to  follow  the  course  of   he  su 
.„„1   hut.  on  the  contrary,  remains  in  the  same  posUion  all 

clay  Ions'.  ,  .    , 

In  ol.len  davs.  in  Peru  and  Mexico,  this  flower  occupied 
an  important  place  hoth  in  the  nntholo.i,n-  and  ,n  the  sculpture 
of  the  country,  and  also  was  employed  as  a  mystic  an.l  sacre.l 
emblem  hv  the  inhabitants.  The  maidens  who  waited  upon 
the  sun  god  in  the  temi)le  wore  on  their  breasts  representa- 
tions of  it  executed  in  beaten  '^nUl  and  it  also  was  ex- 
tensively cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  the  priests 

The  ancient  (Greeks  believed  that  the  llcluwlhus  was  the 
incarnation  of  the  nymph  Clytie.  who  by  reason  oi  her  great 
love  for  Apollo  sat  for  nine  days  upon  the  gronn.l  intently 
ga/ing  at  the  orb  of  day.  until  at  length  she  became  rooted 
to  the  earth  and  her  face  was  transformed  into  the  shining 
disk  of  the  Sunflower. 

All  these  legends  tend,  perhai^s.  to  increase  our  interest ' 
this  handsome   plant,   whose  brilliant-hued  blossoms  bum 
^vith  a  golden  light  in  the  mountain  thickets  ana  whose 
leaves  make  a  waving  of  slight  shadows  across  the  land. 


.  i 


t^^^^'^'^psmsMmtOii 


I'.KmW  N    I.N  I'll    Si    -  \  V 
I  dr.ill.n-ilui    :iiis!illil  I 


}:-:iV-  ■■  '^"   I     r% 


',>'" 

M* 


H 


III 


^«>v 


"■> 


■'  „.>ii;' 


iff 
5     /     ^    J 


Yellow  to  Ornnfff  Flowers 


S'JS 


BROWN-EYED  SUSAN 

Giulhndia  aiisliild.  (.  onii."Mti'  Faintly 
Stems:  Mm,>U-,  ..r  little  l.ra.u-lu.!.  lurM.tt-  will.  ]M  h.i.rv  Leaves: 
,-,ru  .k-nsdy  n.l.c.ccnt.  the  Lvvcr  ,m.l  lual  .,nc,  pc.u.lcl.  .LU-ng.  la  .  - 
r",inna.i^.  ..r  .mire;  n,.,.cr  h-avcs  s.^mU.,  lan.c  laU.  ent.r.  or  .kn- 
HU.'  Flowers:  larKC-,.c.lu,uk..l.  lusuK  of  tul.ular  an.l  ra.ha.c  tlowcr^. 
rays  cnncate.  tl.rec-tcK.tlicd ;  bracts  .,f  the  ii.vulucre  hirsute. 

\  f,r,,r.a-nus  radiant  l)l..ss..iii.  with  minicr.ms  l.rij,'ht  j,'..Mon 
ravs  which  arc  ihrec-lohcd  at  the  apex,  and  hax  i.tj,'  also  a 
hi.'r  friti-cd.  Kl..h..sc.  rcd.hsl;-hr..wn  centre,  cinposcl  of 
„,anv  n)inme  disk-tlowcrs.  'i-he  leaves  are  co.irse.  tlie  larger 
ones' heing  to<.the.l  half-way  in  the  middle. 

There  are  meadows  in  the  mountains  ren.lered  more 
heautiful  than  any  others  hy  reason  of  these  great  showy 
C.aillardias. 

Cai'lanlia  Land!     It  lies  far  from  the  Imsy  marts  ot  men 
r.lue  heavens  ahove.  and  golden  tlowers  ahout  your  teet.  and 
all  the  w.rld  full  of  a  very  ahand.m  of  colour.     Here 

•'  .X  thousaiid  odours  rise, 
Breathed  up  from  l.lossoms  of  a  thou-an<l  dscs." 

Wavs  of  peace  lead  over  the  fields  of  rest,  and  whosnever 
wanders  therein  finds  fo..d  for  dreams.  an<l  gladness  all  the 
way. 

"  Blue  of  a  huniiiiR,  houutUe-s  sky, 
Gohl  of  a  l.oundli-s.  spkMidid  s.»l: 
Prodiiial  noontide,  far  and  niKh, 

Blue  and  Rold  on  the  plains  of  God." 

HEART-LEAVED  ARNICA 

Arnica   cordlfoUa.     Composite    F.amily 
Stems-  simple,  or  cparinsly  branched.    Leaves:  ba^al  and  lower  ones 
..vac       lituse  and   deeply   cordate  at  the  base,  dentate;   stem-leaves  ,n 
I ir  '  ovate,   sessile,   small.     Flowers:   lar.e   long-pc'l'-nckd   hea.is   of 


4 


354 


Yi'lloii  to  Orani/f  Floucrs 


iH  ' 


\  * 


lioili   tulinlar  an. I   ra.li.iU-   llnwiTs ;   rirci.t.u-li-   flat,   ra>-    ^Iik'iII.n    I'mHIihI 
at  till'  a|K\. 

I  his  is  till-  in«>>t  coiniiioii  sptrics  of  \rnica  in  the  innnn- 
taitis,  and  is  a  haiulsoiiK-  plant,  staiulin;;  from  one  to  two 
fcc-t  liij;li.  It  has  pale  j^rccn  hairy  leaves,  which  are 
niarkedlv  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  and  many  attractive  hlos- 
soins  composed  of  lijL;ht  j^ol.k-ti  rays,  their  <lee,)  yellow  cen- 
tres idiisistiii};  of  mimeroiis  disk-llowcrs.  'riicsc  lilo>>oius. 
which  are  enclosed  in  a  hairy  involncre,  formed  hy  a  series 
of  narrow  ;4;reen  bracts,  j^'row  sin,i;ly  or  in  pairs  at  the  ends 
of  thi   lonj,'  slender  staiks.     The  pappus  is  white. 

Arnica  Uitifulia.  or  limad-lcaved  Arnica,  has  rather 
slender  stems  and  radical  cordate  petiol-d  leaves,  the  njjper 
OIK'S  lieinj,'  in  twD  or  three  pairs,  oval,  usually  sharply 
toothed,  and  closely  sessile  hy  a  hroad  or  contracted  base. 
The  llower  heads  j,frow  on  lonj,;  slender  hairy  stalks  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  the  yellow  rays  have  two  notches 
;it  the  apex,  and  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  are  oblontj  with 
a  wide  base  and  ])ointed  apex.     Th'?  ])appus  is  white. 

Aniica  alpimu  or  .\lpine  Arnica,  is  a  graceful  delicately 
formed  i)lant,  w  ith  Ion},',  narrow,  toothed  leaves,  and  a  sin^de 
llower  with  ten  to  fifteen  rays,  twive  notched  at  the  apex, 
terminating,'  each  stem.  It  also  frecpiently  has  two  addi- 
tional tlowers  spriiifjinjj  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Se\eral  pairs  of  sessile  leaves  j,'r()W  on  the  stems,  and  alto- 
gether the  plant  presents  a  more  slender,  refined  appearance 
than  do  either  of  the  two  precedinj,'  species. 

Aniica  Cluviiissonis,  or  Chamisso's  Arnica,  is  an  ex- 
tremely hairy  species  usually  found  near  water.  The  leaves 
are  ve'rv  long,  narrow  and  sliKluly  toothed,  the  lower  ones 
tapering  into  a  marginal  stalk  and  the  upper  ones  being 
hroad  at  the  base  and  somewhat  clasping.     The  llowers  are 


ri.\!  K  I.XIV 


;s 


'C 


Am'int    \i!Mc  a 
(.Iniii-a   ulfiiui) 

35^ 


wmm^^. 


>M  ! 


T 


<,., 


li 


4^ 


^^\ 


35<^ 


Yellow  to  Oranqe  Flowers 


smaller  than  those  of  tlic  Heart -leaved  Aniica.  and  the  jwde 
yellow  rays  have  a  siiij,de  notch  at  the  ai)ex.  The  pappus  is 
tawny. 

Arnkii  I'arryi.  or  i'arry's  Arnica,  U'ars  a  curious  llower 
with  no  rays  at  ail,  hut  oidy  a  receptacle  <.f  disk-llowers  en- 
closed in  a  };reen  involucre.  These  llower-heads  usually 
^row  in  threes  at  the  suniniit  of  the  three  short-l)ranched 
steins.  They  appear  to  have  sinii»ly  lost  iheir  rays  in  the 
earlv  sta},'e  of  decomposition,  hut  such  is  not  the  case;  they 
never  had  any. 

.Irnicaloiiiscanii,  or  SdiaelTer's  .\rnica.  is  a  slender  hairy 
plant  with  muldin;,'  llower  heads  of  eij^ht  to  ten  uoticeahly 
pale  lemon-yellow  rays,  and  usually  three  iiairs  of  leaves,  the 
lower  ones  at  the  hase  of  the  stem  heiii^'  cllipiical.  entire  (-r 
denticulate.  The  hracts  (»f  the  campanulate  hrownish- 
puri)le  involucre  are  lanceolate,  acute  and  densely  glandular- 
hairy  at  the  hase.     The  papi)us  is  tawny. 

.Iniica  fitUjCHS,  or  Notched  .\rnica.  has  oblong  lanceolate 
pointed  leaves,  the  lower  ones  bcinj;  toothed  and  stalked, 
and  the  upi)er  ones  st.vsile  and  entire.  The  flower  heads 
grow  on  long  slender  hairy  stalks,  and  the  involucre  is  cam- 
p;inulate,  its  hracts  heing  pointed  and  covered  with  long 
white  hairs.  The  bright  yellow  rays  are  twice  notched  at 
the  apex  and  the  pappus  is  white. 

Arnica  (jracilis,  or  Slender  .\riiica.  is  a  smooth  slender 
l)ranched  plant  with  slightly  hairy  leaves,  ihc  basal  ones  be- 
ing broadly  ovate,  stalked.  to<.thed  and  thrcc-ribbed.  as  are 
also  the  two  pair  of  stem-leaves,  but  the  top  pair  are  .sessile. 
The  flower  heads  have  long  narrow  bright  yellow  rays  with 
a  single  notch  at  the  apex,  and  the  twelve  to  fifteen  invo- 
lucral  bracts  are  lanceolate  acuminate  and  hairy,  as  are  also 
the  seeds.     The  pappus  is  white. 


Hi  I 


Yfllow  to  Onint/t'  Flout'n 


i^7 


GOLDEN  RAGWORT 

.SVmim'k  liaUiimilir.     C<>ui;Misitc   laniilj 

PtTtniiial.  ipliiii  itiftid  Stems:  >lin.lfr,  w<«>II)  ai  th.-  I,a-r  an. I  in  ih, 
axik  uf  till'  luNM-r  lcMM>.  Leavet:  l.a>al  ..tit.  >lcn.l.i  i.ttmlcl.  .,1,1. my, 
viry  ,,l,tii>c,  cri'iiati-;  sicin-ka\t's  iMnnatifi.l,  mnnjIi-.  small.  Ploweri:  in 
cirymltosi-  inaiiy-tlowiTnl  Ium.I,  of  |H,tli  iiilmlar  an, I  ra>  iL^wiTs. 

Il:is  is  a  very  o.mm..ii  plant  in  tlu-  ui.miitains,  Ii  has 
l)ri;(lit  yi-llou  tl..\\irs,  uliirli  when  in  sicd  resi-inhlc  small 
tlii>tles.  'Ilie  liih  I.«.se  ilustt-rs  ..f  tlu-  (i.-ldcn  l\';ii;\\..rt 
^'fow  to  an  averaf,"'  \w\^\\{  of  cij^httrn  imhes.  I  he  hasil 
leaves  have  lonj;  stalks  and  are  munded  <>r  .^lilf.n};,  with 
scalloped  ed);es.  while  the  stem-leaves  are  Ion-;,  narrow,  aii.l 
slender,  .and  very  deeply  cut.  The  name  Si-nccio  is  fmrn 
sciti'x,  "an  old  man,"  and  refers  to  the  h.iary-heade.l  ap- 
peanince  f)f  the  plant  when  in  seed,  whieli  is  Mipposed  t.)  re- 
semhle  the  silky  while  hair  of  the  patriarch. 

Different  si)ceies  of  Rajjjworts  are  (piite  mimerons  at  hi^li 
altitudes.  They  all  have  yellow  llowers  (.f  various  luies. 
shading  from  primrose  to  amher  and  oran^^e;  hut  the  (iolden 
Rajjwort  is  the  most  ahimdant  ..f  them  .ill.  It  is  principallv 
hy  their  widely  diverse  foliaj,'e  tliat  the  .SVh(-(/<<.v  must  he 
distinfjmshed. 

So  hrij^dit  and  gay  are  these  (lowers,  and  all  their  fellows 
of  golden  mean,  that  we  are  compelled  t-.  wonder  wh.it 
caused  Wordsworth,  gentlest  of  poets  and  truest  of  Xature 
lovers,  to  write : 

"  III  liefall  the  yellow  flowers. 
Cliil.Iieii  of  tlie  tlaring  lionrs." 

What  would  the  meadows  be  without  the  Dandeli.Mv.  the 
Sunflowers,  the  Golden-rods,  and  the  Arnicas?  The  laud 
would  lose  much  of  its  charm  in  Autumn  did  not  these  hril- 


ii 


m^iMm*^ .  Xiu»:  :Mm,^wmt^M^ 


Yellonx'  to   OratKje  Floucrs 


\\ 


[' 


''I 


I 


'f 


ff* 


35« 

liant  hlcssonis  1.1a/.. .n  back  the  l.c-anis  ..t  the  .loclininj,'  sun. 

Scncdn  triaiu/iilaris.  (,r  Ciant  Kaiiwort.  is  a  lar^'c  coarse 

species  witli   closely   set   tlower-heads  and   munerous   loiik' 

triangular  leaves,  stron-ly  veined,  and  sharply  tuothed  at 

the  edges.  ,      ,        •,     i 

Scncdo  canns,  or  Silvery  Groundsel,  is  exactly  described 
by  its  name,  for  it  has  white  silky  stems  an<l  leaves  and  j.ale 
yellow  tlowers.  it  is  a  small  i.lant  and  j,m-..ws  on  the  dry 
open  meadows.  The  basal  leaves  are  oblon-  and  have  even 
marf^ins.  while  the  tinv  stem-leaves  are  sli.i,duly  toothe.l. 

Scmrio  lu,jcns,  or  r.lack-tiiM.e.l  C.roundsel.  is  so  called  ..n 
account  <.f  the  conspicuous  little  black  tips  distin-uishin- 
the  bracts  of  its  involucres,  or  green  cups,  which  hold  up  the 
deep  .-iinber-coloui-ed  llowers.  The  basal  leaves  are  very 
l,,n-  and  toothed;  the  ui.per  leaves  cling  closely  to  the  stem, 
and  are  small,  bract-like,  and  smooth. 

Snu'cio  psciuhwrcus.  or  C-anada  Ragwort,  grows  froni 
one  to  two  feet  high  fn)m  a  creej.ing  ro..tstock.  The  basal 
leaves  are  broadlv  ovate,  somewhat  cordate  and  serrate,  and 
have  long  stalks.'  while  the  lower  stem  leaves  are  more  or 
less  lobed  and  the  upper  stem  leaves  are  sessile.  The  rays 
arc  orange-yellow. 

.SV)i<-(/<>  (liscniilciis,  or  Xorthern  Squaw-weed,  is  smooth 
excei)t  for  small  tufts  of  wool  in  the  axils  of  the  lower 
leaves.  The  stem  is  .stout  and  the  basal  leaves  are  oval 
..btuse,  thin,  .sharply  toothed  and  abruptly  narrowed  into 
stalks  longer  than  the  blade;  the  stem  leaves  are  few,  small 
and  more  or  less  cut  inio  narrow  lobes.  The  tlower  heads 
grow  in  a  loose  Hat-topped  cluster  and  the  rays  arc  very 

short  or  none. 

Scnccio  flcnurdrnis.  or  Western  Balsam  Groundsel,  is  a 
slender  pale  yellow-green  plant  with  tufts  of  wool  at  the 


^>i4it.-!^'4ifc.^li«.4.^v 


Yellow  to   Or<in<it'  /-"/ouitv 


.1^9 


base  of  the  leaves,  wliich  arc  lirnadly  oval,  ohtuM',  eriiiato 
and  taiicr  into  the  >talks.  The  lower  stem  leaves  are 
lanceolate  in  outline  and  the  n])])er  ones  linear  sessile  and 
dee])ly  pinnatilid.  The  tlower  luad^  ha\e  linear  acute  lir.aets 
vith  brownish  tips  and  the  rays  ;ire  pale  yel!  <\\  or  often 
laekinj,,'. 

COMMON  DANDELION 

TiiiiiMuii:ii    I'ffiiiiiiil,-.     l'iim|"i,itc    lamily 

Scapi"^  and  Icincs  iroiu  tlu-  crinvn  of  ,i  tliii'k  vcrtiivil  mot.  Leaves: 
laiicciil;ite  in  (Hillini",  .-iikI  from  irroLinlarly  iloiitalc  to  nMuinali-i>innatit"i(l. 
Flowers;  in  snlitary  Ik'.kIs  at  the  >iininiit  of  ilu'  liollo.\  scapf^ :  ra>  s 
nnnitTons;  involucre  a  ^InKlc  M'ries  nf  lu'arly  (■(|iial  narrow  lirart^.  am! 
>cvfral  calyculatc  ones,  tlic  outer  relk'xed,  all  acute.     \ot  inilijj;enou^. 

"  Common  "  as  this  Dan(lelii>n  is  named,  and  eomnion  .as 
it  is  in  all  the  mountain  re<^ions,  yet  it  is  far  from  liein,L;  an 
usj;lv  or  even  an  uuinterestin:^'  plant.  On  the  contrar\-,  its 
i^orj^eons  golden  blossoms  render  it  extremely  attractive. 
These  blossoms  consist  of  from  one  to  two  hundred  str.ap- 
sli.'i])ed  rays,  their  blunt  tips  notched  into  ii\e  teeth,  which 
remind  us  that  each  ray-flower  was  once  com])o>ed  ot  fi\e 
petals.  1'he  leaves  are  boldly  cut  into  ja.^^ed  lobes  (  stip- 
])ose(l  to  resemble  the  teeth  of  a  lion,  hence  tlie  common 
name  Dandelion,  derived  from  the  hVench  Pciit-dc-lioii) . 
and  these  lobes  are  as^^ain  cut  into  secondary  points. 

As  the  Dandelion  .t,Tows  old  the  rays  fall  off,  and  it  bemls 
downwards  until  the  seed  matures;  then,  elevatinij;  its  hiad 
once  more,  it  expands  into  a  beautiful,  snow-vliile,  airy 
seed-ball,  wiiose  ])lumes  blow  .aw.ay  at  the  sli<i;lUest  putt 
and  float  off  to  find  a  new  restinf;;-place.  This  is  an  intro- 
duced ])lant. 

Taraxacum  rupcstrc.  or  Alpine  Dandelion,  is  a  tiny 
slender  plant  with  finely  cut  leaves  and  small  flowers,  which 


k 


.b.C'IL*^-lj 


■cm 


•«*«:' 


360 


Yellow  to  Oranye  Flou^^rs 


>«r(,::. 


m 


h 


^i 


f, 


■ 


-'t  ":-u 


^S> 


lil 


seldom  {rrows  more  than  four  or  five  inches  hij;h.      1  mm  th 
lowlands  to  the  hij,diest  levels  this 

"  Dear  coiiinioii  (lower  'liat  Rrows  l)i'si(k'  tlie  wa> , 
I'rinniiig  tlie  dusty  road  with  lianiil(.»  Rold," 


is  to  be  f(Jiind. 

SOW  THISTLE 

Soiuhus  un'ciisis.     Cniiipositc  Family 

Perennial  liy  deep  routs  and  creepiiiK  rootstock^.  Stems:  Kafy  hilou 
paniculately  branched  and  nearly  naked  aI)o\e.  Leaves:  lower  and  lia^ii 
nincinatc-i)innatifid,  si)inidose-dentate.  Flowers:  heads  several,  coryni 
hose-panicnlate,  bright  yellow,  very  showy.  Fruit:  achencs  ohlonij.  com 
pressed,  with  aiiout  ten  rngose  longitiulinal  ribs.     Not  indigenons. 

Every  traveller  will  easily  recoj^nize  this  common  So\ 
Thistle,  with  its  yellow  or  yellowish  flowers  and  its  ver 
prickly  leaves.  Sometimes  it  is  called  Milk  Thistle,  on  ac 
count  of  the  milky  juices  contained  in  the  stems.  Lik 
nianv  of  the  members  of  the  great  family  of  Composite; 
the  Sow  Thistle  has  an  involucre  of  jj^recn  bracts,  -  '';i 
naked  receptacle,  and  numerous  strap-sha])ed  rays, 
are  truncate  and  finely  toothed.  It  is  a  coarse  sht)wy  \  .. 
and  opens  its  flowers  early  in  the  day.  closins?  them  aj^ai 
soon  after  noon.     This  is  an  introduced  plant. 

LARGE-FLOWERED  FALSE  DANDELION 

Agoscris  glauca.     Composite  Family 

Stems:  scape  naked,  slender,  pubescent.  Leaves:  all  basal,  linea 
lanceolate,  creindate,  acuminate  at  the  ape.x.  Flowers:  heads  solit.ir 
yellow;  rays  truncate,  five-toothed. 

A  flower  very  like  a  real  Dandelion,  but  with  totally  di 
ferent  foliage.  The  False  Dandelion  may  always  be  distil 
guished  by  its  long  ribbon-like  leaves,  which  grow  up  froi 
the  base  of  the  plant  and  have  slightly  wavy  margins. 


F//irf'i\'r 


tl    i^* 


'i'«^afc?>m^^*'l'^A 


1m 


^1 


■s. 


_^.  - 


'C-. 


^^^^ 


Yi'llow  to  Orant/i-  Flfmen 


3^^' 


Agoscris  qnuilcns,  or  Sinall-ilnwered  False  Dandelion, 
has  lanceolate  entire  acute  leaves  and  slender  scapes  ten  to 
eighteen  inches  hi^'h  which  are  woolly  at  the  summit.  1  he 
l)racts  of  the  involucre  are  narnnv  and  smooth  with  hairy- 
fringed   margins,    and    the    llowers   are   a   beautiful    deei) 

orange.  , 

Ujoscris  aurantiaca,  or  Copper  1-alse  Dandelmn.  has 
deep  copper-coloured  llowers,  which  are  occasionally  pur- 
plish, otherwise  it  closely  resembles  the  preceding  species. 

MANY-FLOWERED  HAWKSBEARD 

Crefis  clcgaiis.  CompoMte  I'amily 
Stems:  n,any  fro.n  a  tap-root,  difft.scly  branched  L"ves:  entire  or 
nearly  so.  radical  ones  spatulate.  caul.ne  ones  lanceola  e  to  Inuar. 
Flowers:  in  sn.all  numerous-clustered  heads.  Fmt:  --henes  nua- 
fusiform,  n^inutcly  scahrous  on  equal  narrow  r,hs.  at.ennate  n,to  a  short 
slender  beak;  ,.appus  copious  of  very  slender  white  bnst.es. 

The   Hawksbeards  are  r''   yellow,   and   their   rays  are 
squared  and  f^nelv  toothed  ai  the  tips,  a  characteristic  which 
enables  the  traveller  to  at  once  distinguish  them  from  the 
\rnicas.  to  which  they  l)ear  a  strong  resemblance. 

The  Hawksbeards  are  not  very  pretty  or  very  mtercsting 
flowers,  yet  they  contribute  their  share  of  golden  strands  to 
Nature's  summer  carpet.  . 

Crcpis  nana,  or  Alpine  Ilawksbeard.  is  a  small  alpine 
si^ecies  that  grows  at  an  altitude  of  8000  feet.  0.1  barren 
r..cky  ground.  It  is  a  tiny  plant,  forming  tufts  and  bearing 
many  clusters  of  small  flowers. 

HAIRY  HAWKW'^D 

Hicracium  Scoulcri.    Composite  Family 
Pubescent  with  long  crisp  hairs,  pale  green.     Stems:  one  to  two  feet 
high    very  leafy.    Leaves:  lanceolate,  sessile.    Flowers:  m  a  loose  .r- 


'  I 


1 


i  I 


ll 


?•! 


'* 


1^ 


362 


Yi'Uou-  to  Oratujc  Flouers 


regular  imi'ick-;  iiisohicral  tiracts  imbricatol  in  two  ur  llircc  M-riis ;  rays 
truncate,  tivf-loutlicd  at  tiie  apex. 

A  lovely  plant!  The  pale  <^recn  steins,  leaves,  and  buds, 
thickly  clotlied  with  line  silvery  hairs,  and  the  brilliant 
j,f(jlden  flowers  form  an  excpiisite  contrast,  delighting  the 
eye  of  the  traveller.  ihis  tiawkweed  is  comparatively 
rare  in  the  moinitains. 

llicnuiitiii  (/nhilc,  or  Small  llawkweed,  has  tiny  yellow 
or  v.hite  (lowers  borne  at  the  end  of  the  long,  slender, 
branching  stems.  They  resemble  miniature  Dandelions  and 
are  verv  abundant.  Like  the  1  lawksbeards.  the  rays  of  the 
llawkweeds  are  truncate,  or  cut  off  s(|uarely  at  the  ends, 
and  finely  tootheil. 

Ilicnuiuiii  iiiiihrllatuw.  or  Xarmw-leaved  llawkweed, 
has  a  tall,  simple  leafy  stem  and  lanceolate,  acute,  usually 
entire,  but  occasionally  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  narrowing 
to  a  .sessile  base,  smooth  above  and  hairy  below,  and  fringed 
with  marginal  liair>.  The  few  yellow  flower  heads  are 
usuallv  an  inch  broad  and  sul)-umbellate. 


|] 


J- 


*9, 


GLOSSARY 


h 


•u 


ii 


« 

^ 


m^}   l: 


■■  i 


-iT/V 


'! 


:^im^  -p.^^,  ,i.^^- 1: 


'■^;c-^ 


GLOSSARV 


'I  lu  ibjrit  (if  llu-c  (i;i^f^  is  I.,  ^;ivl•  ;i>  hriilly  as  M>si!,li  a  mi,i[i1c 
(.■\|il.iii.iti(in  Ml  ih,,,c'  iMilanitMl  term-  ino-t  I'rnincntly  ii-t-.|  in  (k-MTihinn 
Iilants. 

nil".  k(.;/T 
l\'",itsl'>(l::  a  crci'iiiiii,'  -ttin  tjriiuiii),'  lulou  the  >iirf  i.c  of  the  nfiiinl, 
Julh-r:   a  thick  iHirtioii   i.|   a   nnitstitck,  usually   |'.)v-c-siiiK  oi-   like  a 

potato. 
Conn:  the  thick  (U>hy  hasc  nf  a  >tein. 
lUilli:  ai:  luuK  rK'roiind  >tiin  civcrcil  with  ^,calcs. 
Sloloii:  a  hasal  hranch,  rootiiip  at  the  nodes. 

THE  STi:.M 
liint:  upright. 
Siinflc:  imt  hraiiclied. 

Ih'iiiiiihi'iil:  linrizoiital  on  the  ground,  hut  vertical  at  the  end. 
J'rociinihciit:  llat  on  the  Kfonnd. 

Ovc/'i;;^';  nnniinK  along  the  earth  and  rooting  at  the  joints. 
Si  life    the  leaMess  tlower-stalk  of  a  >teniles>  plant. 

Xodc:  the  iiinction  of  two  portions  of  tiie  stem,  often  hard  aiul  swollen, 
at  which  leaves  are  n-ii;illy  home. 

THh:  I.KAF 
Biiiit:  a  leaf  -nhtending  a  thnver. 

/iizoliur,-:  a  circle  of  hracts  ronnd  a  tlower,  as  in  the  Sunflower. 
Entile:  one  the  edge  of  which  is  not  cut  or  lohed. 
Siinf'lc:  one  which  i-  not  divided  into  leaflets. 
Ci'iii found :  one  which  is  divided  into  leaflets. 
Altcrnulc:   when  one  leaf  grows  just  ahovc  the  other  on  another  -ide 

of  the  stem. 
Opfusilc:   when  two  apjiear  at  each  joint,  having  the  semicircle  of  the 

stem  hetween  them. 
ll'liorlcd:  when  they  grow  in  a  circle  round  the  stem. 
Cordate:  heart-shaped. 
Obioidatc'  inversely  iieart-shaped. 

365 


..^^1 


•jrjW 


:j:?i-'?'l5*- 


366 


(ilossary 


-I 


I 


'  ii 


Liiiiiir     viry  iiarruvv,  like  nr;iN^. 

l.aiitiitltitr:  iiariow,  laiicriiiK  tuwanl^  the  t'i|i. 

Dblaiui-oUiti-     iiivcrM-ly  lamtnlate. 

0;'(j'i'.  cKK-sliapcd,  Iiruadir  at  the  hnitum. 

Uhniiilc:  vnn-^\ni\Ki\,  liroadcr  at  tlif  top. 

I:llif>ticiil:  ohloiiK,  iiarrossiil  at  tlic  top  and  hdttniii. 

OvitI:  hroadly  cIHptical. 

Sfdtiihili'    ruiiiidrd  at  llic  tup  and  narmw  at  llie  haM'. 

Orhiiiilar:   round. 

Rcnifiirm:  nearly  nmnd,  with  a  ikep  indentaiiMU  at  tlie  stalk. 

.liiriciihitc:  having  two  mtuided  Inhes  at  ihi'  base. 

Sdiiilltiti':  liavinn  two  poiiued  lohe^  ;.t  the  lia^e. 

i'liditliiti-:  with  wavy  niarnin. 

Crciiiilc:  with  rounded  teeth  <>n  iiiarKin>. 

Scrralc:  with  shar|)  teetli  on  margins. 

Incised:  with  (Kep  janKt'd  teeth. 

l.obcd:  with  division?,  cut  to  about  tlie  middle. 

Ch-ft:   with  di\i>ions  cut  more  than  halfway  into  the  leaf. 

Piridid:  cleft  to  the  inidrih. 

J'uhrsii-nl:  covered  with  fine  h.iirs. 

Ghtbrous:  wilhoiit  any  hairs,  smooth. 

GUiuciiHs:  covered  with  a  hloom,    s  on  the  plum. 

Mniionatc:  with  a  short  sharp  tip. 

TIIK  I' LOWER 

C'i//.v.r.-  the  outer  lower  set  of  leaves  at  the  h.ise  of  the  tlower.  Usually 
Rreen,  hut  sometiiues  hriKht  coloured. 

St'tals:  the  leaves  of  the  calyx  when  it  is  divided  t  base. 

Corolla:  the  iiuier  set  of  leaves  of  the  tlower. 

Petals:  the  leaves  of  the  corolla  when  it  is  divided  to  the  base. 

Perianth:  said  of  a  tlower  having  only  one  set  of  tloral  leaves. 

Pediicl.  the  small  individual  stalk  of  a  flower  borne  in  a  cluster. 

Peduncle:  the  main  llower-stalk. 

Sessile:  said  of  tlowers  that  grow  close  to  the  stem  and  have  no  pedicels. 

Raceme:  a  long-shaped  flower-head  formed  by  numerous  flowers  grow- 
ing on  pedicles  along  the  sides  of  a  common  stalk. 

Spike:  a  racc.ne  with  sessile  flowers. 

Head:  a  dense  spike,  globular  in  shape,  like  a  Clover. 

Corymb:  a  raceme  with  the  lower  flowers  on  longer  stalks,  so  that  the 
cluster  is  almost  flat  on  the  top,  as  in  the  Yarrow, 

Umbel:  like  a  corymb,  but  with  the  pedicels  all  branching  from  a 
central  point. 


/^•aIIIWP^ 


(ifossary 

.l.rilhny.    k^'Wu^k    imuy    tlu-   umI     ..r    ..Hkilf.    I..rm.,|    |,^ 

tlif  sicm. 
Stamens    iipin|MiMi|  of 

lilawriit     tlu-  -talk  tu  111.I1..I.I  tin.  .iiitlur. 

.Itillu-i     a  tjin   l„,x  iMiit.imiiit,'  tin-  |mi|Icii. 

j'"lt>-»:  'lit'  t<ti,li,iiij,  ,„,w(|ir  ,i  the  plant. 
/'i'.i7i7.  »-(im|HiMi|  of 

l>:a,x:  .ontainiiiK  tl.c  mvii1<  >.  or  iiiidiv  t  l.tpcl  Nccds. 
•SO'/tv   a  sIi'ihI.t  >talk  slIrnl^lllltill^  ilif  o\ar>. 
Slifiuia:  a  variously  fornufl  tip  of  tin-  >ty|...  wliicli  has  n 
Mirfa.c   to   .at^li   tliu   poll,.,,   ,l,,,t    fiTtiii/,s   tlif   seed,   I 
niiMuti-  ImI.cs   thai    ponnralc  llic   style  an.l  cuvcy   the 
tlu'  stiKi,ia  to  the  oviiU'v 
Sfiidix:  a  lli-sliy  sp,k<',  as  in  thf  Annii  i.jly. 
Stiillh-:  the  co,i,a\e  hra.t  eiu ,  lopi,,^;  .,  .|,iki.. 


^f>7 


he    leit    ami 


roiiKh 
ly  inea 
pollen 


tlKUSt 
I1-.    of 

from 


11  IF.  j-in  ir 

.lificiw:  a  dry  one-seeded  fruit. 

JUrry:  a  pulpy  fruit. 

Cupstih-:  a  <lry  fruit  uith  two  or  more  carpel-. 

/>n,^..■  a  siniile  fr.nt,  with  a  (leshy  outer  wall  and  a  hony  i,u,er  ^^all 

/  Iianosc:  reseiuhhiiK  a  plume,  like  the  Clematis  i„  seed 

SU-rilr:  without  seed. 


»;* 


» 


r 


fs^  ^ 


ixnnx  TO  scii-xTinc  xamf.s 


AiiT  «l,il)ni!ii,  ;S 

Ailiillt.i  li<iriali-.   |i)n 

Atliilli.i  lauuK.-.i.   \i^'< 

Aii.f.i   nibra,   i.u 

A>taM  rul.ra    f.iriiia    mgliti,!,    iji 

Adiaiitnm   luilatimi,  41) 

AK"Mris     anraiitiaiM,   .('po 

A^dsiTis  k-laiKa,  ,iN) 

Ai;ii-fris  iiraiiltii-,    .;(<) 

Allium  criMitimi,  .-(15 

Alliiiiii    Si.linlii>|iiaMliii       \at.     si- 

liirii-imi,  -'^7 
Alliitrdpa    uii;ala,    173 
AImm--   siiiiiala,  77 
.\lllll>   MUhtiisn,  77 
Aimlaiuliirr  (  iiMikii.  1^4 
AttirlaiuliitT  llori'li.    15.' 
Anaplialis    iiiarK.iritai  1  a,    pjX 
Aiulrobace  cliamaja'-iiK',  hSj 
Aiulrosacc  <lit'fii-a,    1S5 
Androsacf  M'litiiitridii.ili,,     iX^ 
Al.flliniK'   l)rminii"ii,lit.     jjS 
Aiicmnrie  iiHiltilida,    i.-d 
AiicinoiU'  ocfidiMitali^,    ]ji 
Ancmoiu'  parvillura,    ijS 
Aricmonc    patens    van    W..lf!4an- 

Kiana,  j^ij 
Aiitfiiiiaria  alpiiia,    ii)7 
Anti'imaria   iluwcllii,    kKi 
Aiitemiaria  lanata,    ]i,- 
Antcnnaria  im-dia,    m; 
Aiitcnnaria  par\ilulia,    i()7 
Antennaria  pidclurrima,     (97 
Aiitcnnaria  raccnio-a,    i'i(> 
Antennaria  nwta,  2;o 
Apncynutn    andro-a-niifolimn,    2.10 
Aqnilegia  !)r(.visty!a,   2(n 


anil  1 1.  aiiiiin. 
'^   alpiiia,     .'if 


I -'I 

I -'I 


I  M> 


a  ■  ;.inipi  '. 


f'^J 


\'pidiei  I   da\('-i-tMi-,     !i  7 

A'piilitjia    loruiMia,    _'i( 

Ai  aliK  I  )rinniiii  iniln.     i.fi 

A r  lias  liii  -nia,    \  \ii 

Aral.).  l|..l„.ll,i,  'i,,<, 

Arala-   uldaa,    I  i't 

Aral.i^    lA.illii.    j|(. 

Alalia    iiiidh  anil-,    1'  7 

Ari'fiilji.  iliiPin 

\^^■IM^tapll\' 

All  li'-lapli\  I..  .   Iiiniiiit.'sa,    J  (J 

\n-l..  I  iplnl.,-    1    ^a  i-r-i,    j\j 

\nnaria  capillari-   var.   iia:  I'll' ^lia, 
I. 'I 

\l  rii.iria  lati  ril!'  il  a. 
An  iiai  I  1  >ai  men  i^, 
Aiinaiia     vtrtia     \ar. 

IJI 
Aniiia  alpina,   ^54 
Anih  a   1  liann--i  aii^,    _?;  | 
Anli^■a  CMr'liPilia.   .v^! 
Arnica   tnlm'ti-,  ,?5'p 
Arnica  v;rai  ili>,     \^ii 
Arnica   latifolia,   .<; } 
Arnica   I'Mii-tana,    .^5(1 
Arnica    rarr>i.   ^\z,i, 
Art(  niivia   l.i,  nni  ■,    ju) 
ArtfiDNia  diMnlur,  jtny 
Artcmi-ia  fii.yiila.    lu-j 
Arunciis  sylxotir,    1  ;_• 
A>pidinin    l''ili\-nias,   5^ 
A'pidiiim  (  »rii.ptcri-,,    ;  ? 
Aspaliinn  ?pinulMMini  \ar.  dilatatn, 

A-iilcninni  cyclnMirum,   51 
Asplcninni  viridc,  51 
A^tt■r  alpinii-,    ii^^ 
Aster  cilii.mar^iinatiis,    ji^^ 


1 1 


370 


Index  to  Scientific  Names 


J. 


n, 


14' 


Hi 


\ 


'» 


Aster  coninuitaUis,    194 
Aster  conspicuous,  294,  296 
Aster  Engclmanni,  297 
Aster  Frcnionti,   2*/) 
Aster  frondius,  j(/) 
Aster  l.-evis,  2<)7 
Aster  LiiHlley.inns,    297 
A^ter  niajor,  2<)X 
Aster  RirlianNcMiii,    2<)7 
A-.ter  siliiriens,  2<j8 
Astraiialus  ahnriiiinoruiii,    161 
Astr.iKalus  a<lsiirneiis,   2O4 
Astrauahis  alpiinis,   267 
Astratjalits  cdiuallariiis,    267 
AstraKahis  hyixiiiluttis,   jUy 
Astragal  lis  Maconiiii,    2<>7 
Astragalus  teiielliis,    idi 

Rerl)eris   aqiiifolinm,  31S 

Herheris   repeiis,  ,^iS 

IJetula  alba.   var.  papyri  fera,  76 

Iktiila  fniilinalis,   76 

lletula  Klai"liil"sa,  76 

lioschiiiakia    stroliilaeea,    2<)i 

r.titrycliiinu  laticei)latiiiii,    35 

I'.otryciiium   Lnnaria,   55 

1)1)1  ryciiiniii  simplex,    55 

Fxitrycliiuni  virKiiuanuni,   55 

Roykiiiia   oecidcntalis,    i.vj 

Brassica  Siiiapistnini,  ,^22 

Braya   Ininiilis,    1.^3 

Bronuis    Kicliardsonii    var.    palli- 

(lus,  82 
Bryantlnis  enipctriformis,  2.^0 
Bryautluis  glaiuhiHlldrns,    182 
Bryantlnis  interniedius,   2,^2 

CalamaRrostis  canadensis,  ^2 
Callitriclie    palustris,    16.^ 
Calocliortus  l.yallii,  oX 
Calodiortus  niacriK-ari)us,  96 
Caltlia  leptosepala,   129 
Caltlia  palustris,  317 
Calypso  hnlhosa,  20<) 
Campanula  lasiocarpa.  294 


Campanula  rotundi  folia,  291 

Cai)sella  Bursa-pastoris,  IJ4 

Cardamine  hellidifolia,  136 

Cardaniine  pennsylvanica,  135 

Carduus  foliosus,  201 

Cardnus  Kelseyi,  201 

Cardials  nndiilatus,  300 

C:irex  fe-tiva,  85 

Carex  Mertensii,  85 

Carex  iiiKricaiis,  8(> 

Carex  pyreiiaica,  85 

Carex  nipestris,  8(j 

Cas^iope  Mertensiana,    1S3 

Cassiojjc  tetr.'iRona,   183 

Castilleja  angustifolia   var.   Brad- 

linrii,  245 
Castilleja  lancifolia,  245 
Castilleja  miniata,  243 
Castilleja  oreopala,  246 
Castilleja  pallida,   244 
Castilleja  piirpiirascens,  244 
Castilleja  rupicola,  246 
Cerastium   alpinuni,    122 
Cerastiiim  arvense,  122 
Clieilaiitlies  Feci,  50 
Clieiiiipodiiim  album,  120 
Clieiiopodinni  capitatum,  120 
Cliiinapliila  Meiizicsii,  22(1 
Cbimapliila  tinibellata,  225 
Chrysanthennini      Leucantheniuni, 

Chrysopsis  hispida,  346 
Clirysopsis  villosa,  340 
Cbrysusplenium  tetrandrum,  326 
Cicborium  Intybus,  301 
Circaca  alpina,   166 
Circaea  pacitica,   166 
Claytonia  lanccolata,  124 
Claytonia  mc^.''     'dza,  125 
Claytonia  pai  la,    125 

Clematis  coin..       na,  260 
Clematis  ligustici  folia,   128 
Clintonia  unitlora,  (j8 
CoUinsia  tenella,  286 
Coniandra  livida,   114 
Comandra  pallida,  114 


■M 


Coniaiulr.i  Riiliar(l>i;ina,  116 
Corallorhiza  niaciilata,  11,1 
Corallorhiza  MiTteiisiaiia,  114 
Corallorhiza  striata,   114 
Corallorhiza  trifida,  1 13 
CoriHis  catiadi'iwis,    ij2 
Coriitis  Ntoloiiifcra,  172 
Coryilalis  aiirea,  ^ly 
Crcpis   elcKaiis.   .^()i 
Crc'pis  nana,  .?6i 

CryploKramma  aorosticlioiilcs,   50 
Cryptoi-raninia  St'-llcri,  51 
Cypripciliuni  parvi'loruni,  ,^u 
Cyi)ript.'(liiini  iiassvrimint,   105 
Cyiirij)C(linin  puhcscens,  311 
C\>topteri.s  fragilis,   53 
Cystopteris  niontaiia,  53 

Deli)Iiiniinn  hicolor,  262 
Deli)hiniiiin  I'.rownii,  jfii 
Delpliiiiinin   Mciiziesii,  2C>2 
Dicentra  forniosa,  _M3 
Dici'iitra  miillora,  J15 
Uisporiini  orouaMiini,    ro_> 
l)i>poruin   trachycarpnn),    loj 
Dodt'catlu'on  pancitlonmi,  2,58 
Dralia  alpina,  ,?JO 
Draha  aiirea,  ,^20 
Draha  gladalis.  3_>o 
Draha  intana.   1,?,? 
Draha  loncliocarjia,  i,^,? 
I)ral)a  ni\alis,  ,^jo 
Draha  pr.caita,  133 
Dracoccpiiaiiiin  par\itlonim,  284 
Drosera  Ioiii;i folia,  138 
Drosera  rotiindifolia.  137 
Dryas   Drnnimondii,  331 
Dryas  nctopetala,  158 

Elncaunus  ari;entca.  334 
Enipctrnm  nigrum,  272 
EpilnhiiiiTi  adcnocaulon,  22^ 
Epilohinm  alpiinmi.  U14 
Epilohiimi  anacallidifclinin,  224 
Epiiohiuni  angustifoliinii,    22J1 
Epilohiuni  clavatum,  225 


I'.pih'hmni   I  ioriu-inanni,  2Jj 
I'4iilohiiim  latifoliinn,   224 
J'"pi!cihiuni  hitciiin.  33(1 
Eliil'ihinin  i)anionlatiim.  225 
I'-pi|iactis   (locipiLMis,    no 
I-'pilJacn^  rt-Dci!-,  1 12 
Ecpiisi'iuin  ar\tii^c,  56 
E(|iiiscttnn  lluviatilc,  56 
h"(|nisftmn  hy.  iiiali-,  57 
Eil'.n'sftnni  pralcii~i-,   si) 
Equi--ftinM  .scirpdidf-,    5!) 
I^(|ui-ctiini  >.\ivaticnin,  ^(1 
IvpiiM'tnm  varicRalinii,  ^7 
I'.riKoniii  acri-,  2')!< 
h^rimn.!!  a;irciis,  350 
I->im'niii  c.Tspitosiis,  h/) 
I".rii;i-ron  conipnsitns,    |()t 
Eri^fnui  Klal)i'lliis,  250 
l->i,Hi'rnn  lanaUH.  2<)<) 
Eri.m'run  mi'Linmrphahis,    i()5 
EriRcron  Miulliri(hi>,   m^ 
l'"rit;(.Tiin  philadclphii-ns.  2i)i} 
i',rit;iT()ii     .sal-ii}iin(isii>,    2i/j 
h'.ri.m'rnii   niiillMrn>,  jif) 
I'.riiiyiiiiinn   andro-aifiiin.   117 
luii'K'iiinin  n\alil.iliimi.   1 17 
I-'riotjdiium   i;iiihfll,il;iin.   1  l() 
Erinphoniin  aiij4n-ii(.  .linni,  85 
I'"rinphoriini  calhtrix.  S^ 
I'"ry^iiniini  par\itl(irnni,  ,!_'4 
Erylliniiiiiiin  .uraiidillnniin,  30<) 
Erytiironinni     i-'randill.iriini       var. 

par\  illnnini,  31  1 
I'.rytliroiiinni  ninntanniii,  (/> 

I'alsia   horrida,    1I18 
Ei"-tiK'a  o\iiia,  Sj 
hVa.uaria  hrai'Icata,   154 
iVa^aria  ^laiioa,   154 
I'ritiliaria  ptidica,  30} 

Ciaillardia  ari-tata.  :^^;\ 
Galimii  hn.caii'.   i()i 
(iaiiiitn  tritidiini,    102 
(ialinm  tritlonini,  kji 
Gaulthcria  iuimifusa,  185 


4^ 


372 


Indi'y  to  Scientific  Xames 


\>t  \ 


i«^ 


* 


mis. 


(Jaultlicria  ovatifnlia,   18,3 
(iciitiaiia  atVniis,  278 
(;.Miti;ma  Ainarell.i,  var.  acuta,  J7C 
(icntiana  arctoiihila,  2/6 
(icntiana  K''iii<-"a,  -7^ 
CiiiUiaiia  Macouiiii,  _'75 
(iciitiana  proiiiiuiua,  2J() 
(icntiaua  |irnstrata,  27') 
(iLTaninni  liickiu'llii,  22.^ 
(icraniuni  carnlitiiainmi,  222 
(kTaniuni  Kichardsniiii.  i(>i 
{kniiu  niacropliylltini,  330 
Cicum  ^trictum,  330 
(ieniii  trillnnim,  218 
Ciilia  agsu'^ata,  239 

Ilalienaria  hracteata,  lOQ 
llahciiaria  dilatata,    io() 
Habcnaria  gracilis,   109 
Hahenaria  liypcrhorea,   lO) 
llal)enaria  obtusata.   109 
Hal)Ciiaria  orbiculata,  110 
Hall-Ilia  detlcxa,  27^ 
Ilcdysanini  horcale,   270 
Hcdysarnm  Mackenzii.  222 
Iledysarum  sulpluircscens.  161 
Heliantluis  Ripanteii';.  351 
Hcraclcum   laiiatmi,    170 
llcucliera  glahdla,    146 
lleiiclKTa  glabra,   146 
llciulifra  ovalitolia.  144 
llicraciiini  gracile.  ,361 
tlieracium  Scoulcri,  361 
Hiei;iciiini  umbellatum,  361 
Hippuris  nioiiuma,   167 
Hippuris  vulgaris,    167 
Hordeum  jubatum,  82 
Hypericum  Scouleri,  ,1.32 

Juncus  Drunimoiidii,  86 

J  uncus  MertL'usianus,  86 

J  uncus   Parryi,  86 

J  uncus  trigluiuis,  86 

Junipcrus     coninuuiis     var.     iiion- 

tana,  73 
Juniperus  horizontalis,  7i 


Juniperus  scopuloruin,  73 

Kalniia  polifolia,  230 
Kolircsia  I'.cllardi,  85 
Kiibrtsia  bipartita,  85 
Krulisca  -itrcplnpoidcs,  207 

I.ai)I)ula  dittu^a,  281 
I.appula  ccbinata,   281 
L.ippula  lluribunda.  280 
l.arix   l.yallii,  03 
Lathyrus  (H-hrobncus,    163 
I.atliyrus  palustri-,  271 
l.t'duni  glandulosuni,    180 
Ledum  gnenlatulicum,  179 
Lepidium  apetalum,  i.U 
lA'ptarrlKua  amplexifnlia,  128 
Loptotaenia   multifida,  274 
Ligusticum  apiifnlium,   170 
Ligusticum  (ira}i,    170 
Liliuni  columbianuni,  307 
Lilium  montanum,  305 
Linnaca   bnrealis   var.    americana, 

Linum  Lcwisii,  271 
Listera  convallarioides,  112 
Listera  cordata,  112 
l.itbophragma  tenella,  216 
Litliospcrnuim  ang^istitolium,  339 
Litbospermum  rudcrale,  340 
Lobelia  Kalnui,  294 
Loiseleuria  procumbens.  229 
Lomatium  macrocarpum,  170 
Lomatium     Martindalei    var.    an- 

gustatum,  339 
Lomatium  triternatum.  338 
Lonicera  glaucescens,  248 
Loniccra  involucrata,  343 
Lonicera  utabeiisis,  344 
Lupinus   subalpinus,   264 
Lutkea  pcctinata,    152 
Luzula  parvillora,  87 
Luzula  spicata,  87 
Lydinis  apctala,  123 
Lycliiiis  Drummondii,  T23 
Lycopodium  alpinum,  57 


Itu]<-s 


t,  scicutificji;!^ 


7,7  ?> 


wc..po.lium  annntiuuni.  ?7 

Melil..tu>  onKi.ialis.  33> 
Mentha  canaacnM>^^.^^^^^^^^^^_.j,(, 
^U■nthacanaacl>t>^■'- 
M,„yauthc>  tnt'-   '^  •  : 

M,rtcns.a  paincnUa,        .S 

Mhnnlus  mo^chaU  s  34 
MitcUa  I'.rovcn    14" 
MiU'lla  inula.  14» 

MucUa  u.tida    I4« 
\l,„v.araa  h^'nlo-a,  -40 

^^'-^^^  ritlM^i-.  '-^ 

Mnnntmi-a  inUtV;r..,^^i_. 
Myr-ioplnUum  >PKaUun. 

Oenothera  l'^!^;;:;^-!^- 

orchu  ---^ ; ;  •  j>;.. 

Or..hanchc  ^,^, 

Or.'hanche  "'  ">' 

onh--vu.  ;--;^    \,« 

(),,n..rh)/a'h^-^^'^''\;^ 
CKvvia  a,gyna^   . 

osvtr.'V's  --"'-^  ;:;  ^^ 


Osytropis  v.>ciaa,  -"v 

rachi^thnu  Myv-mc.  ."4 
1-apavcr  alpir.uu).  3"' 
l',n,a^Ma.nnb.M:.'-'y 

l-nrna^-ia   uv  .,.tan.-n-<^.    '4' 

■;    na-Ma,.a-"l'-:'^;„ 
lv.lKulari~  hra.>o-.^' 

..'   ■ulav,-.va•ulan<h..,-4- 
l^..Jav^racc.n..^a,   IN, 
IVlU.a  air..l.uri.ur.a    oo 

rin.tcnon  pru.c.ru.^^> 

VtaMtc.  pahnatu.,   -OO 
VtaMtc.  ^a.ua,us  ^00 
Phaca  anioncana        i 
Phaccha  hcKTophyU. ,  -^ 
Il,accliascrKca    -/) 

^  .  A    nrvniitc"-.   4/ 

pjieiioplcri-  P"i>i 
PbU-u.n  alponnn.  ^- 
pKiox  l)in'"^^aMi.  -3> 
li>  <aria   .luKn.^an'-   3^ 
PUn-a  cara.lcnM>.  "r 
v.  .  .,   Fntichivanni.  <'/ 
(,.„,,ioaa  vru^ar    . 
l>u,u-  aUncauh;-.  ^ 
P,nu^    o.U.a-ta    Nar. 

<'^'   '"'"      .     ,     (  . 
l>,„u^  n.-nUO.\a.<- 
P.uu-  p..nacn.^a,  ^ 
Planla^..  n-aV^,    ^ 
p\atuaii-  i»a>|a    n^i 
Poa   alph'a,  ^-      -    .^„„^.  ,->> 

1-^--^"^^"",  r;;:n:.i.u- >- 
p,,',yi;cinun\   NUuiK- 


}v\Mrrayaiia, 


aMatua.  I'Jl 


!<»,  t.. 


374 


Index  to  Scientific  Names 


I. 


Jli 


:  1^ 


1) 


•hi  i 


I   \\ 


fl 


\ 


r! 


Polygonum  viviparum,  ii8 
I'olystichuin  Lonchitis,  52 
Populus  acuminata,  70 
Populus  balsamifcra,  75 
Populus  tremuloides,  75 
Populus  trichocarpa,  75 
Potamogcton  filiforniis,  91 
Potaniogc'tim  Ricliar(ls(mii,  91 
Potfutilla  Anscrina,  3^7 
Potcntilla  arguta,  ijf) 
Potcntilla  dissccta,  .^JX 
Potfutilla      (lissecta      var.      glau- 

cophylla,  328 
Poteiitilla  dissccta  var.  multisecta, 

328 
Potcntilla    dissccta    var.    pinnati- 
secta.  328 

Potcntilla  fruticosa,  i2^} 

Potcntilla  gracilis,  329 

Potcntilla  Hippiana,  328 

Potcntilla  uivca,  3-29 

Potcntilla  uorvc-gica,  328 

Potcntilla  pahistris,  156,  263 

Potcntilla  unitlora,  329 

Primula  farinosa,  237 

Primula  Maccalliana,  237 

Prunella  vulgaris,  284 

Prunus  demissa,  78 

Pscudotsuga  taxifolia,  71 

Pteris  aquilina  var.  lanuginosa,  49 

Pterospora  andromcdea,  178 

Pyrola  asarifolia,  226 

Pyrola    asarifolia    var.    incarnata, 
228 

Pyrola  chlorantha,  174 

Pyrola  minor,  175 

Pyrola   secumda,  175 

Pyrus   sambucifolia,  y7 

Radicula      Nasturtium-aquaticum, 

135 
Ranunculus  acris,  314 
Ranunculus  aquatilis,  316 
Ranunculus  Cymbalaria,  315 
Ranunculus  Eschscholtzii,   315 
Ranunculus  Macounii,  315 


Ranunculus  pygmxus,  316 
Ranunculus  rcpciis,  316 
Ranunculus  reptans,  316 
Rliinantluis  Crista-galli,  342 
Rhododendron  albillorum,  180 
Rihes  Inidsonianum,   150 
Rihcs  lacustrc,  i.io 
Rilics  laxitlorum,  217 
Ril)cs  setosum,  149 
Romanzoftia  sitchcnsis,  187 
Rosa  acicularis,  219 
Rosa  gymnocarpa,  221 
Rosa  Macounii,  220 
Rubus  arcticus,  218 
Rubus  parvitlorus,  156 
Rubns  pedatus,  158 
Rubus  spcctabilis,  219 
Rubus  stngosus,  158 
Rubus  trirlorus,  158 
Rudbeckia  birta,  351 
Rumex  .\cctosa,  118 
Rumex  Acetosella,  118 
Rumex  salicifolius,  118 

Salix  arctica,  75 
Salix  Barclayi,  74 
Salix  Barrattiana,  74 
Salix  Bebbiana,  74 
Salix  Candida,  7i 
Salix  nivalis,  74 
Salix  petrophila,  74 
Salix  sitchcnsis,  75 
Salix  vcstita,  74 
Sambucus  mclanocarpa,  193 
Sambucus  racemosa,  193 
Saussurca  dcnsa,  300 
Saxifraga  adscendcns,  142 
Saxifraga  aestivalis,  142 
Saxifraga  aizoidcs,  326 
Saxifraga  bronchialis,  139 
Saxifraga  caespitosa,  142 
Saxifraga  cernua,  140 
Saxifraga  Lyallii,  140 
Saxifraga  Mertensiana,  142 
Saxifraga  nivalis,  142 
Saxifraga  nutkana,  140 


mmmm 


Index  to  Scientific  Names 


.^7'; 


'b2 


Saxifraga  oppositifolia,  211, 
Saxif'-.tga  rivularis,  144 
Sp(!;im  T'lsciini,  jifi 
Sedtiin  stciiopcfaliiin,  .?.'4 
SclaKiiK'lla  nipc>tris,  5K 
SflaKiiK'lla  sclagiiicii'lis,  58 
Scnccio  Balsaniiia-,  .557 
Senccio  camis.  .v=iX 
St'iiecio  (liscdiilt'iK.  ,v^S 
SfiK'cio  tlav"vin.-n>,  .^58 
Sciiecio  liiRi'iis,  .?5.S 
Seiucio  pseudaiiri'iis.  ,^58 
Stiiecio  triaiiKulari-,  ,^38 
Slu'phcrdia  canadeiiMs,  ,\^h 
Sihhaldia  prociiml)eiis,  }i2j 
Silciic  acaulis,  Jii,  jiM 
Silenc  Lyallii,   i.'4 
Sileiie  Macoiinii.  123 
Sisymbrium  altissimiim,  .-,23 
Sisymbrium  cam-sccn^,   •1,2^ 
Sisymbrium  HartwcgiaTUim,  .pj 
Sisyinbrium  incisum,  323 
Sisyriiichimn  aiigusti folium,  257 
Sisyriucbium  califoruicum,  .511 
Sisyrinchium  idabocnsc,  250 
Sisyrincliium  scpteutrionalc, 
Smilacina  amplexicaulis,   101 
Smilacina  stellata,  loi 
Solidago  canadensis,  346 
Solidago  dccumbcns,  348 
Solidago  elongata,  350 
Solidago  missouriensis,  348 
Solidago  multiradiata,  348 
Solidago  nemoralis,  348 
Sonclnis  arveiisis,  3O0 
Sparganium  simplex,  81 
Spiraea   dcnsiflora,   217 
Spiraea  lucida,  130 
Spirantbes  Romanzoffiana,  iio 
Stacbys  pahistris,  285 
Stellaria  borcalis,  122 
Stellaria  longipcs,  121 
Stenantbium  ixcidentale,  02 
Streptopus  amplexifolius,  102,  10 

207 
Streptopus  roseus,  205 


-\sy 


Sympboricirpus     racemosus     var. 
paucitliirus,  1Q2 

T.iraxacuin  officinale,  ;^~ci 
'l.iraxaotuu  rupe^tre,  351J 
T,ixii->  i)re\ii<ilia,  (n 

Tillima  g--  1.     .lura,  i4() 

'I  lialietruu    mcg.ic.irpum,    126 

Tlialictrum  occiikiitale,  125 

I  iila-ipi  arvense,  133 

riiuya  iibcat.i,  71 
'I'iarella  unifoliata,  144 
Totieblia  glutiiKisa,  i)\ 
Tdtieldia  "icideiUaii--,  iji 
'l"i)tiel<lia  p.■llustri^.  (;i 
Trientali-:  arclica,  iS<i 
Trifoliuni  byliridiun,  Kio 
Tritoliuni  praten>e,   221 
Trifoliuni  repens,    160 
Triglocbin  palustri>,  82 
Trollius  laxus  \ar.  alliitlorus,  \2f) 
Tsiiga  bet<.'r(.i>liylla,  U) 
TsMga  Mertensiana,  6<> 
Typba  latifolia,  81 

I'rtica  Lyallii,  1 14 
I'tricularia  intermedia,  343 
L'tricularia  \  ulgari>,  342 

Vaccinium  c.Tspitnsum,  236 
\'accinium  erytbrococctun,  2ti/C> 
\'acciniuni  memhranaccum,  235 
X'accinium  ovalifolium,  235 
Vaccinium  Oxycoccus,  2^1^ 
Vaccinium  Vitis-ida-a,  236 
Valeriana  Scoukri.  250 
\'aleriana  septentrionalis,    194 
Valeriana   sitcbensis,    194 
\'cratrum  viride,  94 
Veronica   alpina    var.   unalaschcn- 

sis,  288 
X'eronica  americana,  28<^ 
Veronica  bumitusa,  28<) 
\'iburinini  paucitiorum,   193 
\'icia  americana,  270 
Vicia  Cracca,  270 


Mi 


u 


i) 


f  ■ 


^i  Ik, 


II 

^-  ft 


i 


376 


/«</^x  to  Scientific  Names 


Viola  adunca,  274 
Viola  canadensis,  164 
Viola  Klahella,  333 
Viola  ncphrophylla,  272 
Viola  orbicnlata,  334 
Viola  palubtris,  274 


Viola   Selkirkii,  274 
Viola  sempervirens,  334 

ZJzia  cordata,  338 
ZyRadentis  elcRans,  g2 
Zygadenus  vencnosus,  94 


INDEX  TO  HNGLISH  NAMES 


Adder's  TonRiic,  Mnmitain,  (/< 
Adder's    TonRiie,    Small     Veil 

Adder's  ToriRiie,  Vellow,  301), 
Alder,  Mountain,  77 
Alder,  Speckled,  77 
Alexanders,  He  irt-leaved,  ,y8 
Allotropa,  Striped,  175 
Alum-root,  Bristly,  146    . 
Alum-root,  Oval-leaved,  144 
Alum-root,  Smooth,  146 
Androsace,  Alpine,    185 
Andros.-icc,  SpreadiiiK.  185 
Androsace,  Sweet,  185 
Anemone,  Alpine,  128 
Anemone,  Few-tlovsered,    ij8 
Angelica.  Cut-Icaved,  274 
Arnica,  Alpine,  354 
Arnica,  Broad-leaved,  354 
Arnica,  Cliamisso's,  334 
Arnica,  Heart-leaved,  .353 
Arnica,  Notched,  357 
Arnica,  Parry's,  357 
Arnica,  SchaefTcr's,  357 
Arnica,  Slender,  357 
Arrow-wood,  193 
Asphodel,  Glutinous,  91 
Asphodel,  Scottish,  qi 
Asphodel,  Western,  91 
Aster,  Alpine,  195 
Aster,  Engelmann's,  297 
Aster,  Fremont's,  296 
Aster,  Golden,  346 
Aster,  Golden  Hairy,  346 
Aster,  Great  Northern,  298 
Aster,  Hairy-margined,  298 
Aster,  Large  Purple,  294 
Aster,  Leafy-bracted,  296 


Aster,  Lindley's,  ^17 
iw.       Aster,  Kioliardson's,  .'97 

Aster,  SmiHith,  -h>7 
310       Aster,  \iolif,  j(>8 
Aster,  U  liite,    ii>4 
Avens,  Large-leaved.  330 
Avens,  Lung-)»lume<l,  .m8 
Avens,  Vellow,  330 
Azalea.  Trailing  Alpine.  .•."9 

Balm  of  Gilead.  7-, 
Baneherry.  Red.    131 
Baneherrj,  White,  131 
Bearherry,  Alpine,  J,^ 
Bearherry,  Red,  131,  ^^^2 
Beard-tongue,  Blue,  2^7 
Beard-tongue,  Large  Purple,  .Sli 
Beard-tongue,  Slender.  2X7 
Beard-tongue.  Small-leaved,  .'87 
Beard-tongue.  Nellow,  340 
Bedstraw,  Xorthern.  191 
Bedstraw,  Small,  kjj 
Bedstraw,    Sweet-scented,    191 
Bergamot,  Wilfl,  240 
Betony,  Western  Wood,  246 
Bilherry,  Alpine,  2,^(> 
Bilhcrry.  Dwarf.   236 
Bilberry,  Mountain,  236 
Birch,  Black.  76 
Birch,  Dwarf,  76 
Birch,  Pai)er,  76 
Bishop's  Cap.  148 
Bistort.  Alpine.  118 
Bistort.  Heart-leaved.    120 
Bitter-root.  213 
Black-eyed  Susan,  351 
Bladder-pod,  320 
Bladderwort,  Greater,  342 
377 


378 


InJex  to  Etifjlish  Names 


.i> 


tflK  i 


i 


jnadderwort.  Yellow,  34.I 
HlicilitiK-licart,  Unc-tlowercd.   J13 
mfcaiiiK-lKart,  Wild,  J15 
iSltu-larry,  Mlack,  2J3 
lUueiifrry,  Uval-lcavfd,  2,15 
liliie-eytd  (irass,  Small,  -J5<; 
I'.Itic-i-ycd  dra^s.  Stiff,  257,  2?K 
I'.luc-i'yi'd  (irass.  Twisted,   J5<> 
I'.liic-iyid  (irass,  Yellow,  311 
IMiie-eyeil  Mary,  .>8() 
noM-lmiakia,  nji 
15.ilt!e   Uriisli,   i()7 
Hoykinia,  Western.  i.?9 
Uracken,  ConniKiii,  4'^ 

Hrake,  I'lirple  Cliff,  50 

Brake,  Xi)otka  Hock,  so 

Hrake,  Slender  Kock,     i 

Hron/.e   lUlls,  i)2 

Hriiwn-eyed  Susan,  ,^^.^ 

Rnckbean,  .Mar>li,  ii^> 

lUiffalolierry,  Canada,  X\() 

r.mu-liherry,  172 

lUir-reed,  Siniple-steiiinied.  81 

Hitrseed,  281 

Hnttercup,  Macoun's.  315 
Buttercup,  Meadow,  .U4 
Buttercup,  I'igmy,  ^i(> 
Buttercup,  Snow,  ,115 
Butterwort,  289,  2go 

Calypso,  209 
Campion,  Moss,  211,  262 
Campion,  White,  123 
Cancer-root,  Naked,  201 
Cancer-root,  One-flowered,  290 
Capberry,   156 
Catchfly,  Ly all's,  124 
Cat-tail,  Broad-leaved,  81 
Cedar,  Red,  71 
Chalice  Cup,  126 
Cherry,  Western  Choke,  78,  154 
Chickweed,  Alpine  Mouse-ear,  122 
Chickweed,  Field  Mouse-ear,  122 
Chicory,  301  . 

Christmas  Green,  Trailing,  58 
Cinqucfoil,  Alpine,  3^9 


Cimiuefiiil,  Common,  ji^X 
Ciiuiuefoil,  Dissected,  3-'^ 
Cin«|uefoil.  (Iraceful.  '-•<> 
Ciiupiefoil,  I-eafy,  3-^'" 
CiiKpiefoil,  One-tlowered,  ^J() 
Cin(inefnil.   l'uri)le,  Jt\\ 
CiiKiuefoil,  RouKh.  32S 
Ciiuiuefoil,  Sliruliliy.  3-''» 
Ciiuiuefoil,  Smooth,  328 
Ciiujuefoil,    Tali,    13<) 
Cinqucfoil.  Woolly,  .^jA 
Clematis.  Purple,  2(0 
Clematis,  White,   128 
Clover,  AKatian,  1(10 
Clover,  Ked.  221 
Clover,  White,  160 
Chill  Moss,  Alpine,  57 
Club  Moss,  Arctic,  57 
Chih  Moss.  Creei)inK.  57 
Cluh  Mo>s,  Fir,  57 
Cluh  Moss,  Stiff,  57 
Cohunhine.  Blue.  2()i 
Columliine,  We>tern.  213.  214 
Columhine.  Yellow,  ii7.  3^^ 
Coltsfoot,  Arctic,  200 
Coltsfoot,  Arrow-leaved,  200 
Coltsfoot,  Palm-leaved,  200 
C(miandra,  (ireen,  116 
Comaiidra,  Swamp,  114 
Comandra,  White,  114 
Coral  Root,  h'.arly,  113 
Coral  Root,  Spotted,  114 
Coral  Root,  Spurred,   114 
Coral  Root,  Striped,  114 
Corydalis,  Golden,  319 
Cottonwood,  76 
Cranberry.  Small,  236 
Crane's  Bill,  Carolina,  222 
Cress,  Drummond's  Rock,  136 
Cress,  Hairy  Rock,  136 
Cress,  Lyall's  Rock,  216 
Cress,  Northern  Rock,  135 
Cress,  Smooth  Rock,  136 
Cress,  Stony  Rock,  136 
Cress,  Alpine  Bitter,  136 
Cress,  Penny,  133 


& 


mmmm 


Im/i'x  to  Entjlish  \<nm's 


:i70 


Cros,  \\  ittr,    1.15 

Cri->».  Whitf    liittir,   i.?5,   i.Vi 

Crowlicrry,  J72 

Crow  fix  it,  CrfCi>iiiK.  .?I5 

CViiw  foot,  WatiT,  ,ii'> 

Cruwfniii,   ^■cll"w,  .}1() 

Currant,  Hlack,  150 

Currant,  Skni,k,  JI7 

I'lisy.  ()x-i'>f,  nw 

Danik'liiui,  AlpiiU',  .^59 

1  )an(U'lii)'i,  Ciiinnioii,  ,?.=;<) 

I  ),iii(Kliini,   CiilMHT    l'";ilsi',  .V'l 

I  ),'iniK'li<in,    l^irj;r  llnuirid    I'aUi", 

Dandelion,    Sina1l-nnwcr«.(l    I'alM-, 

Devil's  Clnl),  i'i8 
Di>iinrinn,  Wonily,  102 
D(K-k,  Wiilow-kMvcii,  118 
Diinl)anc,  Siircailinn,  -'.(<> 
J)nR\v<>()<i.   Ui'il-'isicr,    17-' 
DraK'Mi  llea<l,  J^A 
Drya^,    DrninninndV,   .(,^i 

F.lder,  Rlack-herritd,  \i).\ 

I'.ldir,  Kc'(l-lpcrric(l,   !<>,? 

FJcpliant's   llcatl,  J47 

Ivlyiia,  Arctic,  H-; 

I-Jiclianter's     NiKlitsliailc,     Pacific, 

Enchanter's     N'iglit>lia(le,     Small, 

166 
Eriogonuni,  Dwarf,  117 
Eriogonum,  Silvery,  117 
Eriogoii"'"^    Tall,  iiO 
Ever:        .  .  ....»se,  Comtnon,  3^7 

Everla.tirg,  Alpine,  197 
Everlasi'ng,   Arctic,   i07 
Evcrlasti.'g,  Mountain,  197 
Everlasting-,  Mouse-ear.  196 
Everlasting.   Pearly,  i(;8 
Everlasting,  Pink,  250 
Everlasting,  Silky,  197 
F  crla-ting.  Tall,  197 
L*(.ila>iing,  White,  196 


Fairy   P.ells   i.u 
IVnnel,  U  .iter,  id.j 
F'erii,  I'.riitle,  ?.< 
I'ern,   liolly,  5.' 
I''ern,  l..irge  l.iily,  >! 
{•'em,  l.(ln^;    Iki-cli,  .47 
I'ern,  Male  ShieM.  .;.i 
|-"eru,   Mcnuitain    Itl.nlilcr,   5.5 
F'lrn,  ();ik,  47 
!"ern,  KattUsnake,  55 
i'ern.  Scaly  SliicM,  ;,t 
I'ern,  Slender  I  ii>,  50 
I'ern,  Spinuln-r   Shield,  5,? 
I'ern,  Tuftecl    I'.iecli,  47 
I'ir,   I'aN.iin,  (>7 
lir.  Douglas,  71 
Flax,   WiM    -71 
I'le.aliane,  Alpine,  jim) 
h'leali.ane,  Arctic,  .'((i) 
[■'leali.ine,   l!l;ick-\\oolly,  i()5 
I'leal.aue,  Mine,  .'(>S 
'•'liah.ane,    Daisy,    ic).; 
F'lealiane,   I'ern  le.iveil,   I<)5 
I'"lialiane,  Large  Purple,  _h><) 
F'lealiane,  Lavender,  jif) 
I'lealiane,  Rough,  j'o 
J'"le;.liane,    I  lifted,   nXi 
I'leahane,  ^'ellow,  350 
I-'orget-ine-not,  I'aNe.  jSo 
l'"orget-nie-not,  Moiintaui,  _'Sj 
F'ritillary,  Yellow,  .^ixj 

(larlic.  Pink,  J03 
Garlic,  Pur|)le,  257 
f ianltluria,  Creei)ing,    iSs 
(    inltheria,  Red-herried,   i8j 
Gentian,  Alpine,  2~t) 
Gentian,  Dwarf,  27(1 
Gentian,  Tour-parted,  276 
(ientian.  Large,  27S 
(icntian,  Macoun's,  J75 
("lenti.m,  Xorthern,  _'7() 
(ientian.  Pale,   J7S 
(Ientian,  Spurred,  278 
Geranium,  RickncH's,  22;^ 
Geranium,  White,   lO.? 


n.  , 


380 


InJiX  to  Etujl'nh  S'ami's 


rfv' 


I, 


.uS 


(iili.i.   Si-arli't,  .>,V» 
(il..).c   FluvM-r,  White,   l.x) 
(ioat'^   I'uMril,  15J 
(;.,l(|i-n-rn,l,  l";in;iil;i.   ,M'>,   .W7 
(i,,|.'.ii-r.Ml.  I'iol'l,  .mH 
(l.il.Kn-rc.il.  (Irny.  .M^ 
Cnlck-ii-nMl,  M(mitt:iin.  .yH 
(inl(Kn-r"(l.  Nnrtla-rn,  .yS 
(iul.lcii-rciil,  SlriKlt-r,  .150 
(idnsiliiriy,  I5ri^tly,    14") 
(i.in-dnTry,  Swal"!'.    '5" 
(Iraiii.-,  <  trt'pin,  .?|S 
Grain-.  K'K-ky   M..iiniain. 
(;rass.  Aliiim-   Svcar,  8-' 
Grass,  Hlnc-jniiit,  S.- 
Grass,  Cotton,  85 
Gra^s.  Krii..,'e(l  I'.romc.  «2 
Grass,  Marsli  Arrow,  Sj 
Grass,  IVppcr,   i.U 
Gras;-.  Sheep's  l-V-ciu\  8_> 
Grass,  Siiiiirrel-lail,  8j 

Aliiine   Whitlow,  ,^20 
Aniic  Whitlow,  .VJ 
GoltKii  Whitlow,  ,i-'o 
l.oiiK-p"<l'l^''l  Whiilow. 
Talc   Yellow    Whitlow, 
Spring?  Whitlow,  i.U 
White  Whitlo'v,  i,?.? 
of    I'arnassus    Alpine, 
of   Parnassus,   rrtitRed, 
of    Parnassus,    Marsh, 
of    Parnassus,    Snial' 
Greek  \'aleriar,  Uhie,  27>) 
Greek  Valerian,  Purple,  j 
Groundsel,  lilack-tipped, 
Gronnilsel.  Silvery,  33.S 
Gr.nuuUel,  Western    Balsam, 

Hare's  Tail.  8.? 
llarehell,  2(JI,  292 
Harehell,  Arctic,  204 
Hawksheard,  Alpine,  361 
Hawksheard.  Many-tlowcred, 
llawkweed.  Hairy,  .?6i 
Hawkweed,  Narrow  leaved 
llawkweed,  Small,  J)2 


Gras 

Grass, 

Grass, 

fjrass. 

Grass, 

Grass, 

Grass, 

(irass 

Grass 

G    IS 

Gr.ass 


lliart-ofthe-earth.  2S4 
lUalh.  While.    lH,\ 
Heath,   I'our-aiiuled,    iH? 
Heather.   I'ink  .Moinit.ini,  J.12 
lleatiu-     Ue.l    Mountain.  2.?o 
ilealher.  While   Mniuitain.    l8J 
Hedy-arnin.  Maekeivie'-.   JJ2 
Heily-ariuu.   i'uriile.  270 
lledy-arutii.  White,   Ifn 
Ij.liiitrope.  Canada.  250,  2;,? 
Heliotrope.  Northern.   \<^ 
lleliotrojie.   Wihl.   I'M 
Hellehore.  Indian.  i)4 
lleiulotk,  Moiuitain.   (») 
HeudcK-k.  Westirn,  (-) 
Herh  of  St.   I'.arhara,  .U2 
Honeysuckle.  Snii>oth-Uaved 
Honeysuckle,  lUish  lly.  .U4 
Honeysuckle.  Involucred   I'ly.  .?4.^. 

.144 
Horsetail.   I'ield,  5') 
Horsetail,  Swamp.  56 
Horselail,  Thicket.   5') 
Horsetail.  V'ariiKated,  57 
Horsetail,  W<Jod,  5(1 

Indian   Pii>e,  I7^> 


248 


140      Juniiier.  .\lpine.  7.\ 

I4(j      Jimiper,  Creei)inu.  7.? 

14H      Juniper,  Rocky    .Mountain,   7.I 

'->■'   ■  .  .       o 

Kohresia,   .\rctic,  S5 

l.ahrador  Tia,  Smooth-leaved,  180 
Labrador  Tea,  Woolly,   17O 
^58         Ladies    Tresses,   Hooded.  1 10 

Lady's  Slipper.  Uirge  Yellow.  .^11. 

.312 
Lady's  Sli:iper.  Small  Yellow,  312 
LanJ)'     Quarters.  120 
I^irch.  Lyall's,  63 
361        I-arksinir,  ISlue,  262 

l-irkspur,  Hlue-veined,  262 
362  Larkspur,  Mountain.  An 

Laurel,  Swami),  230 


'ST 


:»*::¥%. 


JnJi'X  to  Knijlish   Sdtni'S 


I.ilitarrlun.i,  i.i.H 
l.il),  (in Til,  i)J 
l.ily,  Mnimt.iin,   ,Ui.=i 
l.ily.   l'oiM>ii()iis  ( iicoii,  <)4 
l.iiy,  WcsUTii,  ,\o- 
\.>\«.-\\:\.   \\r<<i)'<,  _"M 

1.(11  I  )U  I  III,    .!.tJ 

l.ciiixwurt,  loiituili'l,    iS") 
l.Mti«i\\(irt,   Wliili'.   iS") 
l.n\iiiii',   I'lTH  I'.MMiI,    170 
l.dvaHi'.   <ir;iy'^.    •"" 
l.iin««<irl.  Hill'.   jM.i 
l.nii«\\..rt,    I'.iU,   -'Xj 
l.ii|iiii,  AliiiiH',  -'''4 

Mauliiiiuiir,  4<; 
M^in/anita,  .'.^4 
M.ipU-.  Duarl.  :» 
Marc's    Tail.   Mmintain.   167 
Mariii>>>a,  ( ircfii-liaiulril,  <>i 
Marii><i-.a,  I'ali',   tii< 
Marsli-iuariKoM,  .^17 
Marsh-maristilil,  Alpine,    l-'i) 
MiaiUiw   Kuo.  Vfiiiy,   l.") 
Meadow  Rue,  Western,  IJ3 
Melilnt,  Yellow,  .ui 
Mcii/ie>ia,  Sealv,  JJ<) 
Meii/.iesia,  Siiio<jth.  .'J.S 
Milfoil,  Spiked  Water,  iW) 
Mint,  Canada,  2S5 
Mint,  Hairy,  jS^) 
Mi>t    Maidens,    187 
Mitrewurt,  14'>.  14^ 
Miirewort,  Alpine,  148 
Mitrewort,  Five-staniened,   148 
Moccasin   Flower,  White,   lo.i 
Monkey  Flower,   Alpine,   ,MI 
Monkey  I'lowcr,  Red.  J40,  ■^4-' 
M..tikey   I'lowcr,  Nellow,  340 
Moonwort,  55 
Mooinvort,  Slender,  55 
Moonwort,  Small,  55 
Mountain  Asli,  Western,  77 
Mountain   Lover,   1(14 
Musk    Flower,   .yi 
Mustard.  Tall  Hedse,  323 


Mu>tar(l,  Uarfv\e«'>    '  .  .U.» 

Mustard.  Tall  Tans>,    u.i 

Mustard.  Ireade,  .?J4 

Mustard.  \\  e>terii    Tan^y,  .UM 

.\ancy-o\er  tiie-Kri>unil,   144,   14S 
Nc-lia,  .U'-' 
Nettle,  t  nnnnon,   1 14 
Ncvslierry.i,   17.S 

()rilii>,   I  lyspolted.  .-o; 
Orchis,  Sracelul  Rein,  lo>) 
Orchis,  l.eit'y    Rein.    ii») 
Orchi-,   l.oiiu  lira.l.d    Rein,    irn; 
Orchi-,  .Northern   Rem,   M*) 
Orchis.  R.iiHid  leaved   Rein.   110 
Orchi-,  White   Rein,   ICKi 
Oreoliniiii.i,  .Stripid,  Ji.} 
0\>  trope,  Alpine.  J(>- 
Oxytrope.   I  >roopniK-lruited,  .•'«) 
()\\tropc.   Intl. lied,    J**) 
•  )\ytrope,   Mountain,  ,vu 
Oxytrope,  Showy,  -•'') 

I'.iint   i'.rnsh,  l.ancc  kaved  Indian, 

^45 

I'.iint    I!ru~h.    I'nrpK-   Indian,   .'44 
Paint   r.rnsli,   Reil    Imlian,    .'4.^ 
i'aint   I'.riish,  White  liidi.iu.  J44 
I'ainted  Cup.   I'.radhury's.  J45 
I'ainted'  ("up,  I'.rinhl.  J4() 
Fainted  Cup,  .\la^;enta,  -'4(1 
Parsley,  LarKe--eeded,   170 
Parsley,  Martindale's.  .^V) 
Parsley,   Narrow -lea\ed.  ,?,?8 
i'.irsnip,  Cow,   170 
Pasfpie  Flower,  259 
I'elican  Flower,  .Ui 
Persicaria,  Swamii.  Jio 
I'hacelia,  I'lue,  j8o 
Phacclia,  Mountain,  279 
''h!ox,  .Mpine.  2,\>) 
Pine,  Hull,  6j 
Pine,  l.odKe   Pole.  t<3 
I'ine.  Mountain,  '12 
Pine,  Whitcd)ark,  61 


%  -'-il 


1 1, 


t  i) 


i 
i  ! 


% 


i^ 


r. 


i 


.^«2 


/«<y»x  /o  Entflish  Sanies 


I'iiu'  I)ro|...  17K 
l'ilu•^al>.   17(^1 
I'iiik,  1  )rii!iinion»rs,  i-',^ 
rink.  N.xl.liiiK,  lij 

|'i|>^i•*^l•W.I.    J.'i; 
I'l:iiitaiii,  Avialic,    H)I 
I'l.iiit.iiii,  ("iiiitmiHi.  iSij 
ri;inl;iin,  Stimt  K;ittli->nako.  lio 
I'laiilain.  Small    Katlk-Miakc,    lU 
I'uml  l.ily,  Vtlli>w.  .?!.< 
r..iirlwir<l,  l'"ilif'>nn.  <)l 
l'niMlwci-<l,  UiiliardxHi's.    (Jl 
rnvv.c,  A-(K'I1,  75 
I'.ipl  r,  Wt^tirii   Balsam,  75 
"!>•     .  tic,  .U<i 

,    ,c,  liiMi',  Eye.  2.^7 
iirosc,  Dwarf  Canada.  237 
i  T'inc,  SpottitI,  -'*•'> 

.11,  Hairy,  340 
I  .ini«)ii,  Narrow-leaved,  .VV) 

HaHwort,  Canatla,  358 

kaKwort,  ("liaiit,  358 

UauvNort.  (loldeii,  357 

Kaltle.  Yellow.  34-2 

K..>plKTty,  Arctic,  218 

Raspberry,  Creei>inK,   is8 

Raspberry,  Dwarf.   15H 

Raspberry,  Red,  138 

RhododciKln  11,    Mountain,    180 

Rose,  Macoun's,   -'-o 

Rose,  Prickly,  2iy 

Rose.  Tiny.  .'21 

Roscwort.  216 

Rusb,  Drnmniond's  Ror,  86 

Rush,  Merten's   Wok.  86 

Rush,  Parry's  I'.on,  8^) 

Rush,    Ihree-tlowered  Bog,  86 

Rn>h,  Small-tlowered  Wood,  87 

Rush,  Spiked  Wood,  87 

Rush,  Scouring,  57 

Rush   Pipes,  56 

St.  John's-wort,  Scouler's,  332 


Salmonberry,  JH) 
Sandwort.  Bliuit-le.ixeil,  ui 
Sandwort.  Narrow-leaved.    121 
Sandwort,  One-llowen  d.   121 
Sanilwort.  Vernal,   121 
Sars.ii>arilla.   Wild,    I'i7 
S.in-^\trea,  Purple,  .vm 
SaMfraKe,  .Mpine.    142 
S.ivifraxe,  .Mpine   Brook.  144 
Saxifrane,  Common.   i,Vt 
Saxifrage,  (iolden,  .\J<> 
Sa    ilraKe.  I.yall's.   140 
Saxifrage.  .Mountain.  211.  Ji>.! 
S.ixifraKe.  Nodding.  14" 
SaxifraKe,   1'   ri)le-l)r;u-ted.    142 
Saxifr.iye,  Si>otted,  142 
Saxifrage,    I  all,  140 
Saxifr.ine,  Tufted,   142 
Saxifrage,  Weilge  leaved,    142 
Saxifrauf.  Yellow,  ^2s,  .<-•<' 
Sedne,   Black,  Ht\ 
Sedne,   Dwart.  85 
SedRc,   Mer'cn's,  85 
S<dKC.   Rock,  86 
Sed>{f.    Tussock,  83 
SelaRinella.   Rock.  38 

SelaKinella.  Small.  jH 

Servicebcrry.  Conunon.  132 

Servicebrrry.  Thick-leaved,  154 

Shepherd's  Purse.  i,U.  '.U 

SluKitiuK  Star,  238 

Sibbaldia,  Creeping.  3-7 

Silverherry.   ,?34 

Silver  Weed.  327 

Skunk  Cabb.iKe,  Western,  305 

Snowberry,   U)2 

Solomon's  Seal,  False.   loi 

Solomon's  Seal,  Siar-tlowered,  loi 

Sorrel,  Common.  118 

Sorrel.  Field,  1 18 

Sorrel,  Mountain,  117 

Spearwort,  Creeping.  316 

Speedwell.  Alpine.   288 

Speedwell.  Thyme-leaved.  aSg 

Speedwell,  Water,  2^) 
Spirtca,  Alpine,   152 


•    l\ 


T^mn^m 


iiru". 


:^^M 


Index  to  Eno'lh   S'lmfs 


^S.^ 


.Spir.et.   Ilirrli  Icivtil,    150 
S,>ir;iM.  I'iiik.  -m; 
Si  Kiinvort.  <  Irtiii,  51 
SpriuK   Itcaiil),  Alpiiu.    IJ5 
Spri'iK  liiaiity,  Laiuf-lcivol.    i.m 
SpriiiK   HiMiiiy,  Sinalllt  I   cil,    l.'5 
S|innc,  I'.iiKi-liii.tnir-,   'T 
Spriu  f.  W  liilf,  '>5 
Si|ii:'w   Win  .   N'^riluTii,  .^5^ 
Star   llowiT,    iH<i 
Stifk.ii.l.  U'liO..  jXi 
StililiHiTt,  l.<inK--t:ilkiiI.  IJI 
Sliiilnvort,  NurtluTii,    UJ 
Stniiirruii,  .u'4.  .U'5 
Straw l.orry.  Wilil,  l?4 
StrawUirry,  Wnod,  154 
Strawtii-rry   I'.litv ,   i-'o 
ShikIiw.  I.niiv!  kavctl.    1.^8 
Siiiukw,  K"inul-li;ivc<l,  1.1; 
Siintli>\MT,  (iiaiit,  .<5i 
SwiTt  ("iiily.  Crisp-IcaviMl,   \(i< 
Sweet  Cicely,  Western,    l''S 

Tellima,   146 
'riiiKilliy.  Alpitie,  8j 
Thistle,  l.eafy.  Ml 
Tliisile,  Sow,  .V« 
Tliistle,  Wavy-leaved,   .ion 
Thistle,  White,  j<)i 
Twayhlatle.  l!n)a<l-liin'e<l,    IIJ 
Twayhlade,  Hcart-kave.l,   11 -• 
Twin  Mower,  Northern,  241) 
Twi-ted-stalk,  I'ink,  205 
Twisted-stalk,  Short-stemnu-d,  -'o; 
Twisted-stalk,  White,    105 

Vetch,    \merican,  -'70 
Vetch,  Cow,  270 
Vetch,  Lentil,   161 
Vetch,  Alpiii'?   Milk,   267 
W-tch,  Ascending  Milk,  ^'''4 
Vetch,  In<lian   Milk,   I'w 
Vetch,  Loose-tl<  .vere'l    Milk,    161 
Vetch,  Macoun's   Milk,  si'? 
Vetch,  Purple  Milk,  2^.7 
Vetch,  Slender  Milk,  2(17 


\  etchliriK,  Mar«h,  271 

Wtchlinu,  White.  i"t 

Violet,  Canada.   I<.4 

Violet,  l>ou.  .'71 

Violet.   Ivirly,  272.  2:  t.  27» 

Vi..let.   Mar-h,  -71 

\'ioUi,   Uoiiiid  If  i^ed.  .11J 

X'iolit.  Selkirk'-,   274 

\  ioUt.    I  r.iilitiK    Yellow,  .tt4 

Sic.l.t,   Nellow,   .vtt 


Willi'  '.   Aipiiu,  71 
Willow,  ArciK-.   7^ 
Willow,   ll.ircl.iv'-.    r\ 
Willow,   It.irr.itl  -     74 
Willow.  Hrown.  74 
Willow,  Dwarf,  74 
Willow.  Hairy,  74 
Willow,  Iharv.  -,\ 
Willow.  Silka,  73 
Willow   lierli,  Alpine,    I'uj 
Willow  lierh.   IVw-llow  red. 
Willow -her!..  (ir.:,l,  2J.\ 
Willow -lierl..   II  niaiiil'v, 

Willow -herl..    M  in.  224 


225 
-•24 


22^ 


■n. 
n>  .vl, 
W  .it«r,  224 
Vcll..\v,   x\<>.  .?.C 


Willow-hei'..   Noi 
Wlllow-herh.   I'ani 
Willow  1  cri.. 
Willow -lurli. 
WiiKl  Mower.  12<. 
Wiiiter«reen,  \'-<K.  --i'* 
WiilterKreeli,  ( Ireen-llowe!  td.    i; 
W  internreeii,  One-ilowered.    174 
WinterRreen.  One-sicU   i,    175 
W  interKreeti.  Red.  22^ 
Wiiilernreeii,  Sn^dl,    175 

Witch's   llrooin,    iifi 

W'<Hid  Nymphs,  13X 

W'oodland  Star,  216 

Wormwood,  Hiennial,  200 

Wormwood,  Circen.  2<X} 

W'Tinwooil,   ra-:iiie,    I<;<) 

Woundwort,   2)<5 

Yarrow,  |)ark-mar^;ined,  T99 

Yarrow,  Woolly,    uji^ 

Yew,  Western,  ()i 


t.V^.-v.m,.yuiM'w  wwui^oj* 


rsss^TT^sm—rrr^c-^ 


